Dealing with Environmental Issues in Australia - Desklib

This article discusses the various approaches and solutions to tackle environmental issues in Australia. It covers topics such as Environmental Impact Assessment, pitfalls in EIA, and soft tools to control energy demand from consumers at peak time. The article also provides specific examples and case studies related to Christmas Island National Park and New South Wales State.

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Course name
Name of the professor
Student name
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Question One
Means in which Australia is tackling the issues of oil peak and consumption of resources
Australia is an island which is located at the middle of its own continent plate. It is said to
be one of the dry continents in the world. This is because much of the continent is a desert. After
the 2002-3003 drought in Australia, the state governments have been working tirelessly to come
up with alternatives to natural water sources and to come up with a way in which water will be
supplied in all the capital city of the continent. Ahammed and Nixon (2006) argue that seawater
desalination plants have been constructed in most cities in Australia and many others are being
constructed. This response is due to the water scarcity and has led to come up with alternatives.
There are legal processes to be followed to deal with the environmental issues. These processes
are defined in Environmental Impact Assesment abbreviated as EIA. Albergaria and Fidelis
(2006) EIA is recognized as an international process but a particular place can alter the process
to fit their standards. In South Australia, the EIA is legislated under Development act 1993
Section 46. There was a study conducted in South Australian Adelaide Desalination Plant in
which they applied the EIA process to help protect the local coastal environment in Australia.
Elliott and Thomas (2009) Australia applies the EIA process to solve the issues of the
diminishing resources such as water and fuels.
It has been discovered that development especially development fo the economy affect
the environment. Arts and Morrison (2012) argue that some economic activities though they help
satisfy the needs of the human beings, they may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, using
the EIA process one can determine the economic activities and their impacts on the environment
and how to minimize the impacts. The Environmental Impact Assessment process is used to
identify any possible effects associated with the activities and projects done on the environment,

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health and welfare of human beings. It also helps come up with the means and measures on how
to mitigate the above-mentioned impacts. To start the EIA process it is important to know the
baseline condition of the or the existing environmental condition of the environment. The EIA
process has two phases. According to Baker (2012 p. 70) phase one is said to be the initial
inquiries such as understanding the proposed activities, screening them and conducting a
preliminary assessment. Phase two is said to be the full study which includes the scope of the
study, evaluating baseline situation, identifying and choosing alternatives, identifying and
characterizing impacts, developing mitigation and monitoring and finally communicating and
coming up with a documentation. The people associated with the process are the sponsor and the
regulatory agencies such as the government.
Question Two
Steps to follow in order to obtain the project’s approval(New South Wales State)
There are several steps set by the Australian government to follow so as to gain a go-
ahead of an activity that will require EIA process. Taking a case study of New South Wales state,
there are several questions to be answered for one to get an approval of undertaking a project
which requires the EIA process. Dipper (1998 p. 741) the first step is to find out if the action will
be assessed by either the state assessment system accredited under an agreement or even the state
government of New South Wales process declared and accredited by the ministry. If the answer
is true for the above-mentioned step, then the project is assessed by either the state or the
accredited government of Australia process. After the assessment, the state or the Australian
government agency prepares an assessment report. Finally, the minister will make a decision for
approving, approving and give conditions or even fail to approve the action as proposed. For
assessment by PER and preliminary document, a decision has to be made within a time limit of

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40 working days after being received as the opponent's final document. If it is an inquiry
assessment, a final decision has to be made in 40 working days from the day of receiving the
inquiry report. If the assessment was a tertiary process, a final decision has to be made in 30
working days after receiving of the report. Finally, if the assessment was based on referral
information, a final decision has to be made in 20 working days after receiving the final report.
If the action cannot be assessed using either a state/tertiary assessment process or an
Australian government assessment process, then there are several options. If the assessment is on
referral information, there are processes to be completed in 30 working days of assessment
criteria decision. These processes are the department is to prepare a draft of recommendation
report, the draft report must be in public for 10 working days for the public to comment and the
report is therefore finalized then forwarded to minister for approval. If the assessment is to be
done through inquiring from the public, it is the mandate of the minister to appoint
commissioners and set terms for them. The appointed commision will conduct an inquiry and
provide an inquiry report which is used to make the final decision. For assessment in the
preliminary documentation, the in-charge minister will give directions to the proponent to
publish information for the public comments. The minister may request more information and
direct the proponent to publish the additional information for comments of the public. The public
comments on the proponent's information which is therefore revised as according to the
comments made by the public. The revised information is then forwarded to minister stating that
no comments were received. It is required that within 10 days, the proponent provides the work
revision stating made comments and if no any comments republish the information. The
department then will prepare a recommended report and forward it to the office for final
decision.

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If the assessment is by PER the office will provide a standard or tailored rules to
proponent for drafting EIS or PER. The EIS/PER draft is then prepared and the minister
approves the publication of the draft. The public comments on the draft and it is finalized
considering their feedback. The advocate then takes the final draft to the office and a report is
published. The department then prepares a report then forwards to the office for making of a
final decision.
Question Three
Pitfalls in EIA
EIA is widely accepted in the modern environment as a process of decision making. Its
results and the entire process may be associated with some problems. These problems may
include public confusion, cost due to the environment and how effective the entire process is and
how it helps in the decision-making process. Morris and Arts (2004) EIA is regarded as a scheme
of information and not a law like the pollution law. Because it is a process of decision making,
there are many processes which occur and may end up confusing the public especially when the
process gives negative results. It does not allow the public to make decisions at the beginning of
the process the collection of information becomes another problem when it comes to decision
making.
The other pitfall is that there is a limitation in future prediction. A particular capacity is
compelled in the desire without limits. Marshall et al. (2005 p. 96) On the other hand after the
bearing of contamination law and specialists, in most of the structured EIS, the impact of the
gauge and projection of entire process which presents numerical data, graphical depiction and
drawing of maps and in light of a legitimate concern for that there is require in quality factor in
information which is available for the all-inclusive community and boss. Alder et al. (2000 p.

