HIV/AIDS: Epidemiology and Prevention

This assignment delves into the multifaceted aspects of HIV/AIDS, covering its epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment options, and preventive measures. It examines the social psychological factors influencing HIV transmission, highlighting the importance of individual lifestyle choices and community interventions. The assignment also analyzes the cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County.

Essay

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Health Condition..........................................................................................................................3
Prevalence in both selected nation Australia and Nepal..............................................................5
Prevalence or incidence of condition in Australia.......................................................................5
Prevalence or incidence of condition in Nepal............................................................................5
Prevention and treatment measures for HIV/ AIDS....................................................................5
Prevention Strategies...................................................................................................................5
Treatment Strategies....................................................................................................................6
Health Professionals.....................................................................................................................6
Impact on community..................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
HIV/AIDS is one of those viral infections that threatens the life and is fatal in nature. It is
caused by an infected virus named human immunodeficiency virus which is factually known to
be a lentivirus that defines its higher classification (Williams & et. al., 2014). HIV is itself
referred to be a life threatening virus that directly impact upon the immune system of human
beings and in turn weakens the capability of an individual to combat against any sort of disease
and infections, etc., (Butcher & et. al., 2013). It is however originated due to various reasons that
involves unsafe sexual transmission, on sharing infected needles from which one's infected blood
transverse to another individual (Rodger & et. al., 2016). Also, this occurs when a child takes
birth from an HIV positive mother (World Health Organization, 2015). The below essay will
discuss about the health condition of HIV/AIDS along with its prevalence in two leading regions
namely Australia and Nepal. It will together reveal certain preventive ideas along with some
prompt measures of treatment for HIV/AIDS as well as the role of health care professionals to
implement the ascertained tactics.
Health Condition
HIV refers to Human Immunodeficiency Virus, where AIDS stands for Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome, which is a severe and final stage of HIV infection as per the report
of World Health Organization [WHO] in the year 2016 (Naqvi & Ibrar, 2017). Gradually, the
infected individual then becomes immune deficient, which enhances susceptibility to wide range
of diseases, cancers and infections (Walczak & et. al., 2014). Thus, the HIV infected people are
less able to raise a protective response against Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) such as,
AIDS (Morrison & et. al., 2014). It takes from 2 to 15 years for AIDS to develop, which varies
within the individuals where the development of certain infections, cancers and diseases defines
AIDS (Liu & et. al., 2016). Simple day-to-day contact between individuals like, kissing, shaking
hands, hugging or sharing food or water between the HIV infected person and a healthy person
cannot infect the healthy person (Wood, Salas-Humara, & Dowshen, 2016). However, the
healthy person can get infected if there is exchange of different body fluids such as, genital
secretion, blood and breast milk (Bowling, 2014). It is diagnosed through serological tests, which
hence detects the presence or absence of antibodies to HIV -1/2 and/or HIV p 24 antigens
(Cockerham, 2016).
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Beside this, HIV together results in making atrocious impact on the health of those
individuals suffering from its infectious origin where they are already referred to deal with an
impaired immune system (Cichocki, 2017). This in turn results in causing several more
complications that is mainly susceptible to some terrible infections by together causing different
sort of cancers along with some other type of health related complications (Silverberg & et. al.,
2014). This is for instance to specify about one such infectious disease called tuberculosis or TB
that is a widely known to prevail in the nations with poor resources and it easily effects the HIV
positive people (Price & Nguyen, 2016). It is also referred to be one of the most opportunistic ill
health that is directly associated with HIV and in case when an HIV positive individual have
acquired this infection, then it results in his or her decease (Slovic, 2016).
Candidiasis is referred to be yet another well known infection related to HIV and results
in causing redness with a dense white coloured coating on the mucous membrane area of the
individual's mouth such as on tongue and esophagus by together affecting the vaginal area of
females (Cameron, 2012). Also, Toxoplasmosis is referred to be yet another type of infectious
disease that is extremely fatal in nature ans is mainly caused from Toxoplasma gondii which is
basically a parasite dispersed chiefly by cats (Corrigan, Druss & Perlick, 2014). It is where some
septic cats tends to pass these parasites in their excreted stools by which the parasites later
spreads onto the human beings and other animals as well (Bott & Spillius, 2014).
