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Schengen Area and Various Visas Explained

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Added on 2020/09/17

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The assignment provides detailed information about the different types of visas available in Schengen Area countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and USA. It explains the requirements for each visa type, including working visas, visitor visas, and more. The document also includes conversions for temperature (°F to °C), height (m to ft), weight (kg to pounds), and distance (mi to km). Furthermore, it provides illustrations of various maps and statistics related to tourism in Belgium, Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, and South Africa.

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EUROPEAN HISTORY

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Table of Contents
SECTION 1: SOCIO- ECONOMIC................................................................................................1
AUSTRIA........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction............................................................................................................................1
Geography..............................................................................................................................1
Economy.................................................................................................................................3
Politics....................................................................................................................................4
Tourism...................................................................................................................................4
Society....................................................................................................................................5
Language Lesson....................................................................................................................5
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................6
BELGIUM.......................................................................................................................................6
Introduction............................................................................................................................6
Geography..............................................................................................................................6
Economy.................................................................................................................................8
Politics....................................................................................................................................9
Tourism.................................................................................................................................10
Society..................................................................................................................................11
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................11
Conclusion............................................................................................................................11
CROATIA......................................................................................................................................12
Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
Geography............................................................................................................................12
Economy...............................................................................................................................13
Politics..................................................................................................................................15
Tourism.................................................................................................................................15
Society..................................................................................................................................16
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................17
Conclusion............................................................................................................................17
CZECH REPUBLIC......................................................................................................................17
Introduction..........................................................................................................................17

Geography............................................................................................................................17
Economy...............................................................................................................................19
Politics..................................................................................................................................20
Tourism.................................................................................................................................20
Society..................................................................................................................................21
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................22
Conclusion............................................................................................................................22
FRANCE........................................................................................................................................22
Introduction..........................................................................................................................22
Geography............................................................................................................................22
Economy...............................................................................................................................24
Politics..................................................................................................................................25
Tourism.................................................................................................................................26
Society..................................................................................................................................26
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................27
Conclusion............................................................................................................................27
GERMANY...................................................................................................................................28
Introduction..........................................................................................................................28
Geography............................................................................................................................28
Economy...............................................................................................................................30
Politics..................................................................................................................................31
Tourism.................................................................................................................................31
Society..................................................................................................................................32
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................32
Conclusion............................................................................................................................33
GREECE........................................................................................................................................33
Introduction..........................................................................................................................33
Geography............................................................................................................................33
Economy...............................................................................................................................34
Politics..................................................................................................................................35
Tourism.................................................................................................................................36

Society..................................................................................................................................36
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................37
Conclusion............................................................................................................................37
HUNGARY....................................................................................................................................37
Introduction..........................................................................................................................37
Geography............................................................................................................................37
Economy...............................................................................................................................38
Politics..................................................................................................................................39
Tourism.................................................................................................................................39
Society..................................................................................................................................39
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................40
Conclusion............................................................................................................................40
ITALY............................................................................................................................................40
Introduction..........................................................................................................................40
Geography............................................................................................................................40
Economy...............................................................................................................................41
Politics..................................................................................................................................42
Tourism.................................................................................................................................42
Society..................................................................................................................................43
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................43
Conclusion............................................................................................................................44
NETHER LANDS.........................................................................................................................44
Introduction..........................................................................................................................44
Geography............................................................................................................................44
Economy...............................................................................................................................45
Politics..................................................................................................................................46
Tourism.................................................................................................................................47
Society..................................................................................................................................47
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................48
Conclusion............................................................................................................................49
SPAIN............................................................................................................................................49

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Introduction..........................................................................................................................49
Geography............................................................................................................................49
Economy...............................................................................................................................50
Politics..................................................................................................................................51
Tourism.................................................................................................................................52
Society..................................................................................................................................52
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................53
Conclusion............................................................................................................................53
SWITZERLAND...........................................................................................................................53
Introduction..........................................................................................................................53
Geography............................................................................................................................53
Economy...............................................................................................................................55
Politics..................................................................................................................................56
Tourism.................................................................................................................................56
Society..................................................................................................................................56
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................57
Conclusion............................................................................................................................57
TURKEY.......................................................................................................................................57
Introduction..........................................................................................................................57
Geography............................................................................................................................57
Economy...............................................................................................................................59
Politics..................................................................................................................................60
Tourism.................................................................................................................................60
Society..................................................................................................................................61
Language Lesson..................................................................................................................62
Conclusion............................................................................................................................62
SECTION 2: CITY TOURS..........................................................................................................63
PARIS............................................................................................................................................63
1. Place Charles De Gaulle...................................................................................................63
2. Arc de Triomphe...............................................................................................................63
3. Champs Elysées................................................................................................................63

4. Statue of Charles de Gaulle..............................................................................................63
5. Petit Palais........................................................................................................................64
6. Palais Elysées...................................................................................................................64
7. Place de la Concorde........................................................................................................64
8. Obelisk of Luxor...............................................................................................................64
9. Hotel Crillon.....................................................................................................................65
10. Admiralty Headquarters.................................................................................................65
11. Maxim’s Restaurant........................................................................................................65
12. Eglise de la Madeleine....................................................................................................65
FILLER (Coco Chanel)........................................................................................................65
13. Palais Garnier (Opera House).........................................................................................66
Filler (Joan of Arc)...............................................................................................................66
14. Rue de Rivoli..................................................................................................................66
15. Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel.......................................................................................66
16. Pyramid (Louvre entrance).............................................................................................67
17.Institut de France............................................................................................................67
18.Hotel des Monnaies........................................................................................................67
19.Ille de la Cite..................................................................................................................67
20.Conciergerie .................................................................................................................67
21.Hotel de Ville..................................................................................................................68
22.Isle St. Louis....................................................................................................................68
23.The River Seine...............................................................................................................68
FILLER(The Guillotine ).....................................................................................................68
24.Pont d’Austerlitz..............................................................................................................68
25.Jardin des Plantes............................................................................................................69
26.Menagerie........................................................................................................................69
27.Sorbonne University........................................................................................................69
28.St. Geneviève (Statue).....................................................................................................69
29.Notre Dame (15)..............................................................................................................69
30.Statue of Charlemagne....................................................................................................70
31.Place Saint Michel...........................................................................................................70

32.Latin Quarter...................................................................................................................70
33.Sainte Chapelle................................................................................................................70
34.Palais du Justice...............................................................................................................70
35.Pont Neuf.........................................................................................................................71
36.Statue of Henri of Navarre..............................................................................................71
37.Ponte des Arts..................................................................................................................71
38.Musée du Louvre (20).....................................................................................................71
39.Musée d’Orsay.................................................................................................................72
40.Jardin des Tuileries..........................................................................................................72
41.L’Orangerie.....................................................................................................................72
42.Pont de la Concorde.........................................................................................................72
43.National Assembly..........................................................................................................72
44.Grande Palais...................................................................................................................73
45.Pont Alexander III...........................................................................................................73
46.Esplanades des Invalides.................................................................................................73
47.Hotel des Invalides..........................................................................................................73
48.Musée Rodin....................................................................................................................73
49.Église du Dome...............................................................................................................73
FILLER(Morris Columns)....................................................................................................74
50.École Militaire.................................................................................................................74
51.Champ de Mars................................................................................................................74
52.Eiffel Tower (25).............................................................................................................74
53.Pont d’Iena.......................................................................................................................74
54.Palais Chaillot (15)..........................................................................................................74
FILLER(Edith Piaf)..............................................................................................................74
55.Statue of Benjamin Franklin............................................................................................74
56.Statue of Général Foch....................................................................................................74
57.Général Jean Baptiste Kleber..........................................................................................74
Barcelona.......................................................................................................................................75
1.Parc de Joan Miro & Dona i Ocell Column......................................................................75
2.Arenas ...............................................................................................................................75

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3.Placa d'Espanya & The Monumental Fountain ................................................................75
4.Two Towers ......................................................................................................................75
5.La Font Magica (Magic Fountain)....................................................................................75
6.Palau Nacional (National Palace)......................................................................................75
FILLER(Tibidabo)...............................................................................................................75
7.Montjuic............................................................................................................................75
8.Poble Espanol....................................................................................................................76
9.1992 Olympic Games Complex........................................................................................76
10.Olympic Stadium.............................................................................................................76
11.Miro Foundation..............................................................................................................76
12.Montjuic Cable Car.........................................................................................................76
FILLER(Antonio Gaudi Montserrat)...................................................................................76
13.Montjuic Castel (cannot see)...........................................................................................76
14.Sardana Dancers..............................................................................................................76
15.Barcelona Port.................................................................................................................76
16.World Trade Centre.........................................................................................................77
17.Monument a Colon (Columbus)......................................................................................77
18.La Rambla.......................................................................................................................77
19.Maremagnum/ Aquarium................................................................................................77
FILLER(Caganer Statues)....................................................................................................77
20.Estacio de Franca.............................................................................................................77
21.Parc de la Citadel.............................................................................................................77
22.Zoo...................................................................................................................................77
FILLER(Flamenco)..............................................................................................................77
23.Castell dels Tres Dragons................................................................................................77
24.Arc de Triomf..................................................................................................................78
FILLER(Christopher Columbus)..........................................................................................78
Christopher Columbus was a colonizer and was born in Geneva. ......................................78
25.Placa de Braus Monumental Bullring..............................................................................78
26.La Sagrada Familia (15)..................................................................................................78
ROME............................................................................................................................................78

1.Palazzo di Giustizia...........................................................................................................78
2.Castel St Angelo................................................................................................................78
3.Passetto di Borgo...............................................................................................................78
FILLER(Popes)....................................................................................................................78
4.Vatican City and St Peter’s (20)........................................................................................78
5.Tiber River.........................................................................................................................79
6.Regina Coeli Prison...........................................................................................................79
FILLER(Saint Peter) ...........................................................................................................79
7. Villa Farnesina..................................................................................................................79
8. Ponte Sisto (Sisto Bridge)................................................................................................79
9. Synagogue and Jewish Quarter........................................................................................79
10. Tiber Island.....................................................................................................................79
11. Ponte Cestio (Cestio Bridge)..........................................................................................79
FILLER(Fountain)................................................................................................................79
12. Trastevere ......................................................................................................................79
13. Santa Sabina ..................................................................................................................80
14. Knights of Malta.............................................................................................................80
Filler (Mussolini)..................................................................................................................80
15. Circus Maximus..............................................................................................................80
16. Palatine Hill....................................................................................................................80
17. Mouth of Truth..............................................................................................................80
Filler (Seven Hills of Rome)................................................................................................80
18. Temple of Hercules........................................................................................................81
19. Temple of Fortune Virilis...............................................................................................81
20. Theatre of Marcellus.......................................................................................................81
BUDAPEST...................................................................................................................................81
1. Margaret Island and Bridge..............................................................................................81
2. Csaszar- Komjadi pool.....................................................................................................81
3. Turkish Baths....................................................................................................................81
4. Church of St. Anne...........................................................................................................81
5. Calvinist Church (Szilagyi square)...................................................................................81

Filler (Sziget Festival)..........................................................................................................82
6. Chain Bridge.....................................................................................................................82
7. Fisherman's Bastion..........................................................................................................82
8. Buda Castle and Hill.........................................................................................................82
9. Trinity Square...................................................................................................................82
10. St Stephen.......................................................................................................................82
11. Plague Monument...........................................................................................................82
12. Matthias Church.............................................................................................................82
Filler (The Grand Cafes)......................................................................................................82
13. Gellert Hill......................................................................................................................82
14. Citadel.............................................................................................................................83
15. Liberation Monument.....................................................................................................83
16. Danube............................................................................................................................83
17. Elizabeth Bridge.............................................................................................................83
18. Pest.................................................................................................................................83
Filler(Rubik’s Cube).............................................................................................................83
19. Great Synagogues...........................................................................................................83
20. St Stephen's Basilica.......................................................................................................83
21. Andrassy Avenue............................................................................................................83
22. State Opera House..........................................................................................................83
23. Oktogo............................................................................................................................84
24. House of Terror..............................................................................................................84
Filler(Blood in the water).....................................................................................................84
25. Heroes Square.................................................................................................................84
26. Kunsthalle.......................................................................................................................84
27. City Park.........................................................................................................................84
Filler(Empress Sisi)..............................................................................................................84
28. Museum of Fine Arts......................................................................................................84
Vienna............................................................................................................................................84
1.Opera House......................................................................................................................84
2.Statue of Goethe................................................................................................................84

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3.Statue of Mozart................................................................................................................85
4.Burggarten.........................................................................................................................85
FILLER(Almdudler).............................................................................................................85
5.Fine Arts Museum.............................................................................................................85
6.Statue of Maria Theresa.....................................................................................................85
7.Natural History Museum...................................................................................................85
8.Republik Denkmal.............................................................................................................85
9.Volksgarten........................................................................................................................85
10.Parliament........................................................................................................................85
FILLER(Ringstrasse)...........................................................................................................85
11.Karl Renner.....................................................................................................................86
12.Burg Theatre r..................................................................................................................86
13.Rathaus l..........................................................................................................................86
14.University l......................................................................................................................86
15.Votive Kirche l................................................................................................................86
FILLER(klimt).....................................................................................................................86
16.Stock Exchange (Borse)..................................................................................................86
17.Danube Canal..................................................................................................................86
18.Jewish Quarter.................................................................................................................86
19.Prater................................................................................................................................86
20.Urania Building...............................................................................................................86
FILLER(Same Love Pedestrian Traffic Lights)...................................................................87
21.Radetsky Statue...............................................................................................................87
22.Museum of Applied Art...................................................................................................87
23.Leuger Monument...........................................................................................................87
24.Stadtpark..........................................................................................................................87
25.Johan Strauss Jnr.............................................................................................................87
26.Kursalon..........................................................................................................................87
27.Schwartzenburg Statue....................................................................................................87
28.Russian Monument..........................................................................................................87
BERLIN ........................................................................................................................................88

1. Berlin Town Hall..............................................................................................................88
2. TV Tower.........................................................................................................................88
3. Marx- Engels Platz...........................................................................................................88
Filler (Ritter Sport)...............................................................................................................88
4. Museum Island.................................................................................................................88
5. Berliner Dom....................................................................................................................88
6. Altes Museum...................................................................................................................88
7. Neues Museum.................................................................................................................89
8. Alte National Gallerie.......................................................................................................89
9. Pergamon Museum...........................................................................................................89
10. German History Museum...............................................................................................89
11. Neue Wache/ New Watch..............................................................................................89
12. Humboldt University......................................................................................................89
13. Bebelpatz........................................................................................................................89
Filler (Berlin Bears)..............................................................................................................89
14. Unter Den Linden ..........................................................................................................89
15. Russian Embassy............................................................................................................90
16. Hotel Adlon....................................................................................................................90
Filler (Curry Wurst)..............................................................................................................90
17. Reichstag........................................................................................................................90
18. Chancellery(Bundeskanzleramt)....................................................................................90
Filler (Ampelmann)..............................................................................................................90
19. Carillon Tower...............................................................................................................90
20.House of the Cultures of the world..................................................................................90
21. The River Spree..............................................................................................................90
22. President's place.............................................................................................................91
23. Siegessaule/Victory Monument......................................................................................91
24. Strasse des 17 Juni..........................................................................................................91
Filler (The Berlin Wall)........................................................................................................91
25. Tiergarten.......................................................................................................................91
26.Russian War Memorial....................................................................................................91

27.Brandenburg Gate............................................................................................................91
28.Holocaust Memorial........................................................................................................91
29.Potsdamer Platz...............................................................................................................91
FILLER(Berlin Airlift).........................................................................................................91
30.Checkpoint Charlie..........................................................................................................92
SECTION 3: WALKING TOURS................................................................................................92
BARCELONA...............................................................................................................................92
Gothic Quarter......................................................................................................................92
2.Cathedral Square...............................................................................................................92
3.Barcelona Cathedral..........................................................................................................92
4.The Cloister.......................................................................................................................93
5.Plaza del Re.......................................................................................................................93
6.St Jaume Square................................................................................................................93
7.Town Hall (South side).....................................................................................................94
8.Government House (North side).......................................................................................94
9.Pont del Bisbe....................................................................................................................94
10.San Felip Neri Square......................................................................................................95
ROME............................................................................................................................................95
1.Capitoline Hill incl. Castor and Pollux..............................................................................95
2.Marcus Aurelius Statue.....................................................................................................95
3.Viewpoint over the Forum.................................................................................................95
4.Statue of Romulus and Remus..........................................................................................96
5.Trajan Markets and Trajan’s Column................................................................................96
6.Piazza Venezia inc. Palazzo Venezia................................................................................96
Piazza Venezia situated at foot of Capitoline hill. ..............................................................96
7.Victor Emanuel Monument...............................................................................................96
8.Trevi Fountain...................................................................................................................97
9.Via Del Corso....................................................................................................................97
10.Hadrian’s Temple............................................................................................................97
11.Pantheon..........................................................................................................................97
12.Piazza Navona.................................................................................................................98

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Piazza Navona is square in Rome........................................................................................98
13.Fountain of Four Rivers...................................................................................................98
SOFIA............................................................................................................................................98
1.Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.............................................................................................98
2. Eternal Flame of Unknown Soldier & Church of St Sophia............................................98
3. Russian Church of St Nicholas.........................................................................................98
4. Royal Palace (now Ethnographic Museum & National Art Gallery)...............................99
5. City Garden incl. Ivan Vazov National Theatre...............................................................99
Ivan Vazov National Theatre is the oldest theatre in Sofia..................................................99
6. Rotunda of St George.......................................................................................................99
7. Statue of Lady Sofia.........................................................................................................99
8. Vitosha Boulevard..........................................................................................................100
LJUBLJANA...............................................................................................................................100
1.Dragon Bridge & Castle..................................................................................................100
2.Butcher’s Bridge..............................................................................................................100
3.Ljubljana Cathedral.........................................................................................................100
4.Three Bridges..................................................................................................................101
5.Statue of France Preseren................................................................................................101
6.Franciscan Church of the Annunciation..........................................................................101
PRAGUE......................................................................................................................................101
1.Hradcany District and Castle...........................................................................................101
2.Entrance to Hradcany Castle incl. Castle Guards............................................................102
3.Column of Virgin Mary...................................................................................................102
4.Schwarzenberg Palace.....................................................................................................102
5.Archbishop’s Palace........................................................................................................102
6.St Vitus Cathedral............................................................................................................102
7.Monolith..........................................................................................................................103
8.St George & Dragon........................................................................................................103
9.Old Royal Palace.............................................................................................................103
10.Basilica of St George & St George’s Convent..............................................................103
11.Golden Lane..................................................................................................................104

12.Wallenstein Palace and Gardens...................................................................................104
13.Franz Kafka Museum and Peeing Men Statue..............................................................104
14.Skinny Lane...................................................................................................................104
15.Lennon Wall..................................................................................................................105
16.Charles Bridge...............................................................................................................105
17.Prague Town Hall..........................................................................................................105
18.Astronomical Clock.......................................................................................................105
19.Our Lady Before Tyn Church........................................................................................106
20.Jan Hus Monument........................................................................................................106
DRESDEN...................................................................................................................................106
1.Semperoper (Opera House).............................................................................................106
2.Statue of King Johann.....................................................................................................107
3.Dresden Cathedral...........................................................................................................107
4.Procession of the Princes Mosaic....................................................................................107
5.Frauenkirche....................................................................................................................107
6.Statue of Martin Luther...................................................................................................108
VIENNA......................................................................................................................................108
1. Heldenplatz (Inc Statues)...............................................................................................108
2. Hofburg Palace (Inc Balcony)........................................................................................108
3. Statue of Emperor Francis II..........................................................................................108
4. Vienna Boys Choir (in the Hofburgkapelle)..................................................................109
5. Spanish Riding School...................................................................................................109
6. Roman Ruins..................................................................................................................109
7. Monument Against War & Fascism...............................................................................110
8. Hotel Sacher...................................................................................................................110
9. Kartnerstrasse incl. Swarovski.......................................................................................110
10. St Stephen’s Cathedral.................................................................................................110
AMSTERDAM............................................................................................................................111
1.Red Light District............................................................................................................111
2.Oude Kerk.......................................................................................................................111
3.The Gable Houses............................................................................................................111

4.Statue of Belle.................................................................................................................111
5.The Golden Breast...........................................................................................................112
6.Skinny Alley....................................................................................................................112
SECTION 4: HISTORIES...........................................................................................................112
AUSTRIA....................................................................................................................................112
1.Early Days.......................................................................................................................112
2.Habsburgs take control....................................................................................................113
3.Ottoman Threat................................................................................................................113
4.Modern State...................................................................................................................113
5.WWI and WWII..............................................................................................................114
6.Post War..........................................................................................................................114
7.Modern Issues..................................................................................................................114
CROATIA....................................................................................................................................115
1. Illyrians...........................................................................................................................115
2. Romans ..........................................................................................................................115
3. Croats..............................................................................................................................116
4. Occupying Empires........................................................................................................116
5. Hungarians and Habsburgs.............................................................................................116
6.The rise of Yugoslavia.....................................................................................................117
7.Marshall Tito and the Communism.................................................................................117
8.The fall of Yugoslavia.....................................................................................................118
9. Recent history.................................................................................................................118
CZECH REPUBLIC....................................................................................................................119
1.The Great Moravian Empire and the Přemyslid Dynasty...............................................119
The Great Moravian Empire was established around 830 AD...........................................119
2.John of Luxembourg and Charles IV..............................................................................120
John of Luxembourg had taken away the Czech throne.....................................................120
Charles IV was a very good and noble king.......................................................................120
Charles IV was most loved and appreciated king of Czech...............................................120
3.The Hussite Era and George of Poděbrady.....................................................................120
George of Poděbrady was also a Czech protestor before nominated as the king...............121