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112 ) in the phony presentation of the various EIAs, analysts, preservationists, and boss reliably
fells question in that.
It has been proven that not all people benefit equally from the preservation, protection,
and provision of a good environment. Therefore to solve these issues there are two possible
ways. Rajvanshi (2008) the first way is to let any person with interest to the environmental
outcomes to pay for the attainment of those outcomes. This can be done by either some groups
coming together to buy properties with their aim being to protect the environmental outcomes.
Glasson (1994 p. 319) The other way is that the government to own the properties of the
environment directly. This can be done if the government pays the proponents of the projects to
take care of the environment.
Question Four
Environmental Impact Assessment(Christmas Island National Park)
Specific objectives
The main objectives of the study are:
1. To study the significant environmental effects of the proposed changes.
2. To evaluate and choose the best project alternatives from various given options
3. To study the environment based costs of the proposed actions to the economy
Purpose
The aim of this study is to ensure that the impacts of the proposed actions on the park
values are identified in a proper way and that considerations are made before making the final
decision.
Background
Christmas Island Game Park is a reserve protected by the environment and conservation

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of biodiversity Act (EPBC Act) 1999. Proposed actions that are not controlled by the EPBC Act
are assessed by Parks Australia. This activity is being proposed because there are threatened
species in the national park. The National Park covers about 85 square kilometers of the total
Island’s area. Humphreys (2006 p. 118) the park has several purposes which include to preserve
the national condition of the area and to make sure the place is used appropriately, enjoyed and
appreciated by the public.
Screening the activity
The activity involves minor and major capital works such as infrastructure and
maintenance, regular and common ongoing performances to enforce prescriptions in this plan
such as road maintenance and permit issuing for the outlined activities in accordance to this plan.
Legislative and planning requirements
The proposed action will need to be approved by the State and Shire of Christmas Island
Legislation and will also need to be approved by the Indian Ocean Territories Administration.
Assessment requirements are addressed through licenses, permit or lease.
The current state of the natural environment
Christmas Island Park is said to be the only park which is has declared and observed
nature conservation on the Island. Turner et al. (2012) it has preserved some natural features
which may include a large part has tropical rainforest habitat in the Island, it has some special
species of wildlife which include 254 endemic taxa and 165 taxa which are not found anywhere
else in Australia, it has a large population of land crabs and it has large coral reefs and which
with over 600 species of fish.
Monitoring and mitigation
The management of the Park has come up with policies which will help to monitor the

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threats to species, the natural vegetation, and the marine animals. These policies will include ;
1. Providing a limited number of visitors to the park.
2. Make the site to have limited access.
3. In order to make the visitors understand and appreciate the site, provide them with
educational tour guides.
4. Maintain the ecological character of the site.
5. Maintenance of the facilities as well as the infrastructure to ensure ease of access to the
site.
6. Involve the stakeholders in the maintenance and the mitigation of the involved risks.
Question Five
Using soft tools to control the reducing energy demand from consumers at peak time
Over many past years, many processes have been applied in order to lower the cost of
energy. These processes have indicated how managing demand is important. O'faircheallaigh
(2007 p. 332) consumers have had a tendency to reduce the use of energy, especially during peak
times. This reduction in demand has had an effect on the prices. Storey and Noble (2004)
management of demand, in general, can provide solutions to certain environmental problems.
Some of the benefits associated with demand management are the overall consumption is
reduced, air pollution is reduced especially in urban areas, transmission loss is generally reduced
and it facilitates the generation of renewable energy and also electrical machines such as
vehicles.
Youthed (2009 p. 62) in other countries, much of the power and energy is produced by
cleanest generators. When the demand goes high then they switch on the old and less efficient
generators. In connection with this, when the demand is reducing at peak times it can lead to the

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reduction of emissions by switching off the dirt plants. Morrison (2012 p. 82) the situation is
very different in Australia where they get all their much power from generators fired by brown
and black coal. Efficient and powerful generators are turned on when the demand for power is
high. In this specific circumstance, lessening peak demand may really expand discharges by
expanding the measure of interest met from dirty coal generators.
Economic tools can be used to deal with the problems facing the environment. In order to
use resources in a sustainable manner, it will require to include the harmful health and costs
associated with the environment in the set prices of items at market and services. Tomlinson and
Atkinson (1987) the government can help in improving and sustaining the environment activities
which benefit the environment and imposing taxes to pollutants of the environment. In this case,
the government can impose the tax on activities which may lead to energy wastage such as
spillage of oil. The costs of the air pollution due to the energy production should be increased.
Morrison et al. (2001 p. 92) Marketplace can be used to reduce wastage of resources and
pollution. This can be done by use of incentive-based regulation such as the carbon tax and the
emission trading scheme.

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