Cholesterols and Triglycerides: A Comprehensive Study

This study material provides a comprehensive understanding of cholesterols and triglycerides. It covers the importance of cholesterol, transportation through lipoproteins, synthesis in the liver, and the role of different drugs and grapefruit juice in cholesterol metabolism. The content also discusses the adverse effects and interactions of grapefruit juice with certain medications.

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Cholesterols and triglycerides

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Table of contents
Solution 1........................................................................................................................................3
Solution 2........................................................................................................................................4
Solution 3........................................................................................................................................4
Solution 4........................................................................................................................................5
Solution 5........................................................................................................................................6
References:.....................................................................................................................................8

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Solution 1
i. Cholesterol is the steroid based natural alcohol, is the crucial component of lipid
particles of the human body.
ii.
Cholesterol is very important for the human body because it takes part in multifarious
physiological activities of the human body (Barkas, Elisaf, & Liamis, 2019). It has a
pivotal role in the plasma membrane and cell membrane related activities. Cholesterol
has a great functioning as the precursor of different physiological substances like adrenal
hormone, gonad based steroidal hormones.
ii. Cholesterols are transported in the blood with the help of different lipoprotein based
particles. Plasma-based lipoproteins are separated from one another by their different
sizes, electronegative charges, hydrated density levels and electrophoretic mobilities and
others. During the mobilization of these plasma lipoprotein particles, cholesterol is
transported through blood (Bove, Cicero, & Borghi, 2019).

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iii) Lipoproteins are the assemblages of fat and cholesterol which continues along with
protein containing lipid membranes. Among many types of lipoproteins, there are two
main types which are low-density lipoproteins or bad lipoproteins and high-density
lipoproteins or good lipoproteins (Bove et al., 2019).
Solution 2
Blood
Fasting
Chylomicrons
Clinical
Reference
Solution 3
i. Liver synthesizes different kinds of amino acids as well as most of the types of amino
acids. Among all kinds of plasma membrane-related proteins Albumin is most important;
this is also synthesized by the liver. Different kinds of blood clotting and coagulating
factors are also synthesized by the Liver.
ii. VLDL is the very low-density lipoproteins which are assembled in the lover section
from combinations of cholesterol, apoprotein, and triglycerides. These particles have a
diameter which varies from 30 to 80 nanometers (Wu et al., 2019).
The main function of very low-density lipoprotein is to supply special kinds of fat or
triglycerides in the blood. On the other hand, these VLDL takes an active part in
liberating free fatty acids. On the other hand, these are converted into low-density
lipoproteins and intermediate density lipoproteins also (Wu et al., 2019).

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.
iii. Low-density lipoproteins are created through the breakdown of VLDL. After its
conversion into triglycerides and others some remnant portion attached with hepatic cells.
The VLDL which cannot bind with hepatic cells they undergo a transformation process
and create Low-density lipoproteins.
iv. The basic function of LDL particle is to supply cholesterol to the cells. It is found to
be present that among the entire amount of human body based cholesterols, three-fourths
of its amount is stored by LDL. In this aspect, these particles must supply large amounts
of cholesterol to cells which contain different kinds of LDL receptors. Such cells are cells
of adrenal glands, skeletal muscles, lymphocyte cells, gonads and kidneys. The amount of
cholesterol which is secreted from LDL is very helpful to make the cells ready to digest
extra cholesterols through cell-based metabolism procedure. LDL particles have lots of
activities based on their amount and activities. Increased level of Low-density
lipoproteins cholesterol enhances the synthesis of HMG-Co A reductase, which has great
importance in the cholesterol synthesis in the human body.
Increased level of LDL particles makes active other required enzyme which enhances the
storage power of cholesterol in different cells.
Solution 4
A. Lipid-lowering drugs are utilized in patients who have the past histories of cardiac
arrest and others. Lipid-lowering drugs help in the metabolism of cholesterols and help in
removing the extra fatty substances present in the heart or ventricular pathway. In this
way, people can avoid the risks of heart or coronary diseases.
b. The mechanism of Atorvastatin:

