Epidemiology of Type II Diabetes

This essay discusses the epidemiology of type II diabetes, including its prevalence, incidence rates, and health promotion campaigns for prevention.

Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Topic: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

1EPIDEMIOLOGY
Introduction
Over the years, diabetes have emerged as a pivotal ailment especially among young
people. Recently, the number of people suffering from diabetes have risen from a whopping
population of 108 million in 1980 to 422 million. There has been global prevalence of the
diseases among the adults especially over 18 years of age and has risen form 4.7% in 1980 to
a percentage of 8.5% in 2014. Over the years, the prevalence of the diseases has increased
especially among middle as well as low income countries. In the given essay the
epidemiology of the disease will be discussed along with relation with the increase in
incidence rates (Ricci et al. 2014).
Explanation of the epidemiology of the disease
Over the past two decades, type II diabetes which has been considered to be a
metabolic disorder mainly during adulthood has increased more especially in adolescents. .
The prevalence of type II diabetes has mainly been seen in the non caucasean groups
constituting the Native Americans, African Americans and the Hispanics (Cheng, Ovigale
and Feng 2016). The increased prevalence of the disease has been seen in all the races. The
incidence rate which has been per 100,000 person year among the children and the
adolescents have greatly varied by ethnicity. The highest rates have occurred among youths
mainly aged 159 years among the minority populations. For example, in Taiwan, almost
54.25 of the cases have been diagnosed with the type II diabetes. Since it is just an American
phenomenon, most of the cases are usually reported outside. Many studies from Europe have
indicated that the prevalence of type II diabetes have not been common as in U.S which
accounts for the prevalence of almost 1-2 % in the diabetes mellitus cases. There has been a
lower prevalence of the disease especially type II diabetes among Italian youths (Li et al.
2015) .Recent studies in Italy among adolescents have reported a rise of the glucose
metabolism alterations of mainly 12.4%.

2EPIDEMIOLOGY
Asia has been a major area of the rapid emergence of type II diabetes mellitus while
Chin and India has been the two epicenters. Various cases of type II diabetes prevalence have
been attributed mainly due to the genetic predisposition which mainly determines the
individual susceptibility of the disease in later life (Imamura et al. 2015).
Evaluation of health promotion campaign for reduction of incidence of the disease
Almost 5 million people has been at the risk of the development of Type 2 diabetes,
there is an urgent means of prevention in the UK. Thus the National Health Service diabetes
prevention program represents an important step for the future awareness of the disease.
The health intervention program has been for the identification of these people at high
risk for the evidence based behavioral interventions for helping them reduce the risk through
advancement or through maintenance of healthy weight with the recommendations of a
balance diet. The effectiveness of the programs on the reduction of the cases of the diseases
and the reduction of weight in high risk populations. Moreover, there is a greatest effect of
diabetes prevention programs through gender, age. Data from thee review reveals that there is
an average 26% reduction in the new cases of the type 2 diabetes which have been
instrumental in the participation in the diabetes prevention programs (Le et al. 2014). This
was compared with the usual care which showed reductions in the work done. Furthermore,
the national health program by NHS DPP have been commenced in June 2016 which would
be useful for the prevention of cases of diabetes among people of England. The priorities of
the healthcare programs are achieving the treatments targets for cholesterol and blood
pressure. Moreover the interventions aim at reducing amputations for improving access to the
mental as well as psychosocial wellbeing. Moreover the health interventions aim at reducing

3EPIDEMIOLOGY
the medicinal errors along with the length in stay in the hospitals which should ensure
sufficient capacity for the inpatient specialist nurse service (McMillan et al. 2014).
Conclusion
Thus type II diabetes has been a pivotal ailment among people usually more than 18
years of age. Regarding the epidemiology of the disease, there has been a worldwide
prevalence of the diseases especially among the races of Caucasians. Asia has been
considered as a major area for the prevalence of the diseases although UK has witnessed an
upsurge in the prevalence of the disease. Moreover, the total number of people who have
been diagnosed with diabetes in UK have been estimated to be 3 Million. There is an urgent
need of the health interventions for the spread of the disease. Thus the health interventions
aim at making the young adults aware of the type II diabetes and reduce the increasing cases
of amputations for escalating the health.

4EPIDEMIOLOGY
References
Chen, R., Ovbiagele, B. and Feng, W., 2016. Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology,
pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. The American journal of the medical
sciences, 351(4), pp.380-386.
Imamura, F., O’Connor, L., Ye, Z., Mursu, J., Hayashino, Y., Bhupathiraju, S.N. and
Forouhi, N.G., 2015. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened
beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis,
and estimation of population attributable fraction. Bmj, 351, p.h3576.
Ley, S.H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V. and Hu, F.B., 2014. Prevention and management of type 2
diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. The Lancet, 383(9933), pp.1999-
2007.
Li, X., Song, D. and Leng, S.X., 2015. Link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s
disease: from epidemiology to mechanism and treatment. Clinical interventions in aging, 10,
p.549.
MacMillan, F., Kirk, A., Mutrie, N., Matthews, L., Robertson, K. and Saunders, D.H., 2014.
A systematic review of physical activity and sedentary behavior intervention studies in youth
with type 1 diabetes: study characteristics, intervention design, and efficacy. Pediatric
diabetes, 15(3), pp.175-189.
Ricci, C., Gaeta, M., Rausa, E., Macchitella, Y. and Bonavina, L., 2014. Early impact of
bariatric surgery on type II diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: a systematic review,
meta-analysis and meta-regression on 6,587 patients. Obesity surgery, 24(4), pp.522-528.