Apart from this, there together exist some other sort of complications resulting into
cancers where one such disease named lymphomas is commonly known to origin in HIV positive
people (Cohen, 2013). This usually develops in their white blood cells and initially seems in their
lymph nodes (Sen, 2015). A common sign for its early detection is pain-free puffiness of the
lymph nodes in some areas like the neck, armpit and groin, etc. Additionally, there together
exists neurologic complications in the health of an HIV positive individual (Lewis & et. al.,
2015). However, AIDS doesn't seem to infect the nerves of an individual but can result in
causing certain neurological syndrome like mental disorder, memory loss, depression and trouble
in walking and state of anxiousness, etc., (Walsh, 2015). One such common neurologic
complication is the complexity of dementia in AIDS that in turn results into behavioural changes
by reducing the intellectual power of the patient with a partial halt of their brain functioning
(Silverberg & et. al., 2014).
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Prevalence in both selected nation Australia and Nepal
More than 33 million people in the world are infected by HIV, which seems to be a
global health concern (Morrison & et. al., 2014). In 2015, 27000 people in Australia and 39000
people in Nepal were living with HIV/AIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Although Nepal is relatively smaller than Australia with less population, it has higher number of
people infected with HIV/AIDS that indicates the need for effective treatment and preventive
measures in Nepal (Cameron, 2012). There do not exist any remedial measures to completely
cure a person suffering from HIV but there exists some treatments that in turn assists those
individuals to lead a long term life with a healthy body (Lewis & et. al., 2015). There together
exists a thin-line difference among these two terms called HIV and AIDS where AIDS is referred
to be the final stage of HIV and after which, it gets challenging treating a patient suffering from
it (Giles & et. al., 2016). Although, and early diagnosis associated with early measures of
treatment does not result into such conversion and people with positive syndrome of HIV do not
tend to suffer from AIDS (Michael, 2011).
Prevalence or incidence of condition in Australia
In 2015, about (24000-30000) people in Australia were infected by HIV where (24000-
27000) people were male adults (15+) and (2500-3200) were female adults (15+), similarly
(7100-9000) male aged 50+ and less than 1000 women aged 50+ were infected by HIV (Chen,
2016).
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The above graph is with a clear depiction of HIV and AIDS diagnosis in Australia from
year 1981 to 2007 (Michael, 2011). On whose basis, it can be said that there existed major
number of HIV survivors in comparison to individuals suffering from AIDS (Bulechek, Butcher
& Dochterman, 2013). Also, the HIV infection was found to be at a rising rate of dispersion in
between the year 1985-1987. However, it converted into AIDS in between the year 1993-1995
where both these diseases were controlled by the end of 2007 (Cameron, 2012).
Prevalence or incidence of condition in Nepal
In Nepal about (1700-2300) women aged 50+ and (5100-6700) male aged 50+ were
infected HIV during 2015, overall there were 34000-46000 people infected by HIV where
(20000-16000) were female adults (15+) and (20000-28000) were male adults (15+) (Subedi, L.,
Sah & Regmi, 2016).
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Illustration 1: Prevalence of HIV in Australia
(Source: Michael, 2011)

Prevention and treatment measures for HIV/ AIDS
HIV/AIDS can be prevented and treated through prevention strategies and treatment method
respectively (Drabo & et. al., 2016). The information provided below will discuss more about
these strategies and methods in depths that includes two prevention strategies and one treatment
method (Drummond & et. al., 2015).
Prevention Strategies
Prevention of HIV/AIDS is mostly based on an individual’s lifestyle or activities. For
instance, coping with sex in the right way; about 80% of HIV transmission is through sexual
activities, so one-to-one counselling, interaction between people, community and nation
regarding the sexual transmission such as, avoiding multiple sex partners, can precisely eliminate
the infection (Pryor & Reeder, 2015). During oral or vaginal sex, correct and consistent use of
male and female condoms can shield against the transmission of HIV/AIDS (Lewis, S.L. & et.
al., 2015). Also, testing and counseling for HIV could be the another good prevention, people
who are exposed to any kind of the risk factors that might cause HIV are strongly advised for the
testing and counseling for HIV which may help an individual to know about infection status they
are going through and can act accordingly to access important treatment or further preventive
measures without any delay (Maartens, Celum & Lewin, 2014). Moreover, young generation
should be aware about the HIV/AIDS education before they become sexually active because the
behavior of the young people today effects on the future of the HIV/AIDS on adults (Edin & et.
al., 2016).
Likewise, dealing rationally with drug use can be taken as effective preventive measure
against the transmission of HIV infection; providing the information on HIV/AIDS, needle and
syringe programs, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can lower the supply and demand of illicit drugs
(Edin & et. al., 2016). Also, the idea of not sharing injecting equipment can act as precaution to
avoid the transmission of HIV/AIDS (Chen, 2016).