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He wished for unity of whole Europe and also wanted to maintain a peaceful nation.....121
He also became a loved ruler of Czech..............................................................................121
4.The Habsburg Dynasty to Joseph II................................................................................121
5.National Revival to World War I....................................................................................122
6.The First Republic and World War II..............................................................................122
7.The Communist Era.........................................................................................................122
8.The Velvet Revolution and Beyond................................................................................122
France...........................................................................................................................................123
1.Pre History and Gaul.......................................................................................................123
2.Franks to the Valois Line................................................................................................123
3.Hundred Years War.........................................................................................................123
4.Protestantism...................................................................................................................123
5.Louis XIII-XVI................................................................................................................124
6.Revolution.......................................................................................................................124
7.The Reign of Terror.........................................................................................................124
8.Napoleon..........................................................................................................................124
9.Restoration and Napoleon III..........................................................................................125
10.WWI and WWII............................................................................................................125
11.Post War France and De Gaulle....................................................................................125
12.Mitterrand, Chirac, Sarkozy..........................................................................................125
13.Modern Issues and Macron...........................................................................................126
GERMANY.................................................................................................................................126
1.Romans............................................................................................................................126
2.Franks..............................................................................................................................126
3.Middle age.......................................................................................................................126
4.Reformation.....................................................................................................................126
5.Unification.......................................................................................................................127
6.Aggressive foreign policy and WWI...............................................................................127
7.Economic crisis...............................................................................................................127
8.Hitler and the third Reich................................................................................................127
9.Occupation and unification..............................................................................................127

10.Modern Germany...........................................................................................................127
GREECE......................................................................................................................................127
1.Pre Athens.......................................................................................................................127
2.Classical period...............................................................................................................127
3.Hellenistic period.............................................................................................................127
4.Roman Rule.....................................................................................................................127
5.Byzantine Greece and Ottoman Rule..............................................................................128
6.20th Century....................................................................................................................128
7.21st Century Greece........................................................................................................128
HUNGARY..................................................................................................................................128
1.Huns.................................................................................................................................128
2.Arrival of the Magyars....................................................................................................128
3.St Stephen........................................................................................................................128
4.Tartar Invasion.................................................................................................................128
5.Independent Kingdom of Hungary..................................................................................128
6.Ottoman & Habsburg Empires........................................................................................128
7.WW1 and WW2..............................................................................................................129
8.Communist era.................................................................................................................129
9.Perestroika and Democracy.............................................................................................129
Perestroika was a movement to reform during 1880. In October 1989, Hungary had became
democratic republic. ..........................................................................................................129
ITALIAN HISTORIES................................................................................................................129
FLORENCE................................................................................................................................129
Etruscans.............................................................................................................................129
Romans...............................................................................................................................129
Dark Ages...........................................................................................................................129
Renaissance........................................................................................................................129
End of Renaissance.............................................................................................................129
Modern Times....................................................................................................................130
VENICE.......................................................................................................................................130
1.Veneti Tribe moves to the islands...................................................................................130

2.La Serenissima – the Republic of Venice........................................................................130
3.Crusades and the Arsenal................................................................................................130
4.Golden Age – traders and merchants...............................................................................130
5.Sacking of Venice............................................................................................................130
6.Decline.............................................................................................................................130
7.Modern age and issues.....................................................................................................131
Rome............................................................................................................................................131
1.Etruscans and Greeks
............................................................................................................................................131
2.Romulus and Remus
............................................................................................................................................131
3.Kings of Rome and the Punic Wars
............................................................................................................................................131
4.Caesar
............................................................................................................................................131
5.Emperors – Augustus to Nero
............................................................................................................................................131
6.Military Emperors – Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus...
............................................................................................................................................131
7.Split of the Empire...........................................................................................................131
Roman empire had split into two empires say, Eastern and Western................................131
8.Fall of the Empire............................................................................................................131
Vatican History
......................................................................................................................................................131
1.Papal States
............................................................................................................................................131
2.Mussolini and the Lateran Treaty
............................................................................................................................................132
3.Modern Times.................................................................................................................132
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......................................................................................................................................................132
1.Greeks and Romans
............................................................................................................................................132
2.Moors
............................................................................................................................................132
3.Reconquista
............................................................................................................................................132
4.Ferdinand and Isabella
............................................................................................................................................132
5.Inquisition
............................................................................................................................................132
6.Exploration and Discovery
............................................................................................................................................132
7.Golden Age and Decline
............................................................................................................................................132
8.Political instability
............................................................................................................................................132
9.Civil War and Franco
............................................................................................................................................132
10.Democracy
............................................................................................................................................132
11.Modernisation................................................................................................................132
Switzerland
......................................................................................................................................................133
1.Helvetians and Romans
............................................................................................................................................133
2.Holy Roman Empire
............................................................................................................................................133
3.1291 Pact
............................................................................................................................................133
4.Swiss Confederation

............................................................................................................................................133
5.Reformation and Invasion
............................................................................................................................................133
6.Autonomous Cantons
............................................................................................................................................133
7.World Wars
............................................................................................................................................133
8.Modern Switzerland........................................................................................................133
The Netherlands
......................................................................................................................................................133
1.Romans
............................................................................................................................................133
2.Middle Ages
............................................................................................................................................133
3.16th Century-19th Century
............................................................................................................................................133
4.Golden Age
............................................................................................................................................133
5.18th Century
............................................................................................................................................134
6.Modern History...............................................................................................................134
Turkey
......................................................................................................................................................134
1.Biblical Beginnings
............................................................................................................................................134
2.Romans Arrive
............................................................................................................................................134
3.Turks Take the East
............................................................................................................................................134
4.Christian West Resists
............................................................................................................................................134

5.World War One and Ataturk
............................................................................................................................................134
6.World War Two to 1980 Coup
............................................................................................................................................134
7.Moving to Unite with the West.......................................................................................134
SECTION 5: SPECIALITY TALKS...........................................................................................134
SECTION 6: ARCHITECTURE AND ART..............................................................................135
ARCHITECTURES.....................................................................................................................135
Baroque...............................................................................................................................135
Classical..............................................................................................................................135
Gothic.................................................................................................................................136
Romanesque.......................................................................................................................136
ART .............................................................................................................................................136
Impressionism.....................................................................................................................136
Renaissance........................................................................................................................137
Surrealism...........................................................................................................................138
Cubism................................................................................................................................138
Pointillism...........................................................................................................................138
SECTION 7: CONTIKI EUROPE BROCHURE: HIGH ENERGY AND COMPING.............139
1. Basic itinerary for PB trip...............................................................................................139
2. Day 5 city in BE trip.......................................................................................................139
3. Countries visit in SE trip................................................................................................139
4. Difference between “ Contiki special stopover and Campsit.........................................140
5. Role of On-road cook on “The original” trip.................................................................140
6. Ultimate European trip visit that no other High Energy or Camping trips visit.............140
7. Contiki trips depart from in London...............................................................................140
8. luggage are travellers allowed to take on a High Energy or Camping trip....................140
9. Travellers receive the final documentation....................................................................140
10. Things Contiki not include on their Trips....................................................................141
11. Difference between See and Visit................................................................................141
SECTION 8: NEED TO KNOW.................................................................................................141

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Public holiday.....................................................................................................................141
Schengen Area....................................................................................................................141
Visa.....................................................................................................................................142
Temperature........................................................................................................................144
Heigh..................................................................................................................................144
Weight................................................................................................................................144
Distance..............................................................................................................................144

SECTION 1: SOCIO- ECONOMIC
AUSTRIA
Introduction
Austria is the landlocked country in Central Europe.
Geography
Location Territory of Austria has area of 83879 Km2 Water density in the location is 1426 Km2 Land is 82445 Km2
Population
 As per the record of 2011 Austria has 8404252 population.
1
Illustration 1: Austria
https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Maps/Map-Austria

 Density of the country is 2.8/km2
Capital Vienna is the capital of the country.
Major cities/ towns
 Vienna is the main city which has 1.9 million population, it is the capital of Austria
 Salzburg
 Innsbruck
 Graz Linz
Main regions
 Alps, its extension is into North, East and South which covers 62% part of country.
 North of Danube Alpine Foreland
Mountains
 GroBglockner which is the highest tauern in the country, its hight is 3798m
 Wildspitze is having hight of 3772m.
 Kleinglockner, hight 3770 m Hortnageltum, height 3719m
Rivers
 Danube which overs 2860 Km area
 Inn, it covers 517km Drava, 707km
Islands
 River island of Austria is Donauinsel, it is long and situated in central of Vienna. It is 21.1km long and width of the island is 70-210 m
Climate
 Austria is having cool climate, it does not get cold in winter.
 Temperature of the country gets low in summer altitudes.
 Alps is the warm climate in winter. Due to surrounding of ocean it has low temperature.
Economy
Currency
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 It is the richest country and it is on 12th rank in term of GDP.
 It has social market economy.
 In the year 2016 GDP of the country was 387299 billion
 Per capita income of the nation is 44561. Euro is the currency of the country.
Unemployment rate 6.1% is unemployment rate of the Austria.
Salary per month
 Average gross salary of the nation is 3997/5395 monthly. Average net salary of the country is 2043/2758 monthly
Main industries
 Construction
 Machinery
 Vehicles
 Food
 Chemicals
 Paper and paperboard Tourism
Main companies
 Porsche holding, car manufacturing firm
 Strabag, construction firm
 Spar group, retail firm Magna international, car and engine manufacturing company
Agricultural
 Government is paying more attention on improving agriculture industry.
 Its agriculture industry is very diversified and efficient. Wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, sugar beets are the main items.
Natural resources
 Oil, Lignite, timber, iron, copper, zinc, tungsten, graphite, hydro power are main natural
resources of the country.
3

Politics
Vienna is the place where parliament of Austria exist.
It is federal democratic republic nation.
President
 . Alexander Van der Bellen is the president of the nation.
 Individual is appointed through voting system.
 President is the figurehead of the nation. President appoints cabinet ministers, justices of supreme court and other ministers.
Prime minister
 Sebastian Kurz is the chancellor of Austria .
 Individual is the chairman of federal government.
 Individual is responsible for passing a bill, announcement of bill and changes in rules and
regulations.
Tourism
Tourism is the main industry which contributes well in the economy development of Austria.
Number of visitors In the year 2007, 18.9 billion tourist arrive in Austria.
Destination visited
 Vienna is the main tourist destination in Austria, it is famous for opera music, museums.
 Innsbruck is another destination which is popular for Hofburg palaces Hallstatt
Domestic tourism
 Domestic tourism is increasing day by day in Austria.
 Overnight local visitors those who have travelled nearby to Austria were 12034 in 2013,
12265 in the year 2014.
Society
People
 People of Australia are friendly. Population of Austria pays close attention on their cultural aspects and they have high
living standard.
Language
4

 Austrian German is the official language of the country.
Religion
 Catholic Church 58.8%
 Eastern Orthodox 6%
 Islam 7%
 Judaism 0.1%
 Buddhism 0.2% Protestantism 3.4%
Food
 Wiener Schnitzel, Tafelspitz are famous in Austria. Topfen, Bakery items are very delicious in Austria.
Music and sport
 Austria is known for its musical innovation.
 Painting and contemporary artist are the very famous in the nation.
 It is the mountain area thus alpine skiing is the popular sport of the country.
 Apart from this, ski-jumping, football are main sports of the nation.
Language Lesson
 Good morning- Guten morgen
 Bye- Tschuss
 Thank you- Danke
 Please - Bitte
Conclusion
Austria is popular for its traditional cultural aspect. Mountain areas encourage people for
adventurous activities such as ski-jumping etc.
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BELGIUM
Introduction
It is the sovereign state which is in the Western Europe and bordered by France,
Germany, Luxembourg and North Sea. It is low lying and heterogeneous country.
Geography
Location
 Belgium is small densely populated country.
 It has covers 30528 square Kilometre area. It shares borders with Luxembourg, France and Germany.
Population
 As per the record of 2017, Belgium has 11303528 population. Density of the country is 370.3/km2
Capital Capital of the nation is Brussels.
Major cities/ towns
 Antwerp
6
Illustration 2: Belgium
https://www.worldatlas.com/eu/be/where-is-belgium.html

 Ghent
 Liege
 Bruges
 Leuven
 Charleroi Mons
Main regions
 Flemish region
 Walloon region- there are mainly German, French speaking people live.
 Brussels capital region- it is bilingual (French and Dutch) region
Illustration 3: regions of Belgium
Mountains
 Signal de Botrange is highest point of Blegium which is aprox 694 meters. Hills in Belgium are Kemmelberg hight 159m, Koppenberg hight 77m.
Rivers
 Belgium drains into North Sea whih is drained by Oise river into English channel.
 Main rivers in the country are Scheldt , it is 200km is Belgoum and in total it is 350Km
 Meuse, it is 183 Km in Belgium and in total it is 925 Km
7

 Yser, 50Km in Belgium and in total it is 78Km. Other rivers in Belgium are Rupel, Senne, Dijle.
Islands Testerep is the only Island in Belgium
Climate
 Climate of the country is maritime temperature.
 Average temperature in January is 3 degree Celsius, in July it is 18 degree Celsius.
 This country has cool winters and temperature in winter is very low -16 degree Celsius.
 Summer seasons are comparatively warm and temperature remain in this climate 30
degree Celsius as high temperature.
Economy
Currency
 Belgium has highly developed transport network. There are many industries and
commercialised firms those contributes well in the economic development of nation.
 Wide canals, railways, main road helps in the country in integrating with other countries.
 Belgium has strong import chain of raw material and it produces goods and again re-
export these material to other nations.
 Euro is the currency of the nation
 $512 billion is the GDP rate of the country. GDP per capita income of the nation is $50,510/ $41,700 (PPP).
Unemployment rate In the year 2014, unemployment rate of the nation was 8.5%
Salary per month
 Average gross salary of people are 3261 monthly. Average net salary is 2068 monthly
Main industries Engineering, motor vehicle, transportation, scientific instruments, processed food and
beverages, chemicals, metal, textiles, glass, petroleum are the main industries working in
Belgium.
Main companies
 AIM production, operats in technology sector.
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 Cockerill Sambre, operates in Iron and steel industry
 Claeys operates in commercial vehicles and trucks industry. Zetes work in technological field.
Agricultural
 Agriculture of the country engaged in crop production and raising livestock. Main crops of the nation are barley, corn, sugar beets, wheat, potatoes.
Natural resources
 Construction material, Silica, Carbonates is the main natural resources of Belgium.
 Arable land covers 26.49% areas ad permanent crops 0.79%
Politics
 Political condition of Belgium is very complex. Flemish nationalist is the biggest party in Flanders, whereas socialist party is known party
in Wallonia.
Prime minister
 Charles Michel is the prime minister of Belgium since 2004. He is head of federal
government.
 Individual is responsible to coordinate with government policies and proper execution of
coalition agreement.
 Prime minister maintain contact with King and represent policy statements in parliament.
 Prime minister has to develop relationship with other regions and communities.
Tourism Belgium is famous among travellers for medieval towns, renaissance architectural
designs.
Number of visitors
9

Illustration 4: number of visitors arrive in Belgium
https://www.statista.com/statistics/413203/number-of-arrivals-spent-in-short-stay-
accommodation-in-belgium/
Every year number of visitors those who come in the country are increasing day by day.
In the year 2016, 15.2 million travellers have visited this location.
Destination visited
 Brussels- it is the heart of Europe, it has cosmopolitan attraction.
 Antwerp- it is famous for its vibrant nightlife, funky bars and restaurants.
 Ghent- there are 18 museums, 100 churches, 4000 historical buildings. Bruges- it is popular for its culture activeness and artistic treasures.
Domestic tourism
 In the year 2014 total overnight visitors those who live in Belgium were 4175.
 In Wallonia there were 1053 domestic travellers in 2014 whereas in Flanders there were
2420 domestic travellers in the same year.
Society
People
10

 Belgium people gives more value to their families, people gives more priority to their
families and they respect their families.
 In Belgium women do not prefer to change their name after marriage. It is egalitarian society.
Language Dutch, German and French are the main language used by people of Belgium.
Religion 75% people of Belgium are having Roman Catholic religion and other 25% are
protestant.
Food and drinks
 Belgium is popular for variety of beer, chocolate, French fries. Cote D'Or, Neuhaus Leonidas brands are popular in entire world.
Art and sports
 Belgium people have more interest in painting and architectural activities. Mosan art,
Baroque painting are famous in entire world.
 Football is major plays by people of Belgium.
Language Lesson
 Hello- Bonjour
 Good evening- Bonsoir
 Thank you- Merci
 Excuse me- Excusez moi
Conclusion
Belgium is highly cultural country which gives priority to their families and cultural
aspects.
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CROATIA
Illustration 5: Croatia
https://www.visit-croatia.co.uk/map-of-croatia/
Introduction
Croatia is situated at crossroads of South-east Europe and Central.
Geography
Location
 Croatia is having 56594 km2 area.
 It has flat agricultural plains. There are 1245 islands.
Population
 As per the records of 2007, Croatia has 4493312 population.
 In 2017, population of the country was found 4154200 Density of the nation is 75.8 km2.
Capital Zagreb is the capital of the Croatia.
Major cities/ towns
12

 Zagreb- it is capital of Croatia
 Dubrovnik-It is famous for its historical values
 Pula- It is the biggest town in Istria Zadar- It has rich history.
Main regions
 In Croatia there are 91.06% Christians live. 4.57% Irreligious, 1.47% Muslims and 2.90% others religious people live.
Mountains
 Velebit
 Biokovo
 Dinaric Alps
 Dinara medvednica
Rivers
 Cetina is the main river in the nation which has 101Km .
 Zrmanja-69Km
 Drava- 707 Km
 Sava- 990 Km Danube- 2860Km
Islands
 In Croatia there are approx 1246 islands. Krk and Cres are the largest islands in the country.
Climate
 Weather condition of Croatia is amazing, in all season travellers can see incredible
scenery.
Economy
Currency
 Currency of Croatia is Croatian Kuna.
 Statistics show that GDP rate in 2017 of Croatia is 51.5 billion
 GDP rank of the country was 76. GDP growth rate of Croatia is 3.3%
13

Unemployment rate Unemployment of the nation is 11.6%
Salary per month
 Average gross salary of population in the nation is 8019 HRK Average net salary of people are 6022 HRK/1211 monthly
Main industries
 Chemical
 Plastics
 machine tools
 Aluminium
 Petroleum
 Refining
 Food and beverage tourism
Main companies
 Vindija food firm
 Koncar electronic
 The Atlantic group
 Adriatic Croatia international club
 Ledo Luka Ploce
Agricultural
 Government of the country is continuously working to develop agriculture industry of the
nation. Agriculture industry contributes 6.8% in GDP growth.
Natural resources
 Oil, coal, iron, calcium, silica, clay, salt are main natural resource in Croatia
Politics Croatia uses parliamentary system. It is the country where multi party system exist. One
party gets power to rule. In the year 264 political parties have get registration.
President
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 President of the country ruled for five years.
 President has duty to appoint prime minister. But individual has to take consent of
parliamentary members. Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic has won the election of president in the year 2015.
Prime minister
 Andrej Plenkovic was selected as prime minister in the year 2016.
 President of republic was the appointer of prime minister.
Tourism
 Tourism business contributes 18% in the growth of GDP. Tourism is famous in Croatia because of its attractive weather, Mediterranean coastline.
Number of visitors In the year 2016, 337464 visitors came to Croatia.
Destination visited
 Plitvice lakes
 National park
 Dubrovnik
 Split Krka National park
Domestic tourism
Illustration 6: domestic tourism in Croatia
15

Society
People
 People of Croatia are friendly and social as well. They are loyal and give importance to culture and relationships
language Official language of population is Croatian.
Religion
 Roman Catholicism religion (86.28%)
 Easterm Orthodoxy
 Islam
 Athrism Protestantism
Food
 Croatia is the place which is famous for traditional food.
 Continental cuisine is the main food of Croatia.
 Cheese skripavac
 Sea food
 stews
 Pasta Soups
Art, Music and sport
 The Oldest artwork of Croatia is very popular.
 Croatia hosts many sport activities such as World's men handball championship in the
year 2009, Table tennis championship in 2007 etc.
Language Lesson
 Thank you- hvala
 Please- Molim
 Good bye- Dovidenja
 Hi or by- bok
16

Conclusion
People of Croatia behave ethically. It is famous for its attractive weather and destinations.
Food of Croatia is very famous in entire world.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Introduction
Czech republic is the country in Europe, in the year 2016 short name was given to this
nation Czechia. It is the place where no sea has nearby.
Geography
Location
 The area of Czech republic is part of Czechoslovakia.
 Snezka is the highest point of this country which is 1602 m.
 Area of Czech republic is 78866 sq Km.
 Historical territories of Bohemia, Czech Silesia, Moravia are included in the country.
 It is not a large country in term of geography but has rich history. Czech republic is smaller than South Carolina but it is larger than Scotland.
Population
 There are 10.6 million population live. Density of the country is 134/km2
Capital Capital of the Czech republic is Prague.
Major cities/ towns
 Prague- it is capital of the country
 Brno
 Ostrava Plzen
Main regions
 There are 34.2% atheist religion
 45.2% religion are undeclared
 Roman Catholic are 10.3%
 Protestant are 0.9% Others 2.7%
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Mountains
 Snezka
 Carpathian mountains
 Moravian Silesia
 Praded Jested
Rivers
 Elbe- 1091km
 Vitava- 430 km
 Morava- 354km
 Thaya – 235 km Ohre- 316 km
Islands
 Stvanice is the island inCzech republic which is on Vltava river. It is situated between
Prague and Karlin. Tajvan is largest island in Czech republic , it is on the Lipno Dam. Location of the island
is 3 km southeast of Horni Plana.
Climate
 There are generally hot summer and cold, cloudy winters remain.
Economy
Currency
 Economy condition of Czech republic is good and developed.
 It has social oriented social market economy.
 Currency of Czech republic is Czech Koruna (CZK)
 GDP rate of the country as per the stastical records of 2017 is 193.5 billion
 GDP growth rate is 5.0% GDP rank of the nation is 50th
Unemployment rate Unemployment rate in the country is 3.5%
18

