Environmental and Social Accounting and Accountability Literature

This research investigation is expected upon transformation for the social and the environmental influences that can also affect the behavior of the corporation that is within the developed countries context. Within the environmental and the social accounting and accountability of literature, the research is based on each levels of disclosures of the environment. The research also shows the growing amount of threats in the environment that are causing disturbance within the environment structure.

Running head: ACCOUNTING
Accounting
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Authors Note:

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Table of Contents
Part 1................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Society and Business Review..........................................................................................................2
Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal..........................................................................3
Corporate Social Responsibilities: Alternative Perspectives about the Need to Legislate..............4
Corporate social responsibility and the parameters of dialogue with vulnerable others.................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
Part 2................................................................................................................................................6
BHP Sustainability Report...............................................................................................................6
BHP strategies.................................................................................................................................6
Sustainability Framework................................................................................................................7
Reporting Approach.........................................................................................................................8
Reference.......................................................................................................................................10

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Part 1
Introduction
This particular research investigation is expected upon transformation for the social and
the environmental influences that can also affect the behavior of the corporation that is within the
developed countries context. Within the environmental and the social accounting and
accountability of literature, the research is based on each levels of disclosures of the
environment. The research also shows the growing amount of threats in the environment that are
causing disturbance within the environment structure (Higgins, 2015).
Society and Business Review
The main purpose of this research paper is based on examining the disclosures that are
initiatives of the Niko Resources Ltd that is basically a Canada based oil and gas company. Most
importantly, the major two blowouts of environment are considered to that of the Bangladesh
where there was a blowout in the gas field (Junior et al., 2014). The research has been basically
focused itself in reviewing the environmental health of Niko and some of the more incidents that
has taken place in Bangladesh and also in the communication media of Niko that includes the
press releases , annual reporting and the report of social responsibility (Deegan, & Shelly, 2014).
The basic aim of the critical evaluation is to make understanding of the social responsibilities
and achieve the media attention for the concern of the public as it had a great impact on Niko’s
practice disclosure. The main findings are based on the context that shows how Niko failed to
provide any kind of the non-financial information regarding the environmental conditions
through the press release and the annual reports (del Mar Alonso-Almeida et al., 2015). The
releases are meant to be very important for the local communities. However, in the context of the
disclosures of the financial environment, the matters such as contingent liability disclosure,

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information are adequately provided by the reports that are published annually. All the findings
also exceptionally suggests that all the non-financial disclosures are directly associated with the
public pressure and can be measured by the negative coverage of media. The research also aims
at finding the real motive of Niko’s environmental disclosure and non financial reports that
undoubtedly reflects all the survival consideration. The analysis depicts that disclosure behavior
of the multinational company in direct relation to the incidents of the environment that actually
occurred within a local community (Higgins et al., 2018).
Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal
The instant research analyses upon the context that how the company that is disclosing all
the environment information through the annual reports strictly indicates the theory of legitimacy
with some of the probable explanation for increasing the environmental disclosures. The theory
of legitimacy is based on the idea that is based on the concept of continuing the operation
carefully as well as successfully (Kuzey & Uyar, 2017). The act of the corporation must be
placed within the bounds on what the society actually tries to identifies and is a behavior that s
accepted socially. The main purpose behind the research is to extend the applicability and the
power of prediction in legitimacy by a clean investigation evaluating that to what extent the
reports that are published annually are interrelated with each other. The main purpose of the
analysis is based on the attempt of gaining, maintaining and legitimacy repair and also choice of
some of the specific tactic of legitimating (Bice & Coates, 2016). One such method is quasi
experimental method that can be well adopted for some of the semi-structured sort of interviews
and also based on the personnel who belongs to the senor cadre from three magnificent
Australian Public sector companies. The research findings indicate the needed supports for the
theory of legitimacy and an explanatory factor for all the disclosures of the environment. Also