Treatment Strategies
HIV/AIDS cannot be completely cured but can be suppressed by the combination ART where it
includes 3 or more antiretroviral drugs (Williams & et. al., 2014). HIV infections and
transmission can be lowered and prevented by using ART; under certain condition HIV infected
people who initiate ART are less likely to infect their healthy partners (Silverberg & et. al.,
2014). WHO released the second edition of guidelines in 2016 that was named as “consolidated
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guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection” (Rodger
& et. al., 2016).
Health Professionals
HIV/AIDS cannot be completely cured but can be suppressed by the combination ART
where it includes 3 or more antiretroviral drugs. HIV infections and transmission can be lowered
and prevented by using ART; under certain condition HIV infected people who initiate ART are
less likely to infect their healthy partners (Butcher & et. al., 2013). WHO released the second
edition of guidelines in 2016 that was named as “consolidated guidelines on the use of
antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection” (World Health Organization,
2015).
It is in context to both the health care practitioner and an allied professional to treat the
person suffering from HIV by undertaking applicable measures of prevention (Naqvi & Ibrar,
2017). This usually involves the physicians along with the nurses and a prompt intervention of
health care communication (Walczak, A. & et. al., 2014). It is where the physicians should
actively participate in campaigns specially arranged to educate people about the prevalence of
such life-threatening disease HIV where improper treatments for its prevention can in turn lead
into the existence of AIDS (Giles & et. al., 2016). The health care professionals should thereby
explain the importance of its early detection by together inspiring them for its timely treatment
rather than trying to conceal it and take stress (Bowling, 2014). Also, the patient's who are
abiding by antiretroviral therapies should be constantly assessed by their physicians treating
them (Liu & et. al., 2016). After which, the health care practitioners are together required to
check for a suppressed load of viral below than the detected limits and should continue for
minimum 6 months (Wood, Salas-Humara & Dowshen, 2016).
Impact on community
Community plays a greater role in the life of almost all individuals where the people
suffering from such severe disease gets into a distinct mindset just after acknowledging its
existence in their body (Cockerham, 2016). Herein, community has specified the family
members of the patients along with the society and its people who have surrounded them till now
and will be surely reflecting a concerned outlook towards the condition of the patient suffering
from AIDS or HIV (Morrison & et. al., 2014). It is where HIV is referred to be a blood-borne ill
health that spreads from high-risk of sexual activities and also from the use of prohibited drugs
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and other blood products, etc., wherein, it can only get spread by the transmission of blood from
an infected person to a healthy one (Cichocki, 2017). Also, its rising recognition is not only
apparent to effect the individuals suffering from it but together impacts upon their entire family
(Price & Nguyen 2016).
Financial costs, social burden and public health campaigns are some factual illustration
outlining the same where financial effects are referred to be the most common one (Slovic,
2016). It is hereby referred to the financial burden of this disease that can largely impact upon
the family members of the patient (Corrigan, Druss & Perlick, 2014). It is specially in case some
other members of that individual's family are together going through some sort of illness (Bott
and Spillius, 2014). This will resultantly tend to make more financial load on the family where
they will be now required to treat the one suffering from HIV that are very costly and often not
affordable by many families (Silverberg & et. al., 2014). It is together referred to be a concerning
agenda where several reports have stated that patients suffering from HIV have also loosed their
occupation after getting diagnosed with it (Cohen, 2013). Such situation that reflects a decreased
level of income with an increased cost for health care largely prevents the elementary needs of
the individual's family who are suffering from HIV (Sen, 2015). It is where there family
members such as parents who are earning money may still not feel it to be enough where the
children are frequently loaded with rising number of demands (Walsh, 2015).
CONCLUSION
HIV infection leads to a deadly stage known as AIDS. It is mostly found in adults, less in
old peoples and rarely in children due to mother-to-child transmission. Both Australia and Nepal
have lower rate of HIV infected women (Maartens, Celum & Lewin, 2014). Healthy sexual life
style, using condoms, dealing rationally with drug use might be good preventive measures where
ART can together suppress the effect of HIV and people can live a healthy and long term life
(Pryor & Reeder, 2015). The above essay has discoursed upon some preventives measures of
HIV with a greater role of health care professionals in it (Drabo & et. al., 2016). Also, its impact
on the community people have been elaborated with a leading finding of financial crisis that is
being dealt by not only the patients suffering from it, but also by their family members and as a
result to which, they often goes into the state of social isolation (Subedi, Sah & Regmi, 2016).
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