Salary per month Average gross salary of the country is 29346/1124/1356 per month
Main industries
 Engineering
 Electronics
 Motor vehicles
 Machinery Pharmaceuticals are the min industries of the Czech republic.
Main companies
 SKODA Auto which operates ion auto-mobile industry is the Portuguese company of the
nation.
 CEZ, a.s. Operates in electricity industry.
 Unipetrol is working in chemical industry. Alpiq energy Se operates in electricity industry.
Agricultural
 Agriculture is the main sector which contributes well in economy development of nation.
 It has around 4264 thousands hectares agricultural lands in Czech republic . Agriculture industry employee 141 thousands people of the country.
Natural resources
 hard coal, Kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, uranium
Politics
 Czech republic has unitary parliamentary constitution. Executive power is held in the
hand of government of Czech republic. ANO, Civil democratic party, Czech Pirate party are the main parties of Czech republic.
President
 Milos Zeman is the president of the nation. Individual is appointed through voting
system.
 Term length of working as president in the country is five years. President is the ceremonial head of the nation, passing of bill, changes in laws etc.
powers are held in the hand of president.
Prime minister
19

 Andrej Babis is the prime minster of the nation since 2017.
 Individual is members of cabinet and European council.
 Prime minister is appointed by President of the country.
 Term length of working is four year.
 Prime minister has to take decision of parliament.
Tourism
Czech republic is the favourite tourist destination in Europe. Night life of Czech republic
attracts more visitors towards the location.
Number of visitors Number of visitors are increasing in the nation day by day. In the year 2014 total visitors
arrive in the Czech republic are 15.6 million, in 2015 number of travellers that come in
the nation were 17.2 million whereas in 2016 it reaches to 18.4 million.
Destination visited
 Karlstejn Castle
 Kutna Hora
 Brno Crsky Krumlov
Domestic tourism
 total domestic trips organized in Czech republic were 75353 in 2013 whereas in 2014 it
was 76824.
 Overnight visitors were 29215 in 2013 whereas in 2014 it was 30983.
Society
People
 People of Czech republic believes in small families. Women start working in early age in order to maintain their economic standards.
language Official language use in Czech republic is Czech
Religion
 there are 34.5% non religious people live.
 10.4% are Roman Catholic
 2.2% are Christians
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 0.7% are other religions
Food
 Vinegar and spices food are famous in the country.
 Soups are the main item in noon meal. Potato and tripe soups are very popular. Most commonly eat vegetables are carrot, peas, salad.
Music and sport
 Czech republic is famous for prominent writers, painters, theatres, art galleries.
 Graphic art is very popular in the nation.
Language Lesson
 Hello- Ahoj
 Bye- Ahoj
 Yes- Ano
Conclusion
Czech republic is having 200 castles that makes the country rich in Europe. Prague
Castle, Cesky Krumlow are beautiful places that are surrounded by gardens and ponds.
FRANCE
Illustration 7: France
https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Maps/Map-France
Introduction
FRANCE is the country which territory are consist of metropolitan France. It is in the
Western Europe. It has beautiful beaches.
21

Geography
Location
 Total FRANCE areas is 640679 Km2 Metropolitan France areas is 551695 Km2.
Population
 As per the estimation of 2017, population of nation is 67201000.
 Density of the country is 104Km2
 Area of Metropolitan France is 65058000 Density of the area is 116 Km2
Capital Paris is the capital of France.
Major cities/ towns
 Toulouse
 Strasbourg
 Nantes
 marseille- Population of the city is 850636
 Paris-population of Paris is 2249975. Lille
Main regions
 Brittany
 Corsica
 Pays de la Loire Lle- de- France
Mountains
 Mont Blanc, hight 4810m
 Jura Mountain
 Vosges
 Puy de Sancy, hight 1886m Barre des Ecrins, hight 4102m
Rivers
 Seine – 776Km
22

 Rhone – 812km
 Loire – 1012 Km
 Rhine – 1233 Km Garonne -602Km
Islands
 Lle de Re
 Porqureollers
 Beller Lle
 Port Cros Ushant
Climate
 Broad climate zone is present in France.
 In west zone there is cool summer
 Paris climate is varies, temperature range between 20 degree Celsius to 26 degree
Celsius. In Spring time the location climate is dry.
 North Alps is surrounded by ocean thus low temperature remain here. There is generally
cold winter and some time heavy snowfall remain.
Economy
Currency
 In the 2017 GDP of the country was 2826 trillion
 Per capita income of the nation in 39673. Currency of the France is Euro
Unemployment rate 9.7% is the unemployment rate in the nation.
Salary per month
 Average gross salary of the people are 35484/42300 annually Average net salary is 26700/30840 annually.
Main industries
 Machinery
 Chemical
 Auto mobile
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 Aircraft
 Electronics
 Textiles
 Food processing Tourism
Main companies
 360 learning which operates in technology industry.
 Airbus, operates in aerospace sector.
 Areva, operates in conventional electricity Carrefour, operates in food sector
Agricultural
 France produces many agriculture products.
 Wheat, dairy, beef, pork are main agricultural products . This sector contributes 4.2% in economy growth of the nation.
Natural resources
 Coal, iron ores, uranium, coal veins, bauxite are the main natural resources of FRANCE.
Politics
 France is having semi-presidential system. Executive branch and judicial branch are main aspects of political system
President
 Emmanuel Macron is the president of the France since 2017.
 Individual is appointed by direct voting system.
 Term length of president is five years. President elects prime minister, part in policy making and replace existing law system.
Prime minister
 Edouard Philippe is the prime minster of the nation since 2017.
 President appoint prime minister and individual is the member of cabinet.
 Prime minister of FRANCE is supported by lower house.
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Tourism France is the favourite tourist destination from the point of view of travellers. It is ranked
fifth in term of tourism business and activities. Tourism business directly contributes
9.7% in GDP.
Number of visitors In the year 2013, 85.7 million foreign visitors come in the France.
Destination visited
 Paris is the highly visited destination, Eiffel tower, Louvre are the main places of here.
 Nice- Famous for matisse art, French Riviera. Marseille- Vieux-port
Domestic tourism
 Local people also spend huge amount in travel activities. In the year 2016 110.8 billion
amount was domestic tourism expenditure.
 Total domestic trips organized in 2013 was 266647 whereas in 2014 it was 265712.
Society
People
 Population of France refuse changes and they demand for reforms.
 People of France pay more attention on their personal enjoyment rather then professioanl
duties.
 People are very fashionable and like to wear fashionale cloths People of France work for the lengthy time period in order to make more money.
language Official language of France is French.
Religion
 Christan 51.5%
 irreligious 39.6%
 Muslim 5.6% Judaism 0.8%
Food
 France cuisine is famous in entire world.
 Cassoulet, Choucroute, Quiche, wines are very popular.
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 France is major producer of rum and beer.
Art, Music and sport
 Football, Judo, Tennis, Petanque, rugby are popular sports of France.
 French martial art includes Fencing, Savate are very famous.
Language Lesson
 People of France do not pronounce H. They call
 House – Ousse
 Hear – ear
 Happy – Appy
 Holiday- oliday
Conclusion
France is famous for its climate and fashion. People come to this location just to enjoy its
beaches, fashion world.
GERMANY
Illustration 8: Germany
https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1aiuhXbOG6-
oF2fJNSWchCdQk3vs&hl=en_US&ll=49.8627296217801%2C16.73867962500003&z=6
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Introduction
Germany is western European country, it is full of forests, rivers, mountains. It is famous
for Sausages.
Geography
Location
 Area of Germany is 357168 Km2.
 It is the second largest population area. In tern of area it comes in 7th position.
Population
 As per the estimation of 2017, its population is 82800000. Density of Germany is 232/Km2
Capital Berline is the capital of Germany.
Major cities/ towns
 Berlin
 Hamburg
 Munich
 Cologne
 Stuttgart Dortmund
Main regions
 Berlin and Brandenburg
 Saxony
 Thuringia baden-Wurttemberg
Mountains
 Zugspitze, hight 2962m
 Thuringian
 Brocken, hight 1141m
 Fichtel mountain Watzmann, hight 2713m
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Rivers
 Rhine, 1233 K m
 Danube, 2860 Km
 Moselle, 544 Km Main, 527 Km
Islands
 Rugen
 Sylt
 Heligoland
 Borkum Juist
Climate
 Climate in Germany is moderately continental.
 There generally has cold winter with temperate around 0 degree Celsius.
 Summer is warm with temperature 22/24 degree Celsius
 Northernmost area is quite rainy because of Atlantic ocean.
Economy
Currency
 Currency of the Germany is Euro
 It has social market economy which is highly developed.
 GDP of the nation is 3.65 trillion. GDP per capita income is 44184.
Unemployment rate Unemployment rate of the nation is 5.6%
Salary per month
 Average gross salary in the Germany is 3703/4415 monthly. Average net salary in the nation is 2269/2590 monthly.
Main industries
 Iron, steel, coal
 Cement
 Chemical
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 Machinery
 Auto mobile
 Food and Beverages
 textile Shipbuilding
Main companies
 Bayer Group, operates in Chemical industry
 SAP, operates in software and services BMW operates in automotive industry.
Agricultural Germany's agricultural products are cereals, sugar beets.
Natural resources
 Coal, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, potash, salt, construction material, timber,
arable land are the main natural resources of the nation.
Politics Germany has parliamentary representative democratic political conditions.
President
 Frank- Walter Steinmeier is the president of Germany since 2017.
 President is responsible to give direction to political actions. President works for five year
 President has power to appoint chancellor and cabinet ministers.
 Individual convening the Bundestag President represent the country at home and abroad as well.
Prime minister
 Angela Merket is working as chancellor in Germany.
 Term length of prime minister is 4 year and individual is elected by President of the
country.
Tourism
 Statistical shows that Germany is seventh most visited country in entire world. International and domestic tourism contributes 43.2 billion in GDP.
Number of visitors In the year 2012, 30.4 million foreign tourists come in the country.
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Destination visited
 Berlin
 Munich
 Hamburg Frankfurt
Domestic tourism
30% German spend such high amount in travel and holidays.
407 million overnight travels were recorded in 2012.
Society
People
 People of Germany are highly educated, they use innovative ideas to perform their work
well. They are friendly enough and they greet others properly.
language Official language is German.
Religion
 Christianity 59.3%
 Islam 5.5% Others 0.8%
Food
 Germany is famous for Sausage. Weenies and Franks, thuringian rostbratwurst, nuremberer rib steak sausages are very
popular.
Art, Music and sport
 Folk festivals are popular in Germany, traditions such as Christmas customs, Oktoberfest
etc. are popular.
 Classical music of Dieterich Buxtehude is world-wide famous.
 Painters of Germany has changed the scenario of western art. Albrecht Durer, Lucas
cranach are very popular for painting.
Language Lesson
 Good day- Guten tag
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 Good morning- Guten Morgen
 Please- Bitte
 Thank You- Danke
Conclusion
Germany is famous for its variety of Sausages. It folk dance, weather attracts people
towards the country.
GREECE
Introduction
Greece is known as Hellas, it is in the Southern Europe. It is located at crossroads of
Europe.
Geography
Location
 Total area of Greece is 131957 Km2. It is the transcontinental country, there are many mountains, sea etc.
Population
 As per the estimation of 2016, its population is 11183716 Density of the country is 82/Km2
Capital Athens is the country of the Greece.
Major cities/ towns
 Athens
 Patras
 Larissa
 Thessaloniki
 heraklion Volos
Main regions
 Central greece
 Thrace
 Macedonis
 Epirus
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 Peloponnese
Mountains
 Mount Olympus, hight 2918m
 Pindus
 taygetus
 Pelion, height 1610m Mount Parnassus, height 2457m
Rivers
 Haliacmon, 322Km
 Nestos, 230 Km
 Alfeious, 110Km
 Pineious, 216Km Maritsa, 480Km
Islands
 Santorini
 Mykonos
 Corfu Island
 Rhodes Naxos
Climate
 Greece is having Mediterranean climate.
 Abs. Minimum temperature is -27.8 degree Celsius and maximum temperature is 48.0
degree Celsius.
Economy
Currency
 Economy of the Greece is in the 43rd rank in term of gross domestic products.
 Total GDP of the country is 313400 billion
 Per capita income is 20570 Currency of the nation is Euro
Unemployment rate unemployment rate in the nation is 21.0%
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Salary per month
 17642 is average gross salary of the nation Median net salary of the country is 7520 annualy
Main industries
 Shipping
 tourism
 food
 Tobacco processing
 Metal
 Mining Petroleum
Main companies
 Aegean marine petroleum network Inc, operates in exploration and production sector.
 Alfa Beta vassilopoulos, operates in food retail sectos ANEK Lines, operates in Marine transportation
Agricultural
 Wheat is the main crop of Greece. Corn, grains, cotton, olives, oranges, potatoes, sugar beets are main agricultural products
of the nation.
Natural resources
 Coal, nickel, bauxite, ore, marble
Politics
 Politics of Greece is parliamentary democratic. Prime minister is the head of the government.
President
 Prokopis Pavlopoulos is the president of the nation since 2015.
 Individual is appointed by Hellenic parliament
 President has power to make changes in laws. Presidents represents the country in abroad.
Prime minister
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 Alexis Tsipras is the prime minister of the nation.
 Individual is the member of cabinet and reports to parliament
 President appoints the prime minister.
Tourism Tourism is the key element and major contributor of economy development.
Number of visitors
 26.5 million visitors have arrived to the country in the year 2015 and 30 million have
arrived in 2016. Greek island, rivers, mountain attracts visitors towards the nation.
Destination visited
 Santorini
 Athens
 Rhodes Corfu island
Domestic tourism
Total domestic trips in Greece were 4615 in 2013, whereas in 2014 it was 5340.
Overnight visitors were 4615 in 2013, whereas in 2014 it was 5340.
Society
People
 People of Greece are connected with each others. Greece people maintain strong relationship with their families through out the life.
language Greek is the official language of Greece.
Religion Eastern Orthodoxy is the religion of the nation.
Food Retsina, wine grown, pine resin are the popular beverages of Greece.
Art, Music and sport
 Painting, artistic work, western culture are famous in Greece.
Language Lesson
 Good morning- Kah- lee-MER- ah
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 Hello – YAH- soo
Conclusion
Greece is popular for its friendliness, food. People like to come to the place to enjoy its
weather.
HUNGARY
Introduction
Hungary is a country in Central Europe in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to
the north.
Geography
Location It covers an area of 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi)
Population As per the estimate of 2017 the population of Hungary is 9,797,561 and density is
105.3/km square (272.7/sq mi)
Capital The capital as well as the largest city of Hungary is Budapest which is an economic hub,
classified as a leading global city.
Major cities/ towns Budapest(largest), Miskolc, Gyor, and Pecs and the smallest town is Palhaza
Main regions

Regions of Hungary Carpathian Euroregion, West Pannonia Euroregion and Danube-Drava-Sava
Mountains mountains are Borzsony, Carpathian mountains, pilis mountains etc. and the highest peak
is Csovanyos.
Rivers the two main rivers are Danube and Tisza. Lake Balaton and Lake Heviz are the largest
lake in Central Europe and the largest thermal lake in the world resp.
Islands
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 Main islands are Margaret, Csepel Szentendre, Helemba etc.
Climate
 Hungary has a continental climate with hot summers and low overall humidity. Average
annual temperature is 9.7°C (49.5°F)
Economy
Hungarian has the 57th largest and 15th most complex economy in the world.
Currency Forint is the currency of hungary,introduced on 1 August 1946 and is
Unemployment rate As per the estimate of July 2017 the unemployment rate of Hungary is 4.3%
Salary per month The average salary in Hungary is 200, 000 HUF (650 Euros)
Main industries Major industries in Hungary are food processing, pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, IT,
chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods and tourism. It is the largest
electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe.
Main companies MOL is the largest company in Hungary and others are Audi hungaria motor kft., GE
infrastructure CEE Holding kft. Etc.
Agricultural in Hungary's most important crops are corn, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes etc. and main
agricultural products are wine and livestock.
Natural resources
 main resources are bauxite, coal, oil, natural gas, etc.
Politics Hungary is a representative democratic republic.
President Janos Ader, since 2012.
Prime minister
 Viktor Orbon, since 2010.
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Tourism Was the 13th most visited tourism country in 2002. best months to visit are July and
August. The largest number of visitors in Hungary are from Austria, Germany and
Slovakia.
Number of visitors As per the statistics the number of visitors in Hungary from 200-2016 is 11.6 million
Destination visited the most famous tourist place is Budapest which includes Buda Castle, Hungarian
National Gallery, Danube river etc.
Domestic tourism
other than Budapest, Hungary has 1300 thermal springs as estimated. Andrassy Avenue is
also very famous and an UNESCO world heritage site. There are 200 caves in Hungary. Lake
Balaton is the largest and most popular fresh water lake in Central Europe
Society
Hungarian society is basically traditional and cultural. People here like traditional folk
music, cuisine and art.
People people of Hungary are known as Magyars and are an ethnic group who shares culture
history and moral values and are natives of Hungary.
language the official and national language of Hungary is Hungarian.
Religion in the 2011 census majority of Hungarians are Christians that is 52.9%. After that there
are Roman Catholics (37.1%) and and also Hungarian reformed Calvinists (11.1%)
Food the world famous food item is Goulash. There is also Fisherman's soup called halaszle
which is a mixture of poached fishes. The famous spice is paprika which is used to give
flavour in Hungarian dishes. Some other dishes are chicken paprikash, porkoit stew, trout
and vadas. Hungary is also famous for making vines.
Art, Music and sport
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 Hungary has the largest synagogue in Europe. People use ornamental motifs and decorate
the dresses. The Gothic art was also famous. It has mainly consist of Hungarian folk
music and classical music as well. The main sport in Hungary is football. It has total 497
medals in Olympics.
Language Lesson
 Hello- Szia
 Thanku- Koszonom
 Good morning- Jo Reggelt
Conclusion
Overall Hungary is a country with Rich culture, cuisine, historical and political values.
Mainly, it is one of the most famous tourist destination in the world.
ITALY
Introduction
It is officially the Italian republic and united parliament republic in Europe and shares
borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia etc.
Geography
Location it covers an area of 301,338 km square.
Population According to 2016 estimates the population of Italy is 60,589,445 and density is
201.3/km square
Capital Rome is the capital of Italy and is also the largest city of Italy
Major cities/ towns Rome, Venice, Milan, Florence etc. are among the famous cities in which Rome is the
largest.
Main regions there are 20 regions which are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy. Each region
has a statute which serves as regional constitution in which some regions are with
ordinary and some are with special statute.
Mountains
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 there are various mountains in italy. Some of them are:
 Mont Blanc - 4810 m
 Grenzgipfel- 4618 m
 Matterhorn- 4478 m and Grandes Jorasses- 4208 m
Rivers there are number of rivers in Italy in which some of the famous rivers are Po (652 km),
Tiber (406 km), Arno (241 km) and Adige (410 km).
Islands Capri, Ischia, Lipari, Elba, Stromboli, Panarea, Procida are some of the well known
islands in Italy.
Climate
 Italy's climate is very diverse due to longitudinal extension of peninsula. The climate of
italy ranges between humid subtropical to humid sub continental.
Economy
 Italy's economy is the 3rd largest in Eurozone.
 GDP is $1.850 trillion (nominal, 2016) and $2.234 trillion (PPP, 2016) GDP rank is 8
Currency the currency of Italy is Euro.
Unemployment rate According to estimate of august 2017 the rate of unemployment of Italy is 11.2%
Salary per month the average per month salary in Italy is 1400 Euros.
Main companies Tourism, machinery, iron and steel, textiles, clothing etc. are the main industries in the
Italy.
Main companies these are the largest companies in Italy- ENI, EXOR Group, Enel, UniCredit Group,
Telecom Italia etc.
Agricultural
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 there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 in Italy. The area covered for the agriculture use are
mainly of Grain fields, vineyards, olive trees etc. Italy is world's best wine producer and
also leading in Olive Oils and fruits like apples, pears, oranges, hazelnuts plums etc.
Natural resources
 the natural resources of Italy are coal, zinc, pumice, marble, crude oil reserves etc. and
also the government of Italy has control of mineral industry.
Politics It is unitary parliamentary republic from 2 June 1946.
President Sergio Mattarella from 2015 and he was elected for seven years
Prime minister
 Paolo Gentiloni from 2016 and he is also president of Council of Ministers.
Tourism Italy has 53 UNESCO world heritage sites and It ranked 5th in the most visited countries
in world. Its contribution to GDP was 162 EUROS in 2014
Number of visitors The number of visitors in Italy was 50.7 million in 2015
Destination visited the most visited destinations are Coloseum and Roman Forum, Boboli Garden, Pompeii,
Blu Grotto, Lake Como etc.
Domestic tourism
people of Italy mostly visit Rome, Milan, Venice and Florence. Milan and Rome are the
6th and 8th most visited cities in Europe resp.
Society
People people of Italy are called Italians and are citizens of Italian Republic. They have
contributed largely in science, technology, music, arts etc. and generally known for their
family values and clothing.
language the official language used by the people is Italian.
Religion
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 there is a majority of Christians (83.3%) in Italy. After that, Irreligious(12.4%),
Muslims(3.7%), Buddhists(0.2%), Hindus(0.1%), and Others(0.3%).
Food Italian food is world famous. Basically they rely on home cooking and cheese, cold cuts
and wine are the major part of Italian cuisine. Gelato, Tiramisu and cassata are the
famous pastries in Italy
Art, Music and sport
 Painting is the most famous art of Italy that is called Roman Art. Folk and Classical
music was most important in Italian culture. The classical instruments piano and violin
were invented in Italy and it is the place of birth of Opera. The most popular sport in Italy
is Football. The Italian football team won 4 FIFA world cups. Other than this volleyball,
basketball and rugby are also played in Italy.
Language Lesson
 The common language phrases used in Italy are :
 Mi scusi- Excuse me
 Si- Yes
 Prego- You are welcome
Conclusion
Italy is a southern country in Europe which offers a vast tourist spots, rich and high
cultural values since it is the place of birth of western culture. It has high tourism value too since
it has great numbers of UNESCO world heritage sites.
NETHER LANDS
Introduction
Netherlands is the western European country which is also known as Holland.
Geography
Location Total area of Netherlands is 41543 Km2.
Population Population of the nation is 17170000 as per the record of 2017.
Capital
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 Capital of the country is Amsterdam.
Major cities/ towns
 Amsterdam, north Holland, population of the place is 741635.
 Rotterdam, south Holland, population of the nation is 598199
 The Hague, South Holland, population of the nation is 474292 Utrecht, Utrecht, population of the country is 290529.
Main regions
 Veluwe
 Holland
 Twente
 Betuwe Amstelland
Mountains
 Vaalserberg
 Mount Scenery, heigh 887m
 The Quill, height 601m
 Duivelsbergy
 Vrouwenheide Cauberg
Rivers
 Rhine, 1233Km
 Meuse, 925Km
 Waal, 80Km
 Scheldt, 350Km Merwede, 125Km
Islands
 Rottumeroog
 Rif
 Griend
 Rottumerplaat Noorderhaaks
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Climate
 Netherlands has maritime climate.
 North sea and Atlantic ocean influences the weather and due to this ocean, summer of the
country is cool.
 Winter temperature is 2-6 degree Celsius. 17-20 degree Celsius is summer temperature.
Economy
Currency
 Netherlands is having third largest economy in the world.
 GDP of the nation is 846 billion
 GDP rank is 17th GDP growth of the country is 3.3%
Unemployment rate 4.4% is unemployment rate in the country.
Salary per month
 3073/month is the average gross salary of the nation. 2263/month is average net salary.
Main industries
 Agriculture
 Oil and natural gas
 Engineering
 electronics
 Chemical
 Petroleum
 Construction
 Fishing Microelectronics
Main companies
 Aalberts industry, operates in electrical sector
 AkzoNobel, operates in chemical sector
 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, operates in transporation service sector ASML holding, operates in machinery industry.
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Agricultural
 Netherlands is the largest exporter of agricultural products. Dutch agrifood sector is the main source of the country.
Natural resources
 natural gas, peat, salt, sand, gravel are the main natural resources of the country.
Politics
 Netherlands has parliamentary democracy there are multi party system exists, Christan democrats, CDA, Labour party etc. are the
political parties
President Ankie Broekers Knol is the president of Senate since 2013.
Prime minister
 Mark Rutte is the prime minister of the country since 2010.
 Individual is member of council of ministers of European council
 Term length of working is 4 years.
 Prime minister takes all important decision in the country.
Tourism
 Netherlands tourism business is highly developed an contributes well in economy
development. Dutch tourism industry contributes 5.4% in the GDP.
Number of visitors In the year 2014 approx 13.9 million foreign tourist came into the Netherlands .
Destination visited
 Amsterdam
 Rotterdam
 The Hague Utrecht
Domestic tourism
 Overnight visitors held in the Netherlands in the year 2013, 17490 whereas in 2014 it was
17176.
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Society
People
 Population of Netherlands pays attention of families, women works outside of the home.
 Women have got full freedom to live their life as per their own ethics. Society of Netherlands is modern and egalitarian. People like to be independent and self
reliant.
language Official language of the Netherlands is Dutch.
Religion
 Irreligion 50.1%
 Christianity 43.8%
 Islam 4.9% Hinduism, Buddhism
Food
 Dutch traditional food is popular in entire world.
 Pea soup
 Kale Stew
 Hotchpotch
 White asparagus
 French Fries
 Meat Chocolates sprinkles
Art, Music and sport
 Painters of Netherlands are famous in entire world.
 There are many philosophers such as Rotterdam, Spinoza.
 Netherlands is having multiple music traditions.
 There are 35000 sport clubs, people spend much time in sport activities. Tennis,
gymnastics, golf are three main sports of the country.
Language Lesson
 Hello- Hah low
 Hi- Hoi
45