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the specifications of the condition of micro-legitimating tactics are used generously for bringing
responses to all the threatening legitimacy that is considered mostly for all the issues related to
the issues related to the environment. It also relates to the other events that are dependent on the
reason and the purpose of gaining the right design. It is also focused upon maintaining the
reports that repair and maintain legitimacy within the report structure (De Villiers & Maroun,
2017). The common element that needs to be acknowledging after the intricate analysis is that
the main focus of the profit corporation is based on generating the acceptable terms exclusively
for the shareholders. It has been analyzed that the corporations are basically socially created and
it has been also argued that the existence of the corporation actually depends completely upon
the willingness of the of the entire society’s operation allowance (Gary O’Donovan, 2002).
Corporate Social Responsibilities: Alternative Perspectives about the Need to Legislate
The following research analysis involves the review of the submission that has been a
segment of the Australian Government Inquiry for managing the corporate responsibilities.
Basically the inquiry was originally established for the investigative theory and judging of the
fact that whether it should be regulated or not. It is based on the context that the social
responsibilities are whether accountable and can be determined by the forces of the markets
(Feng et al., 2017). The result that has been evaluated shows that the involved business
communities are having some of the overwhelming flavors that approaches towards an anti-
regulation concept. The corporations are left along with the flexibility for determining all the
social responsibilities that are associated with the context of “enlightened self –interest” that
must be retained as the mechanism of guidance as well as the initiatives for facilitating some of
the social responsibilities (Dienes et al., 2016). There has been a stark contrast based on the
submission from the point of view of the environmental and social organizations that provides

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upon some counter arguments favoring the view of pro-regulation. Even the government also
embraces the perspective of free market that is actually promoted by the business community. It
is also decided against the national legislation that actually pertains to the social and corporate
responsibility. The whole environmental factor is in crisis and all the actions must be taken in a
slow process ass already much damage has been done to the planet. The action plans and the
strategies needs to be reversed and it is needed to be considered by the all the business
communities all around the world (Gallén & Peraita, 2017). This also looks upon the global calls
for the corporation for embracing the theory of sustainable development that is completely
consistent with the above concerns. The research also establishes the fact that the business
organization out rightly controls the necessary capital that can be used for addressing the issues
that are related to the environment and the society. It is also essential for the sustainable
development and also reducing any kind of environmental damage and motivating the business
houses for adopting some of the business strategies that quests towards achievement of the a
sustainable development (Muhammad Azizul Islam, Muhammad Aminul Islam, 2011).
Corporate social responsibility and the parameters of dialogue with vulnerable others
The research is based upon the study of the corporate dialogue with other being
vulnerable. The dialogues are communicated with the external group that is marginalized for the
external groups that increasingly presents the literature of the business for making the social
responsibility on the context of corporate learning (Fonseca et al., 2014). The corporate
communication promotes the engagement of core corporate responsibility. The whole study is
based upon the conditions that underpin the corporate responsibility along with the marginalized
stakeholders. There is a detailed part on the analysis of the discourses that approaches towards
corporate data spanning and public communication. it also initiates the interviews of the

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residents that affected the decision of closing the mines. Thus in the case study presentation, the
context of limited social and organizational responsibility affirms to the primacy of the interest
of business and also co-opts the other vulnerable pursuits of interest. Thus, the case study
suggests the declarations of the critical understanding based on corporate dialogues along with
other who are vulnerable (Piecyk & Björklund, 2015).
Conclusion
The subject of CSR continues to put its focus on the on the shareholder’s maximization
of wealth and the corporation must recognize a fact that the much larger sect of actor invests a
big portion of the making the rents for bringing the welfare. But CSR is not at all limited for
making voluntary redistribution for making the corporate rents. It must be concluded that the
firms must expect to maximize the profit earning and distribute them among the group of
shareholders or rather spend them within the corporation just by charity.
Part 2
BHP Sustainability Report
According to the rule of BHP, the concept of sustainability is the ultimate core part that
makes the integral part of the organization that determines it make the differences (Bhp.com,
2018). As BHP is a leading global resource based company, the main purpose is to create a valid
long term shareholders value through the process of discovery, development and acquisition.
Even the organization entertains elements of marketing of the natural resources (Dissanayake et
al., 2016).