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Atorvastatin is the class of drug which mainly acts in the human body as an HMG-Co A
reductase inhibitors or statin. These kinds of drugs slower the cholesterol production rate
in the human body. It helps mainly he coronary disease peoples through removing all the
fats which may build up plaques in coronary walls and create exchanges of gas and other
ions or materials and leads a patient towards angina or other kinds of diseases. It acts as
the rate-limiting enzyme. The basic mechanism of this drug includes the conversion of 3
hydroxy 3 methyls glutaryl enzyme to Mevalonate. Mevalonate is the precursor of
enormous sterols including cholesterol (Samadi et al., 2019).
c. HMG Co-A reductase is a highly significant rate-limiting enzyme. It is utilized in all
kinds of cholesterol rate lowering drugs for human beings. It is an important development
helping enzyme which is utilized in statin or atorvastatin group drugs. It was helping in
lowering the amount of cholesterol in the human body and prevent peoples from risks of
stroke, heart attack, angina and other coronary diseases (Spolitu et al., 2019).
Solution 5
a. Grapefruit juice has interaction or binding activities with statin grouped cholesterol-
lowering drugs. In his way, grapefruit juice has the power of binding with some specific
drug groups including Zocor or simvastatin, Lipitor or atorvastatin. It can bind and
interacts with other types of drugs such as Procardia and Adalat CC which are mainly
prescribed to the patients for controlling very high blood pressure (Colijn et al., 2019).
b. Grapefruit juice creates bad consequences after its binding with a certain group of
enzymes such as HMG co-A reductase. On the other hand, it has a great adverse effect
upon the human body as this drug create a great change in the plasma membrane
concentration. Sometimes, this drug creates reverse interaction with some other drugs,

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and it makes adverse effects in the coronary and gastrointestinal system of human beings
(Fjukstad et al., 2019).
c. Grapefruit juice has a tremendously adverse effect on the drug bioavailability because
this grapefruit contains a special component called furanocoumarins which inhibits the
action of CYP3A4 enzymes. After ingestion of this drug when grapefruit added, then this
enzyme breaks down the drug, and it changes in blood level. It leads the patient towards a
fatal condition (McCullough et al., 2019).
d. The common adverse effect of grapefruit juice is observed is interaction with some
special kinds of drugs. It includes staitns, ADALAT CC and many others. In these drugs,
there is a high amount of CPY enzymes. After their interaction with grapefruit juice, this
enzyme is broken down by juice and it creates coronary complexities.

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References:
Barkas, F., Elisaf, M., & Liamis, G. (2019). High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and
Hyponatremia: An Unsolved Gordian Knot. The American journal of medicine, 132(2),
e47-e48.
Bove, M., Cicero, A. F., & Borghi, C. (2019). Emerging drugs for the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia. Expert opinion on emerging drugs, (just-accepted).
Colijn, J. M., den Hollander, A. I., Demirkan, A., Cougnard-Grégoire, A., Verzijden, T., Kersten,
E., ... & Mulder, M. T. (2019). Increased High-Density Lipoprotein Levels Associated
with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from the EYE-RISK and European
Eye Epidemiology Consortia. Ophthalmology, 126(3), 393-406.
Fjukstad, K., Athanasiu, L., Dieset, I., Steen, N., Djurovic, S., Spigset, O., & Andreassen, O.
(2019). Metabolic abnormalities related to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a genome wide association
study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, S998-S999.
McCullough, D., Harrison, T., Lane, K. E., Boddy, L. M., Stewart, C. E., Enright, K. J., ... &
Davies, I. G. (2019). The effect of dietary carbohydrate manipulation on low-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol and its associated cardiometabolic risk. Proceedings of the
Nutrition Society, 78(OCE1).
Samadi, S., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., Mohammadpour, A., Farjami, Z., Tabadkani, M.,
Hosseinnia, M., ... & Ferns, G. A. (2019). High‐density lipoprotein functionality and
breast cancer: A potential therapeutic target. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 120(4),
5756-5765.

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Spolitu, S., Okamoto, H., Dai, W., Zadroga, J. A., Wittchen, E. S., Gromada, J., & Ozcan, L.
(2019). Hepatic Glucagon Signaling Regulates PCSK9 and Low-Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol. Circulation research, 124(1), 38-51.
Wu, T. T., Zheng, Y. Y., Yang, Y. N., Li, X. M., Ma, Y. T., & Xie, X. (2019). Age, Sex, and
Cardiovascular Risk Attributable to Lipoprotein Cholesterol Among Chinese Individuals
with Coronary Artery Disease: A Case–Control Study. Metabolic syndrome and related
disorders.