 Good afternoon- Goedemiddag
Conclusion
Netherlands has wide transportation network and its agriculture industry is properly
mechanised.
SPAIN
Introduction
Spain is located on Iberian Peninsula in Europe. Wine, Siesta of Spain is popular across
the world.
Geography
Location
 Total area of Spain is 505990 Km2
 It is the largest Southern European country. Average altitude of the country is 650m
Population
 As per the estimation of 2016, population of the country was 46354321 Density of the nation in 92/Km2
Capital Madrid is the capital of Spain.
Major cities/ towns
 Madrid
 Valencia
 barcelona
 Murcia Zaragoza
Main regions
 Madrid
 Around Madrid
 Andalucia
 Galicia Cantabria and Austrias
Mountains
46

 Sierra Nevada
 Mulhacean , height 3479m
 Teide, height 3718m
 Cantabrian mountains
 Veleta, height 3398 Aneto, height 3404m
Rivers
 Ebro, 930km
 Douro, 897 km
 Tagus, 1038km Guadalquivir, 657km
Islands
 Tenerife
 Majorca
 Gran Canaria
 Lanzarote
 Ibiza Fuerteventura
Climate
 There is mediterranean climate, in this climate dry and warm weather conditions remain.
 Semiarid climate situations are remained in southeaster quarter
 Oceanic climate is present in northern quarter of the Spain.
Economy
Currency
 Economy of Spain is mixed economy, it is in the 14th rank worldwide.
 GDP of the nation in the year 2017 was 1.769 trillion per capital income of the nation is 38171.
Unemployment rate 17.0% is unemployment rate in the country.
Salary per month
 27674/32658 is the average gross salary of the country as per the estimation of 2015.
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 Average net salary in the country is 22018/25981
Main industries
 machine tools
 Pharmaceuticals
 metals
 chemicals
 Auto mobile
 Food and Beverages
 Footwear Tourism
Main companies
 3 Sacle, operates in technology sector
 Acciona, operates in construction and material industry
 Alamon entertainment, operates in technology Idilia food, operates in food and beverage industry
Agricultural
 Agriculture area of Spain rely on non irrigated cultivated. Citrus fruits, cereal grains, olive oil are the main agriculture products of the nation.
Natural resources
 Mercury, magnesite, uranium, crude oil, natural gas, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, coal,
cement, alumina
Politics
 Spain is in the 19th position in term of full democracies in entire world. It has bicameral parliament.
President
 Mariano Rajoy is the president of the Spain.
 Appointment of president is done through vote of confidence.
 There is no fixed term length of working of president.
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Tourism Historical legacy, diverse landscapes, vibrant culture has made this location attractive
from the tourism point of view. International tourism has grown to great extent over a
period of time and it has contributed 5% in the economy development in the year 2006.
Number of visitors Records show that in th year 2016 total international visitors came to Spain were 100000.
Destination visited
 Barcelona famous for its Gaudi buildings, Gothic quarters
 Madrid famous for royal palace Majorca, famous for palma, beach resorts
Domestic tourism
People of Spain travellers from one location to other frequently. In the year 2013 total
domestic trips held in Spain were 398423 whereas in 2014 it was 462761.
Society
People
 People of Spain have ethnolinguistic identities. Spanish people like to go on holidays and they are very friendly.
language Official language of Spain is Spanish.
Religion
 Roman Catholic 68%
 Irreligious 27% Other Religion 2%
Food
 Spain is famous for its variety of dishes.
 Sea food is popular in the country Chorizo, Orxata, Cava, Wine are popular in the country.
Art, Music and sport
 Basketball, football, tennis, cycling, handball, motorcycling are the popular sports that
are played by population of Spain.
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Language Lesson
 Sorry- Kho that
 Good bye- La Kone
 Thank You- Khop tchai lai lai
Conclusion
Public holidays are celebrated in Spain with full of enjoyment. Running of the bulls is
famous in the country.
SWITZERLAND
Introduction
Switzerland is the only nation which has square flag. . Its flag is red in cpoolour with
white cross in centre.
Geography
Location
 Total area of Switzerland is 41285 km2. It is covered by five countries.
Population
 In the year 2016 population of the country was 8401120 Density of the nation was 202/Km2
Capital Bern
Major cities/ towns
 Zurich
 Geneva
 Basel
 Bern
 Lucerne St. Gallen
Main regions
 Swiss Alps
 Jura Mountains
 Swiss plateau
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 Engadin
Mountains
 Matterhorn, height 4478m
 Jungfrau, height 4158m
 Eiger, height 3970m Pilatus, height 2128m
Rivers
 Rhine, 1233km
 Aare, 295km
 Rhone, 812km
 Reuss, 166km Thur, 131km
Islands
 Brissago island
 Ufenau
 Schwanau Schwyz
 Lutzelau Langgrien
Climate
 Valley area, cold hardy trees make its climate amazing.
 Summer is little warmer.
 Autumn is another season in which precipitation is less in winter as compare to summer.
Economy
Currency
 Economy of Switzerland is stable and high tech.
 GDP of the nation is 517 billion as per the estimation of 2017. Per capita income in nation is 61360.
Unemployment rate 4.54% is unemployment rate in the Switzerland.
Salary per month Average gross salary in the nation is 60642 annual.
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Main industries
 machinery
 Chemical
 Watches
 textiles
 insurance
 Pharmaceuticals
 Tourism Banking
Main companies
 Novartis, operates in chemical/ pharmaceutical industry.
 ABB, operates in engineering industry.
 Rolex, operates in watch making industry. Hoteplan, operates in tourism
Agricultural
 Climate of Switzerland is not favourable for agriculture particularly. Cereals such as wheat, barley, fruits, sugar beets are main agriculture products of the
country.
Natural resources
 Iron, coal, gravel, clay, salt, marbles are main natural resources of the country.
Politics
 Switzerland parliament has two houses: National council and council of states. Switzerland has direct democracy political system.
President
 Alain Berset is the president of the Switzerland.
 Term length of working as president in the country is 1 year and individual can not get
re-elected immediately.
Tourism
 Alpine climate, landscapes attract tourists towards the country. As per the record of 2011, tourism accounted 2.9% in GDP.
Number of visitors
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 In the July 2017 total visitors come in the country were 2110.
Destination visited
 Zurich
 Lucerne
 Zermatt Geneva
Domestic tourism
Total domestic trips held in 2013 were 75850 in Switzerland. Overnight visitors of
Switzerland were 7864 in the same year.
Society
People
 Switzerland people like to be happy all the time. Population of Switzerland use social sites frequently.
language Official language of the country is German, French, Italian, Romansh.
Religion
 Roman Catholic 41.8%
 Protestant 35.3%
 Muslim 4.3%
 Orthodox 1.8% Christan 0.4%
Food
 People of Switzerland are more concern for their health thus, they prefer to eat healthy
food.
 Chocolate of Switzerland is popular. Alcoholic milk, wine are consumed by people.
Art, Music and sport
 Skiing, mountaineering, snowboarding are popular sports play in Switzerland.
 Switzerland hosted FIFA world cup which has attracted many forign tourists towards the
location.
 Folk art is alive in Switzerland.
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Language Lesson
 Hello- Guten Tag
 Hi- Hoi Zame
 Good evening- Gueten Abig
Conclusion
Switzerland is safe and happy country. Attractive weather, sport activities amaze visitors.
TURKEY
Introduction
Turkey is exotic location. It gives equal rights to women.
Geography
Location
 Total area of Turkey is 783356 Km2. It is surrounded by eight countries.
Population
 As per the estimation of 2017, population of Turkey is 82835090. Density of the nation is 102/ Km2
Capital Ankara is capital of the nation.
Major cities/ towns
 Istanbul
 Izmir
 Ankara
 Antalya Gaziantep
Main regions
 Central Anatolia
 Eastern Anatolia
 Southeastern Anatolia
 Aegean region
 Mediterranean region Black sea region
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Mountains
 Mount Ararat, height 5137m
 Taurus mountains
 Mount Suphan, height 4058m
 Mount Erciyes Mount Nemrut, height 2134m
Rivers
 Euphrates, 2800 Km
 Tigris, 1850 Km Buyuk, 548 Km
Islands
 Tenedos
 Burgazada
 heybeliada imbros
Climate
 There is Mediterranean climate because it is borders by sea.
 There are wet summers, wet winters.
 In winters temperature reaches to between -30 to -40 degree celsius.
Economy
Currency
 Turkey is having 17th largest GDP. It has emerging market economy.
 Turkey is leading agricultural product's producer
 2.249 trillion is GDP of the nation. GDP growth rate of the country is 6.7%
Unemployment rate 10.3% is unemployment rate of the country.
Salary per month
 Average gross salary of the nation is 12000 annual Average net salary of the country is 8000 annual.
Main industries
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 Textile
 Food processing
 Electronics
 Tourism
 Mining
 Petroleum
 Construction
 Lumber Paper
Main companies
 Adana Cimento, operates in cement industry
 Arke, operates in chemical industry. Basak traktor, operates in tractor industry.
Agricultural
 Turkey is self sufficient nation in term of food production.
 It has 35.5% area of agriculture. Hazelnuts, figs, apricots are mainly produced in Turkey.
Natural resources
 Iron ore, coal, chromium, antimony, mercury, goal, perlite, pyrites, land, hydro power.
Politics
 Turkey has parliamentary democracy political conditions. Executive power is held in the hand of prime minister.
President
 Recep Tayyip Erdogan is the president of the nation.
 President works for five years and can renewed again.
 President is elected by members of parliament. Individual has to perform legislative functions, executive functions and judiciary
functions.
Prime minister
 Binali Yildinm is the prime minister of the nation.
 Individual is appointed by president.
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 Prime minister is head of government and represent the country in other nations.
Tourism
 Tourism business of the Turkey is growing well, it contributes well in economic growth.
 Turkey is in the 6th position in term of tourism. 22.1% tourism business have been increased in the nation.
Number of visitors In the year 2017, 1.65 million visitors have arrived in the country. In the year 2016 it was
25352 in thousands.
Destination visited
 Istanbul, it is historic city
 Antalya, famous for beaches and Roman ruins Pamukkale, famous for thermal spa
Domestic tourism
Domestic tourism of the nation is average. In the year 2017 local people have spend in
travelling 83 billion. It is expected that till 2027 it would be 108.1 billion.
Society
People
 People believe in God. Whenever people meet with others, they shake hands but at the time of departing they do
not shake hands. Relationship is most important thing for the people.
language Turkish is the official language of the Turkey.
Religion
 Muslim 99.8% Others 0.2%
Food
 Turkish tea and coffee are popular in entire world.
 Alcohol, fish, salad are main items in evening meal.
 Dough Baklava Yogurt salad
Art, Music and sport
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 Football is popular sport in Turkey.
 Basketball, volleyball are the main games in the country.
Language Lesson
 Hello- Merhaba
 Please- Lutfen
 yes- evet
Conclusion
Tea, coffee is the famous things in the Turkey, carpets, Kilims are popular in entire
world.
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SECTION 2: CITY TOURS
PARIS
1. Place Charles De Gaulle
 We are now on Place Charles De Gaulle, it is large road junction in pairs.
 Length of the place is 240m and width of the place is 240m
 The name is given De I'Etoile, meaning of etoile is star.
 There are 12 avenues, it is now becomes the busiest road thus, accidents are increasing
here.
 As square road of the place give new driving experience to the people on which they can
discuss on dinner parties.
2. Arc de Triomphe
 Now we are on Arc de Triomphe, it is popular monuments in Paris.
 Architectural style of the place is Neoclassicism
 Height of monuments is 50m. Width of the place is 45m and it is 22m deep.
 Though many political parties have tries to make modification in this place but original
concept was powerful.
 Arcades are decorated with allegorical figures that shows Roman mythology
3. Champs Elysées
 As you can see in map now we are on Champs Elysées, it is 1910m long and 70m width.
 It is famous street in entire world.
 Every year the largest military parade pass through this street on Bastile day on 14 July.
It is reviewed by president of the country.
 It is most beautiful avenue in world, now it has become the famous shopping centre in
Paris.
 Historical national events, victory in world cup football are celebrated in this place.
4. Statue of Charles de Gaulle
 On the right it is Statue of Charles de Gaulle, it is the gift from government of France.
 Charles de Gaulle was the freedom fighter and he died in the year 1970 in the age 80.
 This place is made for giving respect to the Charles De Gaulle.
5. Petit Palais
 On the right it is Petit Palais, it is the art museum in pairs.
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 The construction cost of this Petit Palais is 400000 pounds.
 It is designed by Charles Girault, it was build for building construction only but after
exhibition it becomes permanent fine art museum.
 The exterior of Petit Palais has many contemporary sculptures. To make this building
such attractive, many famous sculptors have worked on it.
 Painting, art objects, sculptures, tapestries etc. 1300 works are in the Petit Palais.
6. Palais Elysées
 On the left of yours it is Palais Elysées, it was made by Marquise de Pompadour
 It is an architectural masterpiece.
 As you can see monumental gate has four iconic columns.
 Residence is constructed in classical style of France.
7. Place de la Concorde
 We are now on Place de la Concorde, it can be seen from Eiffel tower.
 Length of the road is 359 m and width is 212m.
 In entire French capital it is the largest square area.
 In west there are Champs Elysees, in east there is Tuileries Gardens. In north there is two
identical buildings: Rue Royale and French Naval ministry.
 It is famous for Luxor Obelisk, it is surrounded by prestigious hotels and monumental
fountains.
8. Obelisk of Luxor
 On the left it is Obelisk of Luxor, it is 23m long standing at centre of city.
 It is historical monument in the city.
 Decoration of the place is done with hieroglyphs exalting king's reign.
 It is made of red granite.
9. Hotel Crillon
 On your left it is Hotel Crillon, it is historical hotel of Paris. It has 124 guest rooms, 46
suites ranging between 1350-15000 per night.
 It provides bar, outdoor terrace, health club to its guests.
 24 Hour front desk work in the hotel that is why consumers do not get any trouble.
10. Admiralty Headquarters
 On the right it is Admiralty Headquarters, it is office of marine and admiralty affairs.
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 It is officially known as Ripley building.
11. Maxim’s Restaurant
 On the left there is Maxim’s Restaurant, it is popular for its art Nouveau interior
decoration.
 It is worldwide popular. Many international celebrities come to this hotel to attend their
meetings.
 It interior is inspired by flora, fauna, chestnut leaves etc.
 It serves traditional and classic food to consumers. Waiters wear traditional dresses and
served consumers well.
12. Eglise de la Madeleine
 On the left of yours, there is Eglise de la Madeleine, it is Roman Catholic Church.
 Neo-classical architecture is used in this building.
 It is the form of Greek temple but there is no bell towers. Corinthian columns are
amazing which is surrounded the building
FILLER (Coco Chanel)
 He was the famous French fashion designer and renowned business women.
 Her work of designing couture clothing, handbags, jewellery, chanel suit, little black
dress are praised by entire world.
 She became a popular style icon for her sophisticated outfits. Her words “ luxury needs to
be comfortable otherwise it would not look luxurious” have changed the scanario of
fashion industry.
13. Palais Garnier (Opera House)
 As you can see on left and right, it is Palais Garnier (Opera House).
 It is the opera house, recognise for opulence and architect.
 Second Empire and beaux Arts are the architectural styles used in this house.
 Height of the building is 56m. It is 154.9 m long, 70.2m width.
 Structural system of the Palais Garnier (Opera House) has masonry walls, concealed iron
floors, roofs etc.
 The auditorium in the Palais Garnier (Opera House) is Italian horseshoe shape. It is the
largest stage in Europe.
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Filler (Joan of Arc)
 You have heard about Joan of Arc which is famous with the nickname “The maid of
Orleans”.
 It is the story of girl who lived in medieval France. She was believing that God has
chosen her to lead France and save the country from war with England.
 In the age of 13 she started hearing her voice that God has given her a mission to save
France.
 She was the heroine of France for her daring role during the war times.
14. Rue de Rivoli
 On the right it is Rue de Rivoli, it is famous street in the pairs. It is commercial street
where many fashion shops are present.
 Length of the street is 3070m whereas width of the place is 20.78m.
15. Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
 On the right it is a triumphal arch which is located in Place du Carrousel.
 It is the famous example of Corinthian style architecture.
 It is 9Km long which dominates northwestern quadrant of the city.
 It designing is based on Arch of Constantine in Rome.
 On the top there are four gilded bronze horses.
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16. Pyramid (Louvre entrance)
 As you can see on your left, it is Pyramid (Louvre entrance) designed by architect I.M.
Pei.
 It is surrounded by three small pyramids.
 It was made wholly by glass and also metal poles.
 It reaches at the height of 21.6 meters.
 It takes you to the Louvre museum from the large main entrance.
17.Institut de France
 On your right side, it is the Institut de France which is a French society.
 It has the group of five academies among which Academie francaise is the most famous.
one.
 It manages around 1000 foundations and museums for visit.
 It also gives prices on the recommendation of the Academie francaise
18.Hotel des Monnaies
 On the right side of yours, there is Hotel des Monnaies, which was built in 18th century on
quai conti in Paris.
 It made available the lodging of Monnaie de Paris since the construction.
 It usually opens up for public with numismatics museum.
19.Ille de la Cite
 On your right side, it is Ille de la Cite, which is one of the last two remained islands in
Paris city.
 The residential part of this island is only its western and northeastern extremes.
 As in 2013, its population was 981.
 It is the centre of the Paris.
20.Conciergerie
 On the right side of you, It is Conciergerie which is located on the west side of Ille de la
Cite.
 It was a prison but now is used as a law courts.
 Formerly is was the part of royal palace that is Palais de la cite.
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21.Hotel de Ville
 On the left of yours there is Hotel de Ville, which is a building which gave room to the
local administration of the city.
 It is the headquarters of municipality of Paris from 1357.
 It was rebuilt with stone shell which can survived the fire.
 This was the copy of French Renaissance from the outside.
22.Isle St. Louis
 On your right side, it is Isle St. Louis which is also a natural island from the remaining
two in Seine river of Paris.
 It is connected to the Paris by four bridges.
 Formerly, It was used for eating of cattles.
 Its population is 4453.
 The ile notre dame and the ile aux vaches are the two naturals islets of this island in
seine.
23.The River Seine
 On the right of yours, there is Seine river of Paris which is 777 km. Long.
 The rise of this from source seine, flows through the Paris into English channel.
 More than 60 percent of its length is available for commercial boats and also for boating.
 It offers sightseeing tours of Rive Droite and Rive Gauche.
FILLER(The Guillotine )
 It is an equipment which was designed for efficient executions by beheading.
 It was a tall frame in which a an angled blade was placed.
 It was used for French revolution and celebrated as people's avenger.
24.Pont d’Austerlitz
 As you can see in map, we are at Pont d’Austerlitz which is a bridge crossing Seine river.
 It is Ought to the battle of Austerlitz.
 It links from the 12th arrondissement to 5th and the 13th arrondissements.
 It was completely constructed in 1885.
25.Jardin des Plantes
 On the left side of you, there is Jardin des Plantes which is garden of the plants and also
known as Jardin des Plantes de paris.
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 It is situated in 5eme arrondissement and is of 28 hectares.
 It was classified as national historic landmark in 1993.
 Apart from these there is also a zoo.
26.Menagerie
 On your left side, it is Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes which belongs to the garden
Jardin des Plantes.
 It stands at 2nd among the other zoological gardens in the world.
 It consists of small and medium sized mammals and various species of birds and reptiles,
however, it does not have large animals today, like elephants.
 It directly locates Seine river.
27.Sorbonne University
 On the left side of yours, it is Sorbonne University, which is new in Paris.
 It built by merging of two universities that are Paris sorbonne and the pierre and marie
curie university.
 It is reserved for the students of general category.
 Some of Parisian universities share the library of it.
28.St. Geneviève (Statue)
 On your right, you can see, there's St. Geneviève (Statue), which is famous for its
newness and cleanliness.
 Built in 20th century.
 It is 6th century saint's monument and was made by Paul Meximilien Landowski.
29.Notre Dame (15)
 On your right, as you see, it is Notre Dame (15) which is a very large church on the ile de
la cite.
 It is the best example of French Gothic Architecture and one of the best church buildings
in the world.
 It is among the first buildings of the world in which flying buttress used
 It was started to built in 1160 and was completed in 1345.
30.Statue of Charlemagne
 On your right, there is Statue of Charlemagne which is a carolingian sculpture built in
metal and displayed in Louvre museum.
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 Its height is 24 cm and consists three body parts which are the rider's body, rider's head
and the horse.
31.Place Saint Michel
 On your left side, as it can be seen there is Place Saint Michel which lies on bank of
Seine river and faces ile de la cite.
 It is a public square.
 It gives views of ile de la cite, sainte-chapelle and palais de justice.
32.Latin Quarter
 On the left side, the area that you are seeing is called Latin Quarter which is built on the
left bank of the river Seine.
 It is known for its higher education organisations.
 It is very famous for the life of the students and cheerful atmosphere.
33.Sainte Chapelle
 On the right side of yours, it is Sainte chapel that is a royal place of Christian worship
built in Gothic style.
 It has some of the highest achievements like French style Gothic architecture called
Rayonnant.
 It has the stained glass collection of 13th century.
 It is one the most beautiful structures of Paris.
34.Palais du Justice
 On the right side of yours, it is Palais du Justice, former Palais de la cite located in the ile
de la cite in central Paris.
 It consists the oldest buildings like Sainte Chapelle and the conciergerie.
 It was rebuilt between 1857 to 1868.
 It has been awarded as greatest work of art.
35.Pont Neuf
 On the right side, as you can see, it is the Pont Neuf which is the oldest bridge across the
Seine river.
 Its construction was completed in 1607.
 It was renamed to distuiguish it from other bridges.
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 It was listed as monument historique.
 It was the stone bridge built to not support to houses.
36.Statue of Henri of Navarre
 On your right side, It is Statue of Henri of Navarre, which is in middle of pont neuf.
 It is the statue of king henry IV.
 The original statue was destroyed in French revolution and this is the replica of it.
 The idea to build it was given by the wife of king Henry.
37.Ponte des Arts
 On your right side, there is Ponte des Arts which is a pedestrian bridge which crosses
seine river.
 It was Paris's first metal bridge constructed for pedesterians.
 It was listed as national historic monument.
 Tourists attach love locks with the initial letter of their names on the side of this bridge
and throw the key into the seine river which represents the commited love between the
couples.
38.Musée du Louvre (20)
 On the right of you, it is Musée du Louvre (20).
 Is the largest art museum of the world and also a historic monument.
 It took place in louvre palace and was built as fortress.
 It was built between 12th to 13th century and was opened with 537 paintings.
39.Musée d’Orsay
 On the left side of yours it is a museum that is Musée d’Orsay which is on the bank of
Seine river.
 It was opened in 1986.
 It is known for its French art includes paintings furniture etc.
 It contains the widest collection of impressionist and post-impressionist in the world.
40.Jardin des Tuileries
 On the right side of you, it is a garden called Tuileries Garden.
 It is situated between the place de la concorde and the louvre museum.
 It was created in 1564 by Catherine de medici.
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 It then became a place for relaxation, celebration and meetings by Parisians between 19th
to 20th century.
41.L’Orangerie
 On your right side, there is L’Orangerie.
 It is an art gallery consists of the paintings of the impressionist and post-impressionist..
 It is in the west of Tuileries Garden.
 It is famous for eight water lily paintings which is known as nympheas. And was also
featured in the film “Midnight in the Paris”.
42.Pont de la Concorde
 On the right side of yours, it is Pont de la Concorde.
 It is a bridge quai des Tuileries and quai d'orsay.
 It is located across the seine river.
 It bears the burden of the road traffic of Paris.
43.National Assembly
 On the left side of you, it is National Assembly.
 This assembly was formed by estates general.
 Is was established on June 4,1789.
44.Grande Palais
 On your right side, it is Grande Palais which is a historic site, a museum complex, and
also an exhibition hall.
 It was built in beaux-arts architecture.
 It was constructed of iron and light steel framing and was inspired by London's crystal
palace.
 It was offered as a military hospital at the time of world war I.
 Today it is served as a police station.
45.Pont Alexander III
 On the right side of yours, it is Pont Alexander III which is a bridge spanning river seine.
 It makes the connection between champs-elysees, invalides and Eiffel Tower.
 It is known as a highly decorated and lavish bridge in Paris and also listed in French
monument historique.
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46.Esplanades des Invalides
 We are on the place that is Esplanades des Invalides also called hotel national des
invalides.
 It consists buildings with complex with 7th arrondissement with monuments and
museums, hospital and a retirement home.
47.Hotel des Invalides
 On the right of yours, there is Hotel des Invalides which consists a military museum of
army, a church etc.
 Its architectural style was Boroque and was in agurated in 1678.
48.Musée Rodin
 On the left of yours, it is Musée Rodin which was opened in 1919.
 It is a museum in the garden of which, many sculptures have been displayed which
includes the thinker, the kiss etc.
49.Église du Dome
 On the right of yours, it can be seen the Église du Dome.
 It is the church the hotel des invalides and inspired the US capitol buiding.
FILLER(Morris Columns)
 We are at Morris Columns which are the side walk structures used for advertisement.
50.École Militaire
 On the left side, it is École Militaire which offers facilities for military training founded
in 1750.
51.Champ de Mars
 On your right side it is Champ de Mars which is a public green place between Eiffel
Tower and Ecole Militaire.
52.Eiffel Tower (25)
 On each of your sides, it is the Eiffel Tower, which is a global icon of France and is the
most visited monument in world and constructed in 1889.
53.Pont d’Iena
 We are on the Pont d’Iena, which is an arch bridge across seine river.
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54.Palais Chaillot (15)
 On your right, it is Palais Chaillot (15), which is a building and designed in moderne
style.
FILLER(Edith Piaf)
 Edith Piaf was a French singer and actress.
55.Statue of Benjamin Franklin
 On the left side we see the seated Statue of Benjamin Franklin situated in Philadelphia.
56.Statue of Général Foch
 On the left we see the Statue of Général Foch who was only military commander of
France.
57.Général Jean Baptiste Kleber
 Général Jean Baptiste Kleber was a general at time of French wars.
Barcelona
1.Parc de Joan Miro & Dona i Ocell Column
 As you can see, at your left, there are Parc de Joan Miro & Dona i Ocell Column in
which the former is of 22 meters height engraved by joan miro and the latter is an open
and spacious park.
2.Arenas
 At your left, it is Arenas, a theatre to mainly showcase the bullfights.
 It also consists shops, Movie Theatres and a museum of rocks.
3.Placa d'Espanya & The Monumental Fountain
 On your left, you can see the Placa d'Espanya which is one of the biggest squares and a
main transport hub in Barcelona, and the fountain as you can see constructed in the centre
of this square.
4.Two Towers
 You can see on the both of your sides, are twin towers.
 They are also called the Venetian towers and are 47 m high.
 The top and bottom section of each was built by artificial stones.
5.La Font Magica (Magic Fountain)
 On your left side, it is magic fountain. It is on the montjuic mountain.
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 It was made by Carles buigas and also consists music and light show.
6.Palau Nacional (National Palace)
 On the left of yours its Palau Nacional.Which contains the national art museum of
catalonia.
 Its building was inspired by Spanish renaissance with rectangular shaped floor and dome
which is of elliptical shaped in the centre.
FILLER(Tibidabo)
 Tibidabo is the mountain overpassing the Barcelona.
 It is the tallest mountain in Serra de collserola.
7.Montjuic
 We are at the Montjuic mountain which overpasses the harbour and have a broad hill.
 Its slopes were used to feed the animals and also for growing food.
8.Poble Espanol
 On your right, it is Poble Espanol which is an open air museum.
 It is 400 m distant from montjuic fountains and consists 117 buildings.
9.1992 Olympic Games Complex
 On your right, it was the host of 1992 summer Olympic games and for that, Barcelona
had used 43 sports venues.
10.Olympic Stadium
 On your right side, it is the stadium named estadi olimpic lluis companys.
 Designed by Pere Domènech and has a capacity of 55,926.
11.Miro Foundation
 On the lift side of yours, it is a foundation named Fundacio Joan Miro which a modern art
museum.
12.Montjuic Cable Car
 It is actually a gondola lift which runs from lower terminus to the montjuic park.
 Its length is 752 m.
FILLER(Antonio Gaudi Montserrat)
 Antoni gaudi was an architect from Spain.
 His largest creation was Sagrada familia.
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13.Montjuic Castel (cannot see)
 It is a military fortress which was built on the montjuic hill.
 Presently it is presented as Barcelona municiple facility.
14.Sardana Dancers
 On your left side, as you can see, is a kind of circular dance which is from Emporda
region.
15.Barcelona Port
 It is Europe's ninth largest port which is divided into 3 zones.
 It contains Maremagnum, a cinema hall, and a large aquarium with 8000 fishes.
16.World Trade Centre
 Your right side, it is world trade centre which is a business park.
 It is boat shaped and made by henry N. cobb.
17.Monument a Colon (Columbus)
 On your left, it is a monument which is 60 m tall and of christopher columbus.
18.La Rambla
 At your left, there is a street called La Rambla in central Barcelona.
 It is crowded with tourists and also localites.
19.Maremagnum/ Aquarium
 On your right side, it is Aquarium Barcelona, situated in port vell.
 It gives shelter to 11000 animals of 450 species.
FILLER(Caganer Statues)
 it is caganer, which is a popular small statue in Catalonia wearing red cap and showing
his bared back.
20.Estacio de Franca
 On your right side, it is a railway station which was built in 19th century.
21.Parc de la Citadel
 At your right, is a big public park of 19th century.
 It was the only park with greenery.
22.Zoo
 On your right, this is the zoo in parc de la ciutadella.
 It is known for snowflakes.
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FILLER(Flamenco)
 It is an art form based on Southern Spain music tradition.
 It comprises baile dancing, singing, guitar playing etc.
23.Castell dels Tres Dragons
 On your right, it is Castell dels Tres Dragons which is a cafe built by brick and also sheet
iron.
24.Arc de Triomf
 On your left, there is Arc de Triomf which actually is an access gate made by josep
vilaseca i casanovas.
FILLER(Christopher Columbus)
Christopher Columbus was a colonizer and was born in Geneva.
 He found the Asian route.
25.Placa de Braus Monumental Bullring
 On your right side, it is Placa de Braus Monumental Bullring.
 It is a bullring to held bullfighting.
26.La Sagrada Familia (15)
 On your left, it is the largest Roman catholic church in Barcelona which is not finished
yet.
ROME
1.Palazzo di Giustizia
 On your right, Palazzo di Giustizia that is palace of justice.
 It is a judicial library for public and situated in Prati in rome.
2.Castel St Angelo
 On your left, it is Castel St Angelo which was a cylindrical shaped building formerly,
ruled by Hadrian.
 It is a museum now.
3.Passetto di Borgo
 We are at Passetto di Borgo which is a 800 meters long raised passage.
 It is a link between vatican city and castel sant angelo.
FILLER(Popes)
 Popes are basically the leaders of the Catholic church.
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 They are also called pontiffs and their offices are called papacy.
4.Vatican City and St Peter’s (20)
 On your right, it is church in Vatican city.
 It is the largest church in the world and its work is based on renaissance architecture.
5.Tiber River
 On your left, it is Tiber river which is the 3rd largest river in Italy.
 Its length is 406 km and it is also called “flavus” for its yellow colored water.
6.Regina Coeli Prison
 On your right, it is Regina Coeli which is a famous prison in Rome.
 It was constructed in 1654 in Trastevere.
FILLER(Saint Peter)
 Saint Peter was also called Simon Peter or simon.
 He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ.
7. Villa Farnesina
 On the right of yours, it is Villa Farnesina.
 It is a historical villa in Trastevere district of Rome.
8. Ponte Sisto (Sisto Bridge)
 On your left, it is Ponte Sisto which is a bridge in Rome and it spans the Tiber river.
9. Synagogue and Jewish Quarter
 On your left side, it is Jewish Quarter, which is a traditional quarter among the old four quarters and
it gave room to various Synagogues which are the temples.
10. Tiber Island
 On your left, it is Tiber Island, it is boat shaped island.
11. Ponte Cestio (Cestio Bridge)
 On your left, it is Cestio bridge situated in the west of Tiber Island.
FILLER(Fountain)
 Rome is the city where there are many fountains for drinking and ornamental.
 It is used for providing timely water services for drinking, bathing to residents of the city.
12. Trastevere
 It is situated at south of city, the name comes from Latin trans Tiberim that means
beyond the Tiber.
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 In the recent time the place has become able to maintain its character due to narrow
cobbled street and ancient houses.
13. Santa Sabina
 It is historical church in Rome, it is considered as mother church of Roman Catholic
order of Preachers.
 It is the oldest church which has preserved its colonnaded rectangular plan and style of
architecture.
14. Knights of Malta
 As you can see at your left, it is knight of Malta. It is the famous stage play of Jacobean
era.
 Political issues have arisen due to this play because it is created conflicts of Christian and
Muslim.
Filler (Mussolini)
 Benito Mussolini was the 27th prime minister of Italy.
 He was the person who has taken initiative to set up a legal dictatorship in Rome.
15. Circus Maximus
 As you can see at your left it is the oldest and ancient Roman Chariot racing stadium in
Rome.
 Its type of structure is circus and situated between Aventine and Palatine hills.
16. Palatine Hill
 As you can see at your right it is Palatine hill which is the seventh most hill of Rome.
 The mythology of Rome states that it is the location of cave where Romulus was found
by she- wolf Lupa.
17. Mouth of Truth
 As you can see at your right, it is Mouth of Truth which is the marble mask in Rome.
 Its weight about 1300 kg which depicts sea god oceanus's face.
Filler (Seven Hills of Rome)
 Seven most popular hills of Rome are, Aventine, Caelian, Capittoline, Esquiline,
Palatine, Quirinal, Viminal hill.
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18. Temple of Hercules
 As you can see on your left it is Temple of Hercules which is famous Roman temple.
 It is round temple of Greek which is encircled by colonnade.
19. Temple of Fortune Virilis
 As you can see at your left it is temple of Fortune Virilis.
 As per the view of poet Ovid, Fortuna Virilis has huge power, with the help of eyes of
men it can conceal physical imperfection of women.
20. Theatre of Marcellus
 As you can see at your left it is Theatre of Marcellus, it is open air theatre in Rome.
 This theatre local people and other visitors become able to watch drama and song in open
air.
BUDAPEST
1. Margaret Island and Bridge
 As you can see at your left it is 2.5 km long island, it is 500 m wide.
 It is covered by landscape parks and recreational area.
2. Csaszar- Komjadi pool
 In you right it is the famous swimming pool.
 This outdoor and indoor pool gives facility to professional athlete and swimmers to
exercise and practice.
 It also gives training to children and adults for swimming.
3. Turkish Baths
 As your right you can see it is Turkish bath which is the type of public path.
 It is made by referring culture of Ottoman Empire.
4. Church of St. Anne