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In accordance to the rule of BHP, the standard of governance are quite critical on the
contrast to the creation of long term-term value. BHP also maintains the social licence for
operation.
The Board overseas the companies approach towards sustainability. The sustainability
Committee also overseas the matters related to human rights that includes the systems
adequacies. The Board’s Risk and the committee assists the oversight the risk management
system. The remuneration committee is based upon the guidance seeking on the sustainability
Committee that determines the performance assessment reaching the score card targets.
BHP strategies
The strategies of BHP is based on the concept of owning and operation of large scale,
low cost and lifelong upstream assets that can be diversified by some of the commodities that are
based on geographical locations and market. BHP focuses on providing and prioritizing on the
context of health and safety of the entire community. They also work upon ensuring the year by
year improvements for recording the total recordable frequency of injury (Dissanayake et al.,
2016). The company also ensures the exposure of the occupational limits for protecting the
people who are involved. BHP is also responsible for managing and enabling there individual
portfolio resiliently for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases for having an increased
amount of productivity. They also have some actively supportive communities that helps them to
contribute in the context of social investment along with some contribution for bringing benefits
to the communities (Siew, 2015). They even go for raising and managing the environmental
compensation for rehabilating the degraded lands that relates to the community holders of the
organisation. The program has build upon an additional structure for retention that contains the
mechanism for addressing the stakeholders who are concerned for development of the project.

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Sustainability Framework
The sustainability framework is basically the heart of everything that is basically done by
the company to prosper. BHP puts the effort of respecting human rights and the supporting all
the host communities. They share the stewardship of being environment and the local culture
support. The company also commits to comply with the laws and all the regulation for
maintaining the jurisdiction through which it gets operated and aims for excelling the legal and
all the regulatory requirements. BHP approaches for maintaining the sustainability through the
mandatory performance for providing the strong foundation for developing and making
implementation for the management system of all the assets (Kaur & Lodhia, 2014). The
standards are much consistent for identifying and managing the risks across all the business
activities.
BHP has specific audit plan committee that looks after the effectiveness of the
sustainability each and every year. The audits are those sets of results that can be used for
creation of detailed management plans that can fill up the identity gaps with valid information.
The main key issues that are met out with the sustainable development goals are based on the
three basic concepts:
 Taxes and royalties
 Chains of supply
 Employment
 Proper Governance
 Environment
 Health, capability and the social inclusions.

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The organization directly contributes with the some of the achievements like, direct business
activities, social investment framework and broad economic contribution. The organization
deeply focuses upon the products that are produced and the way it can be produced in a better
way. It also focuses on the host of the government that includes the elements of royalties and
taxation. The company pay for the employment opportunities both in directly and directly.
Reporting Approach
The sustainability report of BHP aligns to the International Council on Mining and
Metals’ Sustainable Development Framework. It is prepared according to the policies and
procedures of the Global Reporting Initiatives Standards for comprehensive reporting level.
Globally, the company communicates via the Annual General Meeting and the corporate
publications that also initiates the market and media releases. Even at both local and regional
level each of the assets are required for the plan, implementation and for engaging the activities
of document stakeholders (Higgins & Larrinaga, 2014). The company internal channels are
worthy enough to be talked about with keen monitoring of the perception survey of the
employees. Generally, the contents of the Sustainability Report are actually shaped by the annual
materiality assessment that is actually based on the sustainability reviews and the risks that has
been analyzed.

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Reference
Bhp.com. (2018). BHP Sustainability Report 2017. [online] Available at:
https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/
bhpsustainabilityreport2017.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2018].
Bice, S., & Coates, H. (2016). University sustainability reporting: Taking stock of
transparency. Tertiary Education and Management, 22(1), 1-18.
De Villiers, C., & Maroun, W. (Eds.). (2017). Sustainability accounting and integrated
reporting. Routledge.
Deegan, C., & Shelly, M. (2014). Corporate social responsibilities: Alternative perspectives
about the need to legislate. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(4), 499-526.
del Mar Alonso-Almeida, M., Marimon, F., Casani, F., & Rodriguez-Pomeda, J. (2015).
Diffusion of sustainability reporting in universities: current situation and future
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Dienes, D., Sassen, R., & Fischer, J. (2016). What are the drivers of sustainability reporting? A
systematic review. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 7(2),
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Dissanayake, D., Tilt, C., & Xydias-Lobo, M. (2016). Sustainability reporting by publicly listed
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Feng, T., Cummings, L., & Tweedie, D. (2017). Exploring integrated thinking in integrated
reporting–an exploratory study in Australia. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(2), 330-
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Fonseca, A., McAllister, M. L., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2014). Sustainability reporting among mining
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309-326.

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Junior, R. M., Best, P. J., & Cotter, J. (2014). Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical
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