 In your left it is Roman Catholic church.
 Stone interior, extraordinary acoustics make this church amazing in looking.
5. Calvinist Church (Szilagyi square)
 In your left it is the Calvinist church, it was built from 1894 to 1896.
Filler (Sziget Festival)
 It is the largest musical and cultural festival.
 Every year more than 1000 performance held in this festivals.
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6. Chain Bridge
 As you can see at your left it is the suspension bridge.
 It is made up with wrought iron and stone.
7. Fisherman's Bastion
 We are now on Fisherman's Bastion, it is situated on Buda bank.
 It is built between 1895 to 1902.
8. Buda Castle and Hill
 Now we are on Buda castle which is the historical place and castle in Budapest.
 It is famous for medieval, Baroque building.
9. Trinity Square
 Now we are on Trinity Square which is the large plague column.
 It is build to celebrate plague because citizens were protected from epidemic.
10. St Stephen
 Now we are on St Stephen which is the Roman Catholic basilica.
 The name is given in the honour of Stephen who was the first king of the city.
11. Plague Monument
 Now we are on Plague Monument. It is the best example of baroque art in Slovenia.
12. Matthias Church
 We are on Matthias church, it was build in the Romanesque style.
 It is considered as second largest church of medieval church.
Filler (The Grand Cafes)
 Budapest is the city, there are many grand cafes, Cafe Gerbeaud, Boscola etc are famous
places.
13. Gellert Hill
 We are on Gellert hill which overpasses the danube.
 This hill was given the name Gellert hill on the name of saint Gerard.
14. Citadel
 We are at the Citadel which is a structure situated on Gellert hill.
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15. Liberation Monument
 We are at Liberation Monument which is also called freedom statue located on Gellert
hill.
 It was made in 1947.
16. Danube
 As you can see, on your both sides it is river Danube which is the second largest river in
Europe.
17. Elizabeth Bridge
 We are on Elizabeth Bridge which crossways river danube.
 It connects both Buda and Pest and spans danube 290 m.
18. Pest
 As you can see we are in Pest which is Budapest's flat part.
Filler(Rubik’s Cube)
 It is 3d-puzzle cube, also called magic cube which was invented in Hungary.
 It was invented by professor Erno Rubik.
19. Great Synagogues
 On your right, it is Great Synagogue which is third largest synagogue in the world and
comes first in Europe.
20. St Stephen's Basilica
 On your left, it is St Stephen's Basilica, which was named after the king of Hungary,
Stephen.
21. Andrassy Avenue
 We are on Andrassy Avenue which is a street in Budapest.
22. State Opera House
 On your left, it is State Opera House situated in Central Budapest.
 It was made in Hungarian architecture called Miklos Ybl.
23. Oktogo
 As you can see, we are at Oktogo which is a street place in Budapest.
 Its shape is octogonal.
24. House of Terror
 On your left, it is House of Terror which relates to the 20th century Hungarian Rightists.
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 This museum was established on February 24, 2002.
Filler(Blood in the water)
 It is a film which was based on “a true life series of shark attacks.
25. Heroes Square
 We are at Heroes Square, which is a major square in Budapest.
 It is famous for statue complex which features “Seven Chieftains of the Magyars” and
other national leaders of Hungary.
26. Kunsthalle
 On your right, it is Kunsthalle, called hall of art which contains contemporary art.
27. City Park
 On your right side, it is City Park.
 It is a public park in central Budapest and covers 302 acres area.
Filler(Empress Sisi)
 Elisabeth was a Hungarian queen and was married to Franz Joseph l.
28. Museum of Fine Arts
 On your right side, it is the Museum of Fine Arts.
 It is a museum in Heroes Square and its architects were Albert Schickedanz and Fulop
Herzog.
Vienna
1.Opera House
 On your right side, it is Opera House which is an Austrian Opera House.
 Earlier, it was called “Vienna Court Opera” in the year 1920.
2.Statue of Goethe
 On your right, it is Statue of Goethe.
 He was a German poet and novelist.
3.Statue of Mozart
 On your right, it is Statue of Mozart located in Burggarten.
 He was a composer.
4.Burggarten
 On your right, it is a garden, completed in 1818.
 It covers an area of 38000 m square.
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FILLER(Almdudler)
 Almdudler is a carbonated beverage which is a national drink of Austria.
5.Fine Arts Museum
 On your left side, it is Fine Arts Museum situated Ringsrabe in palatial building.
6.Statue of Maria Theresa
 On your left side, it is Statue of Maria Theresa.
 It is a major public square joined with Ringstrabe.
7.Natural History Museum
 As you can see on your left side, it is Natural History Museum started in 1889.
 It contains 30 million objects.
8.Republik Denkmal
 On your left, it is called republic monument.
 It consists the fronts of three political leaders Jakob Reumann, Victor Adler and
Ferdinand Hanusch.
9.Volksgarten
 On your right side, it is Volksgarten which is a public park which was for fortifications
earlier.
10.Parliament
 On your left side it is the parliament building located on Rinstrabe street.
FILLER(Ringstrasse)
 It is a ring road around Innare Stadt.
 It was constructed in middle of 19th century.
11.Karl Renner
 On your left side, as you can see it a monument of Karl Renner.
 It is situated on Ringstrasse near Parliament building.
12.Burg Theatre r
 On your right, it is Burg Theatre which is a German language theatre in Vienna.
13.Rathaus l
 On your right side, it is Rathaus also called city mall.
 It was constructed in 1883 and its style was Neo-Gothic.
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14.University l
 On your left, it is University of Vienna and was founded 1365.
15.Votive Kirche l
 On your left side, it is Votive Kirche.
 It is a church built in Neo-Gothic style situated on Ringstrabe.
FILLER(klimt)
 We are talking about Gustav Klimt.
 He was an Australian painter.
16.Stock Exchange (Borse)
 On your right side it is Stock Exchange also called Wiener Borse AG.
 It is an only stock exchange in Vienna.
17.Danube Canal
 On your left it is Danube Canal.
 It was past an arm of Danube river and its length is 17.3 km.
18.Jewish Quarter
 On your right it is Jewish Quarter.
 It is a town square.
19.Prater
 On your left, it is Prater which is one of the largest public parks in Vienna.
20.Urania Building
 On your left, It is Urania Building.
 It is an educational institute and an observatory in Vienna.
FILLER(Same Love Pedestrian Traffic Lights)
 These are the traffic lights in a pedestrian crossing to show same genders.
21.Radetsky Statue
 On your left, it is a statue of Josef Wenzel Radetsky.
 He was a famous field marshal of Australia.
22.Museum of Applied Art
 On your left side, it is Museum of Applied Arts called MAK.
23.Leuger Monument
 On your right side, it is Leuger Monument, which is a Bronze statue on a high stand.
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 It was made by Josef Mullner.
24.Stadtpark
 On your left, it is Stadtpark which is a major municipal park.
 It covers an area of 65000 m. Squares.
FILLER(Graben)
 Graben is a famous street in central Vienna.
 Its meaning is “Trench” in German language.
25.Johan Strauss Jnr
 On your left, there is monument of Johan Strauss Jnr.
 It is a golden statue.
26.Kursalon
 On your left side it is, Kursalon which is a music hall.
27.Schwartzenburg Statue
 On your left side it is, Schwartzenburg Statue.
 It is a square but basically it is an open street.
28.Russian Monument
 On your left it is Russian Monument also called “Heldendenkmal der Roten Armee”
BERLIN
1. Berlin Town Hall
 As you can see on your right it is Berlin Town Hall, it is the historical town hall.
 It is 2.5 story building, constructed with wood material.
It serves as meeting place for different community organizations
2. TV Tower
 On your right it is TV Tower, it is the 31 meter tall base tower.
 Total height of the tower is 425 feet. It is the radio relay link for Deutsche Telkekom AG.
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3. Marx- Engels Platz
 On your left it is Marx- Engels Platz, the original name of the place is Schlobplatz.
 It is 225m long and 175m width.
Filler (Ritter Sport)
 It is the famous chocolates brand, it operates its business worldwide but has headquarter
in Waldenbuch.
 Alpenmilch, cappuccino, cocos, dunkle mandel quinoa are famous varieties of the brand.
4. Museum Island
 Now we are on Museum Island, it is the island in spree river in Mitte of Berlin.
 Song “ On the museum island” is for the referenced of this island.
5. Berliner Dom
 In your right it is Berliner Dom, it is the short name of Evangelical supreme parish and
collegiate church.
 It is famous for Renaissance, Brick Gothic, Neo renaissance architectural styles.
6. Altes Museum
 On your right it is Altes Museum, it is the oldest museum of the Berlin.
 It is build with neoclassical style of architect by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
7. Neues Museum
 As you can see at your right, it is Neues Museum, it was build between 1843 and 1855.
 But it has become closed during world war second and reopened again in 2009.
8. Alte National Gallerie
 On your right it is Alte National Gallerie, it is the old national gallery established in
1861,.
 Work of Neoclassical and Romantic movements help in collecting huge revenues.
9. Pergamon Museum
 As you can see at your right it is Pergamon Museum, designed by Alfred Messel and
Ludwig Hoffmann.
 Every year approx 1135 people visit this place.
10. German History Museum
 As you can see at your right it is Deutsches Historisches Museum which is the German
History Museum.
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 There are exhibition hall, library and cinema facilities.
11. Neue Wache/ New Watch
 On your right it is Neue Wache/ New Watch, it is the capital of Germany.
12. Humboldt University
 As you can see at your right it is Humboldt University, it is the famous oldest university
of Berlin.
 It has nine faculties including medical school.
13. Bebelpatz
 On your left it is Bebelpatz, it is bounded by state opera building.
 In the year 2010 one United buddy bears exhibition held in the place.
Filler (Berlin Bears)
 It is the artistic event which held in 2001.
 It is the place which is inspired by idea of bringing art.
14. Unter Den Linden
 We are on Unter Den Linden, it is the central Mitte district of Berlin.
 It is running from city place to Brandenburg Gate.
15. Russian Embassy
 On your left it is Russian Embassy, which is the headquarter of Russian Federation
diplomatic mission.
16. Hotel Adlon
 On your left it is Hotel Adlon, it is the luxurious hotel of Berlin.
 It is running from 1907, at the time of world war second it was closed but reopened in
1997.
Filler (Curry Wurst)
 It is the famous fast food of Germany.
 Pork sausage, curry and ketchup are the main ingredients of the dish.
17. Reichstag
 On your right it is Reichstag which was constructed to house the Imperial Diet.
 It was renovated between 1961-64 and in 1992.
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18. Chancellery(Bundeskanzleramt)
 As you can see at your left and right it is Chancellery (Bundeskanzleramt), it is the
agency which serve as executive office of Chancellor of Germany.
Filler (Ampelmann)
 It is the symbol which show pedestrian signals in Germany.
 It is the beloved sign.
19. Carillon Tower
 On your left it is Carillon Tower, it is located next to house of World cultures.
 It has 68 bells and its weight is 48 metric tonnes.
20.House of the Cultures of the world
 On your right it is House of the Cultures of the world, it is the place for the discussion of
international contemporary art.
 It represents art, theatre, dance of the country.
21. The River Spree
 On your right it is The River Spree, its length is about 400Km.
 The Sprewa name of the river is recorded by Thietmar of Merseburg
22. President's place
 On your right it is President's place, it is situated on spree river.
23. Siegessaule/Victory Monument
 On your left it is Siegessaule/Victory Monument, it is the famous Berlin monument.
 It is famous point for tourist attraction.
24. Strasse des 17 Juni
 We are now on Strasse des 17 Juni, it is the engaged street of Berlin.
 It is currently used by the authorities for organizing mega events such as Love parade etc.
Filler (The Berlin Wall)
 Its construction started in the year 1961.
 It is also known as Wall of Shame.
25. Tiergarten
 On your left and right it is Tiergarten, which is the homonymous urban park.
 It is now used by parliament and government.
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26.Russian War Memorial
 On your left side its, Russian War Memorial.
 It is a war memorial situated in Treptower park in Berlin.
27.Brandenburg Gate
 On your left side there is Brandenburg Gate which is an 18th century monument.
 It was built in Neo-classical style.
28.Holocaust Memorial
 On your left, it is Holocaust Memorial which is also known as “memorial to the murdered
Jews of Europe”.
29.Potsdamer Platz
 On your right side, it is Potsdamer Platz which is located in central Berlin.
 Its an important square and also traffic intersection in Berlin.
FILLER(Berlin Airlift)
 The Berlin Airlift carries people supplies of west Berlin.
30.Checkpoint Charlie
 On your right side, you can see it is, Checkpoint Charlie which is a cross point and its
name was given by the Western Allies.
SECTION 3: WALKING TOURS
BARCELONA
Gothic Quarter
 It is considered as centre of old city of Barcelona.
 It is part of Ciutat Vella and one of the oldest part of the city.
 Within the area medieval Jewish quarter is present.
 This quarter is closed for regular traffic and it is opened only for service vehicle and
taxis.
 Earlier it was known for its sombre neighbourhood but now it is transformed into tourist
attraction point.
 Barcelona Cathedral, Museu nPicasso etc. are several things that are modified in this
quarter.
2.Cathedral Square
 It is very beautiful Gothic building in Barcelona.
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 Its construction was started in 11th century.
 It stands in the central Barri Gotic which borders to Rambla.
 Its courtyard is generally used for events and parties.
 People dance here the Sardana at saturdays and sundays.
 It is a visual delight to look at this church in the late night.
3.Barcelona Cathedral
 It is the Gothic cathedral.
 The construction of this site was done from 13th to 15th century.
 The courtyard enfolds Well of the Geese.
 Its roof features domestic and mythological animals.
 This church devoted to the Eulalia of Barcelona.
4.The Cloister
 It is known as La Seu.
 It is located in Gothic District.
 It is a cloister of 14th century.
 It consists 13 Geese, one for every year.
 It has a very pleasing fountain and also some of garden plants.
5.Plaza del Re
 It is a public square made in 14th century.
 It is situated in Barri Gotic in Barcelona.
 The Palau Reial Major surrounds this square.
 It includes lieutenant's palace, 15th century watchtower etc.
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 On the southern side of it, there is a Casa Padellas.
6.St Jaume Square
 It is a square and located in the centre of old city in Barcelona.
 It is also an administrative heart of Catalonia.
 It was named after the church of Saint Jaume.
 This square is also known as “Constitution square”.
 Its name appears on the plaque of city hall.
7.Town Hall (South side)
 This hall stands on a side of placa sant jaume.
 This comprises some famous Gothic arts such as Salo de cent which was made by Pere
Llobet.
 This hall was formerly used for meetings, and political debates.
8.Government House (North side)
 It is a historical palace in Barcelona.
 It consists the presidency offices of Generalitat de Catalunya.
 It is among the few buildings of European medieval origin.
 It was designed by Pere Blai.
 This building was originally purchased in 1400.
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9.Pont del Bisbe
 It was named for the bishop Obispo Irurita.
 He was known to fight for the usage of Catalan language in church.
 It is one of the most famous tourist spots.
 It is a favourite place among tourists for photography.
 Now it is known as most famous Gothic Quarter place.
10.San Felip Neri Square
 It is a small square in the Ciutat vella district of Barcelona.
 It was named for the church of phillip Neri.
 There is a fountain in the centre of church which is called a symbol of life.
 It was made in Baroque style architecture.
 On the right of it there is a school.
 On the left side of it, there is a house which is used by Oratory of Saint Phillip Neri.
ROME
1.Capitoline Hill incl. Castor and Pollux
 It is among the seven hills of Rome.
 Formerly, it was known as Mons Saturnius which was dedicated to god Saturn.
 Castor and pollux were twins
 They were sons of different fathers.
 They were known as Gemini or Castores in Latin.
 It is also said that both of them got birth from egg.
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2.Marcus Aurelius Statue
 It was an old Roman statue in Capitoline hill.
 It stands very tall and was structured in bronze.
 It statue is over life sized by extending hands as addressing their force.
 This structure was constructed in 175 AD.
 In the middle age, this was one of the few Roman statues remained for public view.
3.Viewpoint over the Forum
 It has one of the most beautiful view points.
 Some of them are the Campidoglio which gives beautiful views of the city and forums.
 Others are piazza venezia which is behind Vittorianum.
 Piazza Caffarelli also serves a panoramic views over ghetto.
 Caffarelli cafe which is situated in Palazzo Conservatorio offers a much better view than
that of above.
4.Statue of Romulus and Remus
 It is sculpture made in bronze.
 It consists the twins Romulus and Remus.
 It is considered to be an Etruscan work in the 5th century.
 The twins were added in it in 15th century AD.
 This sculpture is 75 cm high and its length is 114 cm.
5.Trajan Markets and Trajan’s Column
 Trajan market a big complex in Rome.
 It is considered as oldest shopping mall in the world.
 The Trajan's column is a Roman column.
 It was made to celebrate Trajan's victory in Dacian wars.
 Its height is 30 meters with 35 meters pedestal.
6.Piazza Venezia inc. Palazzo Venezia
 Piazza Venezia is a central hub in Rome.
 It was taken from Palazzo Venezia.
 It was built by Pietro Barbo.
 The Palazzo Venezia is known for embassy of Republic of Venice.
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Piazza Venezia situated at foot of Capitoline hill.
7.Victor Emanuel Monument
 It is also known as National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II.
 It is located between Piazza venezia and Capitoline Hill.
 It houses the Italian Unification museums.
 Its height and widths are 70 m and 135 m respectively.
 It consists stairways, fountains, statue of Victor Emmanuel, 2 statues of Victoria etc.
 It was completed in 1925.
8.Trevi Fountain
 It is a fountain located in Trevi district.
 This fountain was designed by Nicola Salvi.
 It is the largest fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world.
 It has a height of 86 ft. and width of 161.3 ft.
 It was featured in various films.
9.Via Del Corso
 It is one of the main streets in central Rome.
 It is famous for absolutely straight.
 It has two lane traffic and is 10 meters wide.
 Its length is 1.5 km.
 Its name denotes width of it.
10.Hadrian’s Temple
 This temple was built by Antonius Pius.
 It is now a building in Piaza of stone.
 It was earlier known as temple of Neptune.
 The temple had a big arcade of square.
 It was built in Octastyle.
11.Pantheon
 It was formerly a Roman temple but now, it is a church.
 It had preserved old Roman buildings.
 It is a circular shaped building.
 It contains large Corinthian columns.
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 Its dome is world's largest concrete dome.
12.Piazza Navona
Piazza Navona is square in Rome.
 It was built in 1st century AD on site of Domitian Stadium.
 It was also called “Circus Agonalis”.
 It comprises sculptures and creations.
 On the ancient times it hosted theatrical events other activities.
13.Fountain of Four Rivers
 It is called Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi.
 This fountain is situated in Piazza Novana.
 It was made by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651.
 From the centre of its base the rock travertine rises to give support its four river gods.
 It was opened on 12 June 1651.
 It is a round theatre.
SOFIA
1.Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
 This is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Sofia.
 It stands among the largest Eastern Orthodox churches in world.
 It is one of the important tourist attractions in Sofia.
 The church's dome is plated with gold.
 It has 12 bells with the weight-age of 23 tons.
2. Eternal Flame of Unknown Soldier & Church of St Sophia
 It is a monument located in central Sofia.
 It is situated next to Church of st. Sofia.
 This is the monument for the unknown soldiers.
 The Church of St. Sofia stands second among the old churches of Bulgaria.
 The church has given its name to city which formerly was known as Sredets.
3. Russian Church of St Nicholas
 This church is known as “Church of Saint Nicolas the Miracle-Maker” officially.
 This is located in central Sofia and it is also a Russian Orthodox church.
 It was built on the site of Saray Mosque.
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 The construction of this church was completed in 1914.
 this was made by Mikhail Preobrazhenski.
4. Royal Palace (now Ethnographic Museum & National Art Gallery)
 Ethnographic Museum is a research museum in Rome.
 It was built in 1876.
 The national Art Gallery was established in 1883.
 It was made in contemporary art.
 It displays around 1100 paintings and 19th century sculptures.
5. City Garden incl. Ivan Vazov National Theatre
 City Garden is the capital of Bulgaria's oldest public gardens..
 It was founded in 1872.
 It was transformed under the architect Antonian Kolar.
Ivan Vazov National Theatre is the oldest theatre in Sofia.
 It was called national theatre earlier.
 It is situated in the city centre.
6. Rotunda of St George
 It was a Christian red brick earlier.
 It is located behind the hotel Sheraton.
 The church was built on the base of a square.
 It had a shape of cylindrical dome.
 It was famous for the pigmentation inside its dome.
7. Statue of Lady Sofia
 It is a sculpture of Sveta Sofia in Sofia.
 It was stood in the year 2000.
 It is a copper and bronze statue.
 Its height is 24 feet standing on 48 ft. pedestal.
 It was once called statue of Lenin.
8. Vitosha Boulevard
 It is normally called as Vitosha.
 It is a street in Central Sofia.
 The boulevard was named for the mountain next to Sofia.
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 It is the 22nd most expensive street in the world.
 It had initially consisted houses with one-storey.
 It was named Vitoshka Utilsa in 1883.
LJUBLJANA
1.Dragon Bridge & Castle
 The Dragon bridge is a road bridge in Ljubljana.
 It is situated across Ljubljanica river.
 Ljubljana castle is complex which is located on the Castle hill.
 It is a landmark of the city.
 It was built in 11th century and reconstructed in 12th century.
2.Butcher’s Bridge
 It is a footbridge which crosses the Ljubljanica river.
 It was started on July 10 2010.
 The idea to make this bridge was of Joze Plecnik.
 It has featured a staircase on its left.
 It also consists belts which are glass walking.
3.Ljubljana Cathedral
 This cathedral was originally named St. Nicholas Church.
 Initially it was a Gothic church.
 This church was replaced by a Boroque building in 18th century.
 It was a very well known landmark in the city due to its green dome and also twin towers.
 Its construction was completed in 1706.
4.Three Bridges
 It is a group of three bridges which crosses Ljubljanica river.
 The middle bridge was partially built from Glinica limestone.
 Other parts of theses bridges were made of concrete.
 One of these three bridges was named Spital bridge earlier.
 Its construction was completed in 1932.
 A model of these three bridges was displayed in Brussels at mini-Europe.
5.Statue of France Preseren
 This is a Historicist Bronze statue in Ljubljana.
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 It stands in front of Central pharmacy building.
 It is one of the best monuments of Slovenia.
 This statue is situated on a pedestal which contains a poet's sculpture.
 The preseren's statue is constructed of Pohorje Tonalite.
 The idea to make this statue was suggested by a grammar school students group in 1889.
6.Franciscan Church of the Annunciation
 It is a Franciscan church which is situated on Preseren square.
 Its red colour is symbol of Franciscan Monastic order.
 This church has been secured as the “cultural monument of national significance”.
 The construction of it was started in 1646 and was completed in 1660.
 Its front facade was initially made in the Boroque style, after that it was redesigned.
PRAGUE
1.Hradcany District and Castle
 It is the castle district of Prague.
 This district surrounds the Prague castle.
 This is the biggest castle in world.
 Its length is about 570 meters and it is 130 meters wide.
 The Hradcany district was independent till 1784.
2.Entrance to Hradcany Castle incl. Castle Guards
 It is a particular unit of Armed Forces of Czech Republic.
 The main task of the castle guards is to defend the President's seat at Prague castle.
 The entrance gate of Hradcany Castle is Rococo railing's part.
 There is a gold coated arch with a crown above main gateway.
 The gate sides are made by square columns which bears the fighting giants sculptures.
3.Column of Virgin Mary
 This column is situated in Sultysova street in central Bohemia.
 It was made by Frantisek Baught.
 It was become a plague column between 1713 to 1715.
 This column was adorned by the Virgin Mary statue.
 This column is now secured as a historical landmark.
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4.Schwarzenberg Palace
 This palace is located near the castle of Prague.
 It is a very beautiful and well protected palace.
 It has the decoration of black and white sgraffito on the walls.
 Its name was given after Schwarzenberg dynasty which ruled from 1719-1948.
 Inside the palace there are paintings on its ceilings.
5.Archbishop’s Palace
 It is located on the right of Prague castle.
 It was initially made in Renaissance style.
 It was redesigned in Boroque style.
 The “Portrait gallery of Prague's archbishops” is the most valuable thing in this palace.
 It serves now as a place of Catholic church.
6.St Vitus Cathedral
 It is a Roman Catholic church of the saints Vitus, Adalbert and Wenceslaus.
 Till 1997 this church was named St. Vitus Cathedral.
 This church is a fine example of Gothic architecture.
 It is one of the most important and largest church in the country.
 The St Vitus Cathedral is situated in Prague castle.
 This church is the third religious building in this area.
7.Monolith
 This Monolith was constructed in 1928.
 It is situated near Bishop's palace.
 Its height is 15.5 meters and width is 195 cm with the weight of 110 tons.
 This structure is made in Granite.
 It was initially 20 meters tall but broke into 2 pieces while transporting.
8.St George & Dragon
 It is a statue of St. George who is killing a dragon.
 It is located in the east of Granite Monilith.
 This statue is made of Gothic bronze.
 The statue was made by George and Martin.
 It sets a great example of metal casting.
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9.Old Royal Palace
 This palace is the part of Prague castle.
 It was made in Gothic ans Renaissance style.
 It is a 12th century palace.
 The palace contains a copy of Czech crown.
 The Vladislav Hall was used for its opening which is known as most important hall of
representatives.
10.Basilica of St George & St George’s Convent
 The St. George convent was a religious convent in Prague castle.
 Its building contains collection of Czech national gallery of Bohemian art.
 The Basilica of St. George the oldest building surviving in the Prague castle.
 Vratislaus had found this basilica.
 This building now used as concert hall.
11.Golden Lane
 It is a street located in Prague castle.
 It was initially built in 16th century to give shelter to the guards of Rudolf II.
 It comprises bright coloured small houses.
 It is a part of small and big castle rings nowadays.
 Many of the houses that were used to be in this street then, are now become souvenir
shops.
12.Wallenstein Palace and Gardens
 It is the Boroque palace situated in Mala Strana.
 Now, it is used as Senate of the Czech Republic.
 Original palace was built by Albrecht von Wallenstein between 1623 to 1630.
 Wallenstein had demolished 26 houses, 6 gardens and also 2 brickworks to make this
palace spacious.
 This palace was made in the rivalry of Prague castle.
 It also includes the Italian garden which consists of an aviary, a fountain and a grotto.
13.Franz Kafka Museum and Peeing Men Statue
 This museum was dedicated to Franz Kafka.
 It consists the Kafka books of their first edition.
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 It also shows original letters, drawings and also the diaries written by Kafka.
 Outside of this museum there is a fountain which has a statue of peeing men.
 This statue was made by David Cerny.
14.Skinny Lane
 Vinarna Certovka street is the narrowest lane in Prague.
 It is so skinny that 2 traffic lights have been installed here to stop people colliding with
one another.
 Its length is 32 foot.
 It is situated in Mala Strana.
 The street has been situated between two houses and it is not possible for more than 2
people to cross this lane together.
15.Lennon Wall
 It is also known as John Lennon Wall.
 Initially it was a normal wall but after 1980, it was filled with graffiti which was inspired
by John Lennon and also lyrics pieces from songs of Beatles.
 This wall is possessed by “Souvereign MilitaryOrder of Malta”.
 It is situated at Grand Priory Square in Mala Strana.
 The portrait of John Lennon was lost in so many layers of paints to change the look of
wall.
16.Charles Bridge
 This bridge is situated in Prague across the Vltava river.
 It was constructed under the supervision of the king Charles IV in 1357.
 The construction of this bridge was completed in early 15th century.
 The length of this bridge is 621 meters and it is 10 meters wide.
 It was initially named as Stone Bridge.
17.Prague Town Hall
 It is one of the most important structures of Prague.
 It is situated in old town square.
 Town hall is a very odd structure because of it has been constructed of various small
houses.
 The exteriors of this hall are Gothic Stone portal now.
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 Its main entrance door has been made in Gothic art.
18.Astronomical Clock
 It is situated on the old hall town's southern wall.
 It is a middle age astronomical clock situated in Prague.
 The clock system has three main components.
 The 3 components are astronomical dial, the statues of several Catholic saints, and also
calendar dial which represents the months.
 It has been said that if the clock is ignored, the city will suffer.
 It is said that, initially the clock was constructed by Jan Ruze.
19.Our Lady Before Tyn Church
 This is a Gothic church and a governing feature of “old town of Prague”.
 It is the main church of old town from 14th century.
 The towers of this church are at a height of 80 m and 4 small spires top the towers.
 This church was constructed under the power of “Matthias of Arras”.
 Its renovation took place between 1876 and 1895.
 This church is also called “Church of Mother of God before Tyn”.
20.Jan Hus Monument
1. This memorial stands at the one of the ends of Old Town Square.
2. The memorial had pictured the Hussite warriors and the protestors which were being
forced in exile 200 years and also a mother symbolises rebirth of the nation.
3. This monument was very big.
4. It was constructed by Ladislav Saloun.
 This memorial was opened in 1915.
DRESDEN
1.Semperoper (Opera House)
 It is an opera house of Saxon State Opera and it also consists a concert hall Saxon State
Orchestra.
 This opera house was constructed by Gottfried Semper originally in 1841.
 After a destructive fire, it was rebuilt and completed in 1878.
 It was opened by Carl Maria von Weber on 13th April 1841.
 This building features 3 styles; Renaissance, Boroque and Corintian styled pillars.
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 The redesigned opera house was made in Neo-Renaissance style.
2.Statue of King Johann
 This is the statue of king John who was the king of Saxony.
 It stands on a pedestal with bronze on its all sides.
 This was sculpted by a German sculptor johannes Schilling.
 It is located in the centre of Theatreplatz.
 The statue was completely assembled in 1889.
3.Dresden Cathedral
 It is also known as “Cathedral of the Holy Trinity”.
 This is the Roman Catholic church situated in Dresden.
 It has been the most important cathedral in city.
 It is situated near the river Elbe in central Dresden.
 The church was completed in 1751.
 It gives free entry in the daytime.
4.Procession of the Princes Mosaic
 This procession is situated on Stallhof's outer wall.
 It is a very large mounted procession.
 It was painted from 1871 to 1876 for the celebration of Wettin dynasty's 800th
anniversary.
 It was replaced by Meissen porcelain tiles to make its work weatherproof.
 The porcelain artwork on it is world famous t is 102 meters long.
5.Frauenkirche
 It is a Lutheran church situated in Dresden.
 Initially it was a Roman catholic building, after that it had turned into a large building of
Baroque Lutheran in 18th century.
 It is one of the finest example of “Protestant Sacred architecture” and it features one
among the biggest domes located in Europe.
 This church was destroyed in world war II, it was rebuilt in 2005.
 It is now used as reconciliation symbol.
6.Statue of Martin Luther
 This is a bronze statue of Martin Luther.
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 Martin Luther was survived in Dresden bombings.
 This statue was reconstructed and again had been kept in front of Dresden Frauenkirche.
 It was sculpted by Adolf Von Donndorf.
 Its construction was started in 1885.
VIENNA
1. Heldenplatz (Inc Statues)
 It is the place in Vienna which is situated in front of Hofburg palace.
 It is the palce where many important event held.
 In the recent time it was build under reign of Emperor Francis Joseph.
 In the plaza there are two main thigs that make it more attractive: equestrian statues and
stature of Archduke Charles of Austria.
 Due to the effective speech of Hitler on Heldenplatz this place has become subject of
work for other researchers.
 Its construction was started in the year of 1871 but it was ceased in 1913.
2. Hofburg Palace (Inc Balcony)
 It is in the centre of Vienna and it is the former imperial palce.
 This place was built in the 13th century and then expanded.
 In the recent time it is used as official residence place for the president of Austria.
 In its expansion many architects have contributed well.
 Final architects design of the building was built between 1881 to 1913.
 It is under administration of governor of the country.
3. Statue of Emperor Francis II
 Francis II is the holy Roman Emperor who has ruled from 1792 to 1806.
 He has played leading role in the Napoleonic war.
 This statue is located at Hofburg place in Vienna.
 In the statue, the person is holding sceptre in left hand and right hand is in the position
like he is greeting someone.
 He has become famous as Emperor of both Germany and Austria.
4. Vienna Boys Choir (in the Hofburgkapelle)
 It is the famous boy choirs in entire world.
 In this choir authorities select boys from Austria and other countries as well.
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 It is the private limited firm but profit maximization is not the aim of this place.
 There are approx 100 choristers present those who are between 10 to 14 age.
 In the year 2001 Gerald Wirth became director of this choir.
 After the death of Eugen Jesser Mr. Gerald has become president of the place in the year
2013.
 In the year 2010 cases of sexual abuse come in front thus, Vienna Boys Choir has opened
confidential phone and email hotline for the people those who have suffered from this,
they can come forward for justice.
5. Spanish Riding School
 It is the traditional riding school for Lipizzan hoirse.
 Headquarter of this place is in the Vienna where public can get permission for viewing
this riding.
 These horses and riders both perform in entire world.
 The location of this school in between Michaelerplatz and Josefsplatz.
 The method use d by this school is based on Francois Robichon de la Gueriniere.
6. Roman Ruins
 It is the place which is bounded by Spanish riding school and St. Michaels church.
 Earlier site of museum of Vienna was formerly known as Roman ruins.
 Earlier narrow staircase created issue for visitors for visiting this place.
 Later on tightness, lack of sanitary facilities have made it necessary to expand this
building.
 There was tribune houses in lower floor which were related with excavation.
7. Monument Against War & Fascism
 A memorial standing behind opera house in Vienna which is known as Monument against
war and Fascism.
 Story of this place is very amazing that make the person emotional.
 At the time of world war second many people were buried alive.
 In the 1938 merger have taken place between German Wehrmacht and Austria. Citizens of
the place have accepted this merger.
 The gate of this memorial remembers war's victims and violence.
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8. Hotel Sacher
 As you can see it is five star hotel which is situated in district of Vienna.
 It is popular in entire world because of chocolate cake with apricot filling, sachertorte.
 Since 19th century art gallery is working in this hotel.
 It is the member of the leading hotels of the world.
 In the year 1934 it was take over by Gurtler family and its name kept was Eduard Sacher
GmbH & Co OHG, after that renovation of the building held.
 In the year 1989 Gurtler family has bought Osterreichischer hof hotel which was
reopened with the name of Hotel Sacher.
9. Kartnerstrasse incl. Swarovski
 Store has been opened in Vienna which was dedicated to subject to crystal.
 There are many rich products are here such as jewellery, fashion, accessories, optics etc.
 The store is also situated in London, New York, Shanghai and now it is in Swarovski
Kristallwelten in Wattes.
 Handicraft lovers can get varioty of things from here.
 The creative force behind construction of this place is Andre Heller.
10. St Stephen’s Cathedral
 It is also known as mother of church of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna.
 In the recent era form of Gothic and Romanesque can be seen here.
 It is the religious building in Vienna and many events held in this building.
 Length of this building is 107 metres and width is 70m. There are 6 bells in north.
 Its construction was started in 12th century and now it has become important Gothic
structure.
 It is one of the tourist attraction point in Vienna.
AMSTERDAM
1.Red Light District
 It is called De Wallen which is the largest district.
 It consists 300 one-room cabins which is rented by the prostitutes.
 These prostitutes gives the sexual services from a glass door.
 De Wallen comprises with 2 areas namely, Singelgebied and other one is Ruysdaelkade
which jointly form the red light areas.
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 This area also consists various sex theatres, sex museum, coffee shops etc.
 It covers an area of 6500 meters.
2.Oude Kerk
 This is 800 years old and a Parish church.
 It was established in 1213 built by Utrecht bishops with the help of Saint Nicolas.
 It was reformed in 1578 and had become a Calvinist church till today.
 It is located in the red light district of Amsterdam.
 The church has been spread in the area of 3300 meter square.
 This church is surrounded by the square Oudekerksplein.
3.The Gable Houses
 These are situated around the canal rings of Amsterdam.
 These houses are one of the most perfect features of the city.
 They had been started in the 16th century.
 The gables were used to cover up the sharp roofs.
 This was the only way to distinguish their property by using Gables.
4.Statue of Belle
 The Statue of Belle is located at Oudekerksplein at De Wallen.
 This statue was made to honour the prostitutes.
 This was the first and the only structure which was devoted to sex workers in the World.
 On this statue it was read“Respect sex workers all over the world”.
 The statue was stood in February 1993 and its sculptor was anonymous.
5.The Golden Breast
 The sculpture is also known as “Hand on breast sculpture”.
 It is situated in the pavement stones of Oudekerksplein.
 It is bronze monument of a hand caressive to a breast.
 It was also made by an anonymous artist.
 This sculpture was also made to honouring prostitutes.
6.Skinny Alley
 Tompettersteeg is the street which is narrowest in Amsterdam.
 The width of this street is 100 cm. Only.
 It is situated in De Wallen which is the red light district in Amsterdam.
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 Instead of being most narrow, this is one of the most engaged areas in Oudekerksplein.
 In this alley, the prostitutes offer paid sex services from the windows.
SECTION 4: HISTORIES
AUSTRIA
1.Early Days
 In the early days of Austria, its name was Ostarrichi from 996 AD.
 When the Roman empire was about to end, the House of Hatsburg dominated Austria.
 After that, Austria became Austrian Empire which was a part of German Confederation.
 When the 2nd world war finished, Austria became independent finally in 1955.
 The name of the country Ostarrichi has been used since 996AD. It was the days in which
country was dominated by house of Habsburg. From 1273-1806.
 After that period Austria became Austrian Empire.
 In the Paleolithic age areas of Austria such as Danube Velley and Alpine Valleys have
been settled.
 It was the time when 400BC Celtic people have been settled in eastern Alps.
 In the second century German tribes were extended in order to come in Roman territories.
Mid 500s was the time in which Bavarians have controlled territory.
 The early Iron age culture later on named with Hallstatt.
 https://www.austria.info/us/basic-facts/about-austria/history
2.Habsburgs take control
 Habsburg also called the house of Austria.
 It was among the most outstanding royal houses of Europe.
 It was honoured as “Holy Roman Empire” from 1438 to 1740 regularly.
 It was named on the name of Habsburg castle.
 It became abolished in 18th century.
 Emperor Ferdinand 1 was the king. During next 150 years this place has expanded its
terrotries.
 Hungary remained kingdom of its own.
 During the year 1848 Hungary was declared independent republic.
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3.Ottoman Threat
 The Ottoman and Habsburg wars took place from 16th to 18th century.
 These wars were held between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg or Austrian
empires.
 These wars were dominated by Hungary.
 Initially the Ottomans were become the biggest threats to Europeans.
 At that time, the Ottomans achieved many victories and reduced 1-3rd part of Hungary
and made it to Ottoman Tributary.
4.Modern State
 Austria was declared a republic in the year 1918 because of the survival of its Dual
Monarchy.
 In the 1938, the country fell in the target of the attack by Germany's Hitler.
 In that critical time it was facing the unstable political condition
 In 1955, the parliament of Austria passed a law of constitution to guarantee of being
permanently neutral and also it became United nation's member.
 After some decades it became European union's
member.(http://www.austria.org/history/)
5.WWI and WWII
 During 1914, both countries Austria and Hungary were in the great powers.
 After a few setbacks Austria was more successful in 1915.
 On 28th July 1914, Austria and Hungary declared war on Serbia.
 1495200 soldiers of Austria and Hungary were died in the WWI.
 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/austria-hungary-declares-war-on-serbia
 http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/minorpowers_ah.htm
 In the 2nd world war, there is no direct role of Austria because it was then a German Part.
 The union of Austria and Germany held in 1938.
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/austria_nazism_01.shtml
6.Post War
 On 15th May 1955, the Foreign ministers were gathered to sign the independence of
Austria.
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 At the time of the freedom of Austria, the chancellor came into the Vienna's Belvedere
Palace's balcony and waved the paper signed by him and said the words “Austria is fee”.
 Austria was become in the much better position than Germany instead of the separation
of Austria into various zones.
 http://adst.org/2016/04/austria-is-free-post-war-vienna-escapes-the-soviet-bloc/
#.WnBU_nV948o
7.Modern Issues
 Austria is facing various issues like religious, social, environmental etc.
 73 % Austrian population practices the catholic religion which impacts the other
population which follows Muslim religion because this practice is based on quantity
instead of quality.
 Austria now is becoming more wealthy and it is investing more money in the youth
education but it is also inviting some issues regarding youth like, drinking, smoking and
they are also developing higher suicidal tendencies.
 It is also facing some environmental problems like acid rains which has damaged 25% of
its forests.
 Crops are also not giving the expected benefits.
 On 25th April 2010, Heinz Fischer was selected as president which is a social democrate.
 http://austrianproblems.blogspot.in/
CROATIA
1. Illyrians
 Illyrians were the Indo-European tribes group who were the inhabited part of western
Balkans.
 They are described as resembling the savage thracians. They make tattoo on their body in
order to show sacrifices ad give honour to women.
 At the time of Macedonia Illyrians have faced many attacked but they were subdued by
Alexander and Philip II. These people have annexed the country.
 After breakup of Macedonian monarchy patience of Riome was exhausted and two short
wars occurred in the country.
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 Final dissolution of western empire Illyria was succesful , Illyrians have amalgamated
themselves with Huns and Slavic conquerors.
 https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/hr-history-illyria.htm
2. Romans
 Dalmatia was included in the northern part of Illyrian kingdom until Illyrian wars.
 After 390BC people are Greeks have been settled in colonies and then 229 BC was the
time when Romans gradually took control of Croatia.
 Ruling time of Romans over it by 12AD.
 The area was divided by Romans into provinces.
 This division has made provision of Dalmatia. This part of the country become state of
Noricum whereas rest part of Croatia become Pannonia's province.
 People of Croatian have adopted Roman life style.
 Romans have build new roads and have formed new towns as well.
 This controlling of Romans have been collapsed in 5th century.
 http://www.localhistories.org/croatia.html
3. Croats
 Middle age was the era which explains history of croats. In the 7th century Slavic people
those who were called Croats have been migrated.
 Initially these people have settled in Dalmatia but in the 8th century they have expanded
their area and entered into northwards and inland as well.
 This has developed two separate states: coast and inland.
 Croatians were become the people those who were having more power and they have
ruled over Europe.
 In the 9th century Croatia has transformed into Christianity and croats had to adopt
western Catholic Culture.
 http://www.localhistories.org/croatia.html
4. Occupying Empires
 History of occupying empires in Croatia is too vast.
 In the 16th century c.1501 Croatian kingdom was launched. It was build after getting
success against Ottoman empire.
 c. 1575 it was the time when Croatian kingdom was come into existence.
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 Due to strengthening of Ottoman Empire attack on the nation become frequent.
 In the year 1593 this empire was under the control of Croatian kingdom which lateron
developed as Croatian Empire.
 http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/16th_Century_(Croatian_Empire)
5. Hungarians and Habsburgs
 Croatia was obeying of different kings from Hungary and Austria in the 7th century.
 Tomislav was the first king of Croatia who had defeated the Hungarians.
 A war held between Hungary and Croatia in 1102 because of the death of Stjepan II.
 It was united with Hungary between 1102 to 1527.
 Croatia made the House of Habsburg as its new ruler by putting condition in front of it,
that it will give protection to Croatia.
 In 1848, Croatia also supported to Habsburg by the fear of Magyar Nationism against
Hungarian forces.
 https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/hr-history-04.htm
6.The rise of Yugoslavia
 The parliament of Croatia announced its independence on 29th October 1918.
 After the independence it decided to join the states of Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia and
merged itself in the Yugoslavia kingdom.
 The name Yugoslavia was given by king Alexander.
 It was established in 1918.
 In 1943 it had become the democratic federal.
 Just after three years, it was declared as republic of Yugoslavia.
7.Marshall Tito and the Communism
 Josep Broz Tito became the prime minister of Yugoslavia.
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 He became the prime minister whaen the country started shifting from a kingdom to an
organization.
 The time when he became the prime minister, the world war II was about to close.
 At that time the leadership was majorly in the power of Moscow.
 Marshall Tito was an idealistic leader and he wanted to empower the increment of
independent political centres.
 He was capable enough to unite the diversity in the people into a communism from 6
republican nations and also 2 sovereign regions.
 Tito ruled on Yugoslavia for about 17 years.
 During his emperor, he started a “poly-centrism” policy to unite the people who were
culturally diverse.
 He ruled till he lived and he dead at 88 on may 4, 1980.
8.The fall of Yugoslavia
 After the Death of Marshall Tito, the country started loosing its economy.
 The country was divided by two majorities, one of which believed to start focus on
economic policies to be more strict.
 The other majority believed in Tito's foreign policies to support the economy.
 Till 1988, the inflation rate increased by 217% and it had the foreign debt of 21 billion
US dollars.
 The main reason for the fall of Yugoslavia were the ineffective leadership strategies and
collapse of economy after Marshall Tito.
 https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://
www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1009&context=younghistorians
9. Recent history
 Croatia has joined NATO in 2009.
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 The tourism of Croatia is going incredible.
 In 2013 it has been joined European Union.
 The Croatian population is 4.3 million.
 The parliament has been dissolved in Croatia in 2016 and the election took place in
september 2016.
 Recently Croatia had celebrated its 25th anniversary of independence in 2016.
 The earlier commander of parliament in Croatia was jailed for killing and torturing the
prisoners in 1990.
 http://www.localhistories.org/croatia.html
CZECH REPUBLIC
1.The Great Moravian Empire and the Přemyslid Dynasty
The Great Moravian Empire was established around 830 AD.
 It was established by Mojmir who was the Slavic leader.
 His successor Rostislav expanded this empire and included Western Hungary, Bohemia,
Slovakia and Southern Poland.
 He spread the fear in Germany and told the emperor of Byzantine to send the 2
instructors to spread the Christianity in his empire.
 After the death of one of the two instructors, The Great Moravian Empire had been fallen
with the invasion of Hungarians in 907.
 Now the Moravian region had come under the Premyslid dynasty who had dominated the
Czech from 9th century.
 In the Premyslid's emperor, the Czech had high in values in the sense of economic,
culture, and politics.
 The Premyslid dynasty had fall down by its last member Wenceslas III's death which
happened in 1306.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/great-moravian-empire.html
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2.John of Luxembourg and Charles IV
John of Luxembourg had taken away the Czech throne.
 He ruled since 1310 to 1346.
 During his empire the Czech was tended to grow as Prague was also growing.
 After John of Luxembourg, his son Charles IV came in to the power.
 He was a highly qualified ruler and took Czech to experience the golden age in the
history.
Charles IV was a very good and noble king.
 He made Prague a very prosperous country as well the cultural capital of Central Europe.
 He was crowned as the “Holy Roman Emperor” in 1355 and made Prague the capital of
“Holy Roman Empire”.
Charles IV was most loved and appreciated king of Czech.
 He was also known as the “Father of the Czech Nation”.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/king-charles-IV.html
3.The Hussite Era and George of Poděbrady
 At the beginning of 15th century a rectified movement had been started.
 The movement of reformation was taken into the lead of John Huss who was a Priest.
 He told that the Catholic churches has been corrupted.
 His ideas were not being appreciated and he was killed in 1415 at stake.
 The protests and movements took place after the death of Huss and the protestors were
called Hussites.
 Hussite wars had happened between 1420 to 1434 and they are destroying the
architecture and literature and the castle of Prague had been fallen apart.
 After 20 years of Hussite wars the George of Poděbrady had been elected as a new
emperor by the Hussites in 1458.
George of Poděbrady was also a Czech protestor before nominated as the king.
He wished for unity of whole Europe and also wanted to maintain a peaceful nation.
He also became a loved ruler of Czech.
 People lived prosperous and a peaceful life even after the death of George of Poděbrady.
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 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/hussite-wars.html
4.The Habsburg Dynasty to Joseph II
 After the death of Ludwig Jagellon in the battle of 1526, Habsburg Ferdinand I took the
throne of Czech.
 He was the initiator to start Habsburg rule in the country. Till 1918.
 He tried to strengthen the king's position and also gave the responsibility back to the
Catholic Religion.
 He also invited Jesuits in the Prague, thus the power came into the hands of Vienna.
 Hence, the Prague castle became a special site for the people of Habsburg, therefore, it
was rebuilt in Renaissance style.
 After that the Rudolf II was crowned.
 The successor of Rudolf II was Mathhias who had taken away the protestants from the
time when the Habsburg had been crowned.
 This was resulted in another rebellion with the second exclusion of Prague.
 After that, the “Battle of the White Mountain” occurred in which the governors of
Mattias were defeated by Habsburgs.
 Post the battle, the period was called as “Dark Age” for the Czech history.
 The critical situation of Czech started improving when Maria Therese and her son Joseph
brought the changes which included the reduced Catholic power of the church.
 They also expelled Jesuits from the country.
 He also issued the announcement in 1781, regarding the tolerance, which gave the
religious and political rights to the minorities.
 Joseph II also united the Prague's 4 urban areas that are the Old town, Mala Strana,
Hradcany, and the New Town.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/hapsburg-joseph.html
5.National Revival to World War I
 The Nationalist Movement known as National Revival
 It was started by end of 18th century.
 The Industrial Revolution happened in 19th century.
 Habsburg dynasty came to its end.
 This caused world war I.
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6.The First Republic and World War II
 The First Republic occurred between WWI and WWII.
 The Czechoslovakia was occupied by the army of Hitler in 1939.
 Its borders took over.
 Nazi of Germany then ruled.
 At the end of WWII, Prague uprose.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/first-republic.html
7.The Communist Era
 The power went to Communist Party after WWI.
 Political changes were made in party in 1960.
 Its secretory brought “socialism with a human face”.
 Changes ended the Prague spring.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/czech-communism.html
8.The Velvet Revolution and Beyond
 This revolution ended the Communism.
 Vaclav Havel became the president of country.
 Czechoslovakia had been parted in two countries.
 Czech joined NATO.
 Havel became the president of Czech Republic after partition of it.
 http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/velvet-revolution.html
France
1.Pre History and Gaul
 During this period, Spain and France were separated.
 Civilization started in France.
 Roman army won over European tribes in 121.
 Romans were known to be Gauls.
 Caesar defeated in Gaul.
2.Franks to the Valois Line
 The Valois dynasty was France's royal house.
 It remained till 1328 to 1589.
 Valois king worked to unite France.
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 France became larger by end of valois king.
 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?
groupid=1013&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc
3.Hundred Years War
 The conflicts during the time of Valois king called Hundred Years War.
 This period was a troubled period for France.
 The war continued in 1415.
 This war had become very famous at time of king Henry V.
 After him, it lost its pace.
 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?
groupid=1013&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc
4.Protestantism
 It started after the 1540.
 The Protestantism was of John Calvin.
 He spread this throughout the country.
 It led to happen civil wars.
 It happened for a long time.
 http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/France-history.htm
5.Louis XIII-XVI
 Louis XIII was the king of France.
 He ruled from 1601 to 1643.
 Louis XIV became the guest of honour.
 He created an architectural symbol.
 He took power in his hands in 1661.
 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?
groupid=1033&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc
6.Revolution
 It began to happen in 1789.
 During the revolution, the citizens redesigned their country.
 It was influenced by Sovereignty.
 Still, it failed to achieve the goals.
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 It ended in 1790.
 http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution
7.The Reign of Terror
 Many people dead in the reign of terror.
 French citizens struggled against it.
 Many of Girondins were survived in this.
 New constitution was applied for them by national convention.
 This occurred in 1795.
 http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution
8.Napoleon
 After French Revolution Napoleon came.
 He led the French army.
 His full name was Napoleon Bonaparte.
 He was successful General of French army.
 He appointed himself as “first consul” of France.
 http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution
9.Restoration and Napoleon III
 Firstly, the islands were started to be restored in France.
 People were also allowed to return there.
 Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I.
 He was the king of France.
 He ruled from 1852 to 1870.
 https://www.biography.com/people/napoleon-iii-9420342
10.WWI and WWII
 WWI was lasted for 1566 days regarding to France.
 27000 soldiers of France were killed.
 British soldiers were arrived.
 WWII was started on 10th May for France.
 Around 40000 French soldiers were killed.
 https://www.france-pub.com/world-war-1.php
 https://www.france-pub.com/world-war-2.php
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11.Post War France and De Gaulle
 By the end war, 400000 buildings were destructed in France.
 The industrial production came to the 40% of from the pre-war.
 The North African commander Charles De Gaulle took command of France.
 He put a nationalization programme post war.
 He resigned as a President after constitution came into effect.
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/post-war-france-politics-economy-rebuilding.html
12.Mitterrand, Chirac, Sarkozy
 Francois Mitterrand was statesman of France and also President from 1981 to 1995
 Jacques Chirac was the president of France from 1995 to 2007.
 He was a Prime Minister previously.
 Nikolas Sarkozy was born in Paris.
 He served as France's President from 2007 to 2012.
 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/nicolas-sarkozy-defeated-primary-
french-rightwing-presidential
13.Modern Issues and Macron
 Emmanuel Macron is the president of France.
 Formerly, he was a banker and a European centrist.
 Today, Unemployment is the main issue in France.
 It has the weakest growth rate in Europe.
 Terror attacks are also the major concern in France.
 https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/europe/problems-facing-france-president/index.html
GERMANY
1.Romans
It is the forest of Germany which is also known as the Battle of the Teutoburg forest. It is
another kind of contact between the Germanic tribes and Romans that are also divided in four
aspects such as military, trade, gift and plunder.
2.Franks
Franks are member of Germanic who speak about the invaded of western Roman Empire
in 5th century. It is also dominating present day from the northern France, Western Germany and
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Belgium. In other words it is most powerful Christian Kingdom which exist in Medieval western
Europe.
3.Middle age
Middle age in Germany determines as the West Germanic Tribes after the fall of Roman
Empire. Frankish Empire of the Germany also divided in 843 heirs of Charlemagne.
4.Reformation
In Germany reformation consist in began of movement with Swiss Confederation under
the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. From 1518, reformation of the Germany began
continuously.
5.Unification
In the Germany unification consist with several people those are thought same for all. In
other words, it is also perhaps with soccer. Modern Germany took the advent with nationalism
and Germany first statesman.
6.Aggressive foreign policy and WWI
With the territory, Prussian control signify in the year 1871.
7.Economic crisis
In Germany economic crisis comes on July 30, 2007. Therefore, financial crisis reached
very high.
8.Hitler and the third Reich
They are important part which consist rules and regulations in the country.
9.Occupation and unification
After world war 2 occupational unification continuous develop in systematic manner. In
this way, different section consist governed single unit of the anticipation with eventual
reunification.
10.Modern Germany
Modern Germany consist parliament of the republic that assists to increase Europe
outcomes and covers the areas around systematic aspect. With this regard, the largest
metropolitan immigration consist destination.
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GREECE
1.Pre Athens
It is the largest city and capital of the country.
2.Classical period
In the context of the art, architecture and culture, classical period consist corresponds to
the most 5th and 4th centuries BC.
3.Hellenistic period
This period comes from the word Hellenize which means that to speak Greek and identity
consist important aspect.
4.Roman Rule
In the Greece Roman consist rule to develop the Greek history.
5.Byzantine Greece and Ottoman Rule
Byzantine empire consist remnant of the ancient Roman Empire that consist rules and
regulations for speaking world over the 100 years.
6.20th Century
20th Century consist week performance of the country because of the bankruptcies.
7.21st Century Greece
In the 21st century the country able to landing the Athens in systematic perspective.
Therefore, financial position enhances in systematic manner.
HUNGARY
1.Huns
Huns are important part of Hungary. They consist role to create systematic Arpad that
direct blood descendant of Attila.
2.Arrival of the Magyars
Arrivals of Magyars consist important part in the Hungriest which denotes as the large
cycloidal. It is the large part of the nation which assists to make sure that systematic activities
consist in it.
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3.St Stephen
It is also known as the King Saint Stephen which is guard of the Prince of the
Hungarians. He led the country to re establish the faith in Christianity.
4.Tartar Invasion
The Mongols were called Tatars. This name was given by Hungarians to Mongols. The
Hungarian king called for surrender to tatars.
5.Independent Kingdom of Hungary
Hungary became an independent kingdom by issuing its manifesto which was declared at
14th April,1849.
6.Ottoman & Habsburg Empires
Ottoman was the middle age Hungarian territory. Whereas, Habsburg was known to be as
“House of Habsburg” in Hungary.
7.WW1 and WW2
At the time of WWI, hungarians were a part of “dualist monarchy”. During WWII, the
Hungarian kingdom was member of “Axis Powers”.
8.Communist era
Soviet army was engaged with Hungary. After that the communism took place in 1944.
9.Perestroika and Democracy
Perestroika was a movement to reform during 1880. In October 1989, Hungary had became
democratic republic.
ITALIAN HISTORIES
FLORENCE
Etruscans
These were the inhabitants of Rome. That is why they are given this name.
Romans
They grew after the Roman republic. Population of the Romans were around 50 to 60 millions.
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Dark Ages
When Florence was fallen under Lombards who conquered central Italy, that period was
considered as the Dark age for Florence in 6th century.
Renaissance
Florence is known for the birth place of Renaissance. It is still a successfully preserved
Renaissance.
End of Renaissance
The Renaissance of Florence ended due to the economic declination and also the Spanish
domination.
Modern Times
The main issue in Florence nowadays is crowding of tourists.
VENICE
1.Veneti Tribe moves to the islands
 This tribe of Venice occupied the Veneto region.
 Veneto got its name from Veneti.
 They covered the region in 6th century.
 This tribe of Venice had become healthy then.
 They had also governed cities, and also elected.
 http://www.europe-cities.com/destinations/italy/cities/venice/history-period/
2.La Serenissima – the Republic of Venice
 It was the Venetian republic.
 It was the most calm republic of Venice.
 It referred as La Serenissima because of the silk road of China.
 It was given this name in the reference of Venetian.
 This republic only involved in wars to save the commercial routes.
 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Republic_of_Venice
3.Crusades and the Arsenal
 Venice joined its first crusade in 1096 to 1099.
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 200 major vessels were contributed to crusade.
 The Arsenal was the main part of the naval industry in Venice.
4.Golden Age – traders and merchants
Venice has become world famous on trading now. It has grown with the industries like textile
which is the main reason to connect the Eastern and Western world.
5.Sacking of Venice
The Republic of Venice was a sovereign state, and known as the serene republic of Venice.
6.Decline
Since the Ottomans attacked on Venice, it would have to fight for 7 years. Slowly, Venice had
lost all its trade. This tend to the decline of Venice.
7.Modern age and issues
The major issue of Venice for today is the wave movement which is a big environmental issue
for Venice.
Rome
1.Etruscans and Greeks
The Etruscans had dominated the central Italy. Greeks were the most important merchants of the
sea world. They also dominated the entire economy of sea.
2.Romulus and Remus
Both are the descendants of the Aeneas. They are related to Aeneas through Numitor, Aeneas's
grandfather.
3.Kings of Rome and the Punic Wars
There were 3 Punic wars held between Rome and Carthage. Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Servius
Tullius etc. were the kings of Rome from 750 BCE.
4.Caesar
Julius Caesar was the general, the statesman and also the popular leader of Rome.
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5.Emperors – Augustus to Nero
Augustus ruled in 27BC to AD14. After him many kings like Tiberius, Caligula I, and Nero
ruled Rome till 68AD.
6.Military Emperors – Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus...
They all ruled in the era of “seven Roman Emperors and the emperor called Nerva-Antonine
dynasty.
7.Split of the Empire
Roman empire had split into two empires say, Eastern and Western.
8.Fall of the Empire
The Germanic and also the Barbarian tribes swept the Roman empire and this was the main
cause for the fall of Rome.
Vatican History
1.Papal States
Papal states were the independent territory under the pope rule.
2.Mussolini and the Lateran Treaty
The Lateran treaty was an agreement between Italy and Vatican which was accepted by the
government of Mussolini.
3.Modern Times
Environmental issue is the biggest point of concern in Vatican city nowadays.
Spain
1.Greeks and Romans
Greeks established their trade before Romans conquest on the Spain.
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2.Moors
Moors were initially the inhabitants of Muslims.
3.Reconquista
It was a 750 years long period when Christian kingdoms were expanded.
4.Ferdinand and Isabella
Aragon's Ferdinand and Castile's Isabella were cousins and married at the same time. They also
tried hard to unite Spain through Reconquest.
5.Inquisition
The Inquisition had played an important role for the Christians of Spain.
6.Exploration and Discovery
The Spanish conquest had the 3 civilizations and Columbus enslaved the Spanish population
7.Golden Age and Decline
Golden age of Spain was the period when it flourished with arts, literature and also the political
rise. Due to various political and economical challenges the empire of Spain started decline.
8.Political instability
The outcomes of the elections of the region of Catalonia have made Spain in Political crises.
9.Civil War and Franco
The civil war of Spain held in 1936 to 1939. General Franco was the leader of Nationalists.
10.Democracy
Spanish democracy had started after the death of Franco on November 20, 1975.
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11.Modernisation
Spain Modernized itself in all aspects like social, economical, political etc. after the death of
Franco 40 years ago.
Switzerland
1.Helvetians and Romans
Some Celtic tribes were given the name Helvetians and they were settled in Switzerland.
Romans controlled the territory of Switzerland for about A.D. 400.
2.Holy Roman Empire
Switzerland became the part of the Holy Roman Empire along with Austria, Germany ant Italy.
3.1291 Pact
Federal Charter in August 1921 made the pact.
4.Swiss Confederation
The Swiss Confederation was the outrider of the modern Switzerland.
5.Reformation and Invasion
Because of the corruption which had deprived the Catholic church, the reformation of them held.
6.Autonomous Cantons
Cantons are the member states of Swiss Confederation.
7.World Wars
Switzerland had not involved the militarily instead, it kept armed neutrality. Throughout both the
world wars.
8.Modern Switzerland
It formed federal state in 1848 and it showed a rapid growth in industries and economic.
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The Netherlands
1.Romans
Romans came in to the Netherlands in 57. B. C.
2.Middle Ages
In this age the Romans were getting weaker and on their place the German tribes were started to
conquer the land of Netherlands.
3.16th Century-19th Century
The Dutch Republic was occurred during 1581 to 1795 after they got independence from Philip.
The Holland kingdom established in 1810.After these, the kingdom of Netherlands established.
4.Golden Age
Netherlands enjoyed a very good economic growth and that was its golden age.
5.18th Century
During 18th century, the Netherlands power was weakened because of the more powerful British
and French neighbours of it.
6.Modern History
In 2015, the various government parties like people's party, labour party have come into the
power.
Turkey
1.Biblical Beginnings
The Christianity had come to rise in Turkey during 19th century.
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2.Romans Arrive
Romans occupied Anatolia in 129 BC. After that it had brought the prosperity to Anatolia and
Turkey.
3.Turks Take the East
The Turkish People fought several battles, and established the Ottoman Empire and also they
spread in most of the parts of Asia and Middle East.
4.Christian West Resists
Though, Turkey had a smaller percentage of Christianity but it is known to have the “Seven
Churches of Asia”.
5.World War One and Ataturk
Mustafa Kemel Ataturk was the 1st Turkish President and also an army officer. During the WWI
he was transferred to Tekirdag.
6.World War Two to 1980 Coup
The 1980“Trurkish Coup D'etat” was the third coup. Turkey was Neutral during WWII after
about 20 years of WWI.
7.Moving to Unite with the West
After the WWII, Turkey became a member of United states.
SECTION 5: SPECIALITY TALKS
SECTION 6: ARCHITECTURE AND ART
ARCHITECTURES
Baroque
 In the baroque era this architecture was used, it is the building style architecture.
 The main feature in this architecture was gigantism of proportions and large open space.
In central.
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 This space was used in this style so that everyone can see theatrical effects and can enjoy
drama.
 Baroque style means imperfection but new naturalism shows scientific advances.
 The characteristics of Baroque style is that it has long narrow naves which is now
replaced by broader or circular shape.
 The period of Baroque art was considered as most exciting times for the European
history. It was into the existence between 16th century to 18th century.
 Various feature of Baroque architecture are such as broader naves and oval forms.
 In the buildings architectures were using various colours, ornaments, plaster, marble and
faux finishing.
 Church of Gesu is the great example of this architecture. Apart from this church of Santa
Maria della Salute was another great example of this architecture design.
Classical
 It is the type of architecture which is derived from Greek and Roman architecture.
 It can be defined as architecture design that employs classical aesthetic philosophy.
 At the time of collapse of western part of Roman empire practices of classical
architecture is being ceased. But in 8th and 9th centuries this style has brought back.
 Roman temples such as Maison Carrerr in Nimes is the great example of this architecture
style. Furthermore, Lorsch Abbey gatehouse of Germany is first classical architecture's
example.
 Western architecture is dominated by classic style for the lengthy period of time from
Renaissance to Modernism.
 It is not typical classical style like Gothic, whereas it contains classical elements.
Gothic
 Gothic architecture is considered as one of the popular architecture styles that has been
flourished during high, late middle age in Europe.
 It was very popular during period of Renaissance.
 The main feature of this style is pointed arch, ribbed vault, and flying buttress.
 It was generally used in church, cathedrals, abbeys etc.
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 The Parish Church of St. Mary Redcliffe in England and The Cathedral of Saint Gatian in
France are main examples of this architecture style.
 Emphasis on verticality and light are the main characteristic of Gothic style.
 Pointed arch is speciality of this style, window, door and galleries were designed in such
manner.
Romanesque
 It is another type of architecture style in which semi circular arch were used by architects.
 Example of this style can easily found across the Europe such as Maria Laach Abbey,
Germany, Tum Collegiate church in Poland are most popular buildings made with this
style.
 In England this style referred as Norman architecture.
 The main features of this style are thick walls, massive quality, round arches, barrel
vaults, decorative arcading, large towers.
 Portal, Church of Santa Maria, Viu de Llevata, Catalonia, Spain, Cloister of the Basilica
di San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome is another example of this style.
 Romanesque was used in domestic, commercial buildings.
ART
Impressionism
 This art belongs from 19th century.
 The main characteristic of this art are visible brush strokes, open, thing strokes.
 Development of Impressionism art was followed by analogous style.
 Development of this art held in France, it was based on practices of painting out of doors.
 It is the art style in which artist click an objective and then they paint it with lots of
colours. This art makes the picture more bright and vibrant.
 Edouard Manet, Camille Poissaro, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot etc. are famous
Impressionist artists.
 Manet was the artist who have worked a lot for development of this art. Apart from this,
Pissaro and Sisley were used to paint river scenes and French countryside.
 Claude money – impression sunrise is the great example of this art. Gustave Caillebotte “
Paris street rainy day painting is another example of this art. The Absinthe Drinker
129

painting is another example of this art. Furthermore, Luncheon of Boating party painting
is another example of this art. This painting represents changing characters of society in
France in the 19th century. It reflects industrial revolution.
Renaissance
 It is the painting of decorative art, it can be traced in 13th to 14th century in Italy.
 This art depicts religious images.
 It was presented in the form of painting, sculpture, music, literature etc.
 Renaissance art was divided into two period: Early and High Renaissance. In the early
Renaissance artist were paying more attention on creating perfect form. Giotto, Masaccio
etc are main artist of that era. Apart from this, high Renaissance was the period in which
art gets developed and became more realism. Michelangelo, Rafael are artists of that era.
 Quality of this art has been enhanced by using several techniques. Painting is paint in
such manner so that it looks like three dimensions. This paintings creates illusions that
there are many objects are here in painting which can not be seen. Drawing painting in
such manner so that it remains balanced. Use of light and dark shadows was the speciality
of this art.
 Mona Lisa painting drawn by Leonardo da Vinci by using sfumato technique is the great
example of Renaissance art.
 Uffizi gallery, Pitti palace, Vaticam museums, Isabella stewart Gardner museum are main
examples of this art.
Surrealism
 It is the visual art which was developed in Europe during world war1 and 2.
 The emphases of Surrealism was on the positive expression rather than negation.
 The famous Surrealist painters are jean Arp, Yves Tanguy, Paul Delvaux, Joan Miro etc.
 This art has changed scanario of art industry, this has given birth to Surrealism art pieces
that had never seen earlier to this.
 Apparatus and Hand is the great example of this art, it was painted by Salvador Dali in
1927.
130

 Aquis Submersus is another example of this art style, it was painted by German dadaist
and surrealist Max Ernst in 1919. Furthermore, Cabaret scene, Christ of saint John of the
cross, double portrait are famous art works of this Surrealism art style.
Cubism
 It was the art of 20th century which has supported in moving towards modern art.
 It was the art style in which if individual go higher then thing will look different and if
they go down then they will find new things into this art work.
 Cubism is the portrait paintings, these look like little realistic.
 It is considered revolutionary style of modern art which is major developed by Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braques.
 It was the abstract art style. This style of art concentrates on ideas rather than pretty
pictures.
 Pablo Picasso (House on the hill, museum of modern art new York), Georges Braque
(House ar L' Estaque) are great example of this art style.
Pointillism
 It is another type of art work in which artist uses distinct small dots in order to form an
image.
 In the year 1886 Georges Seurat and Paul Signac have developed this technique of art.
 This art technique much more depended upon ability of eye and mind of viewers to
understand the image behind this small dots.
 Use of these dots make the picture blur, it is the similar work which is done by computers
in the modern era.
 Example of this art is “ A Sunday afternoon on Island of La Grande Jatte painting. This
painting is 6 feet tall and 10 feet wide. Painter has used tiny dots of pure colours in entire
picture. This can be seen in Art institution of Chicago.,
 Furthermore, Morning interior (Maximilien Luce) painting is another example of this art
style. This painting shows the morning schedule of men in which individual is getting
ready for work. Artist has used vibrant colours in order to reflect early morning sunlight
moments.
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SECTION 7: CONTIKI EUROPE BROCHURE: HIGH ENERGY AND
COMPING
1. Basic itinerary for PB trip
 The trip has started from London and has finished in Ams'dom London. Total cost of the
trip was 5835 in June 2015.
 Nights spend in this trip were: 2 nights French chateau, 2 nights in Austrian Gasthof, 6
nights in Contiki cillages, nights hostels and 1 night on board a ferry.
 Details of meals are 36 breakfasts, 1 picnic lunch and 21 dinners.
 Entire trip was of 38 days.
 On first day trip has arrived in London, day 2 was London to Paris, Day 3-4 stay in Paris
hotel, Dat 5 was Paris to Beaujolais Wine region, 6 was Beaujolais wine region,
7Beaujolais wine region to Barcelona. This journey was amazing for tourists on 38 day
they depart Amsterdam.
2. Day 5 city in BE trip
On 5th day tour will be in Beaujolais Wine region, there would be Contiki special stopover.
Tour will come from Paris to this location and there will be stay.
3. Countries visit in SE trip
In this trip 13 countries will be visited by the tourists. It would be trip of 30 days.
Initially arrival is in the London, after that Paris will be visited. On day 4 Paris to Beaujolais
Wine region will be the part of this trip. On day 6 people will move to Riviera and on 8th day
they will go to Florence. After that Rome, Sarrenta, Corfu, Italy, Vince, Vienna, Prague, Munich,
Austrian Tyrol, Swiss Alps, Rhine Valley, Amsterdam will be covered in this trip.
4. Difference between “ Contiki special stopover and Campsit
Both are different from each others, accommodation facilities in campsite is good and
cabins of the campsite are quit modern. On other hand Contiki stopover is amazing. Campsite
has killer views but in stopover trip organizer add something different in the trip. Contiki village
cabins are generally located within Europe best campsites. In Continki stopover facilities of pool,
WIFI, cloth washing are included.
5. Role of On-road cook on “The original” trip
On-road cooks plays significant role in The original trip. They provide fresh food to
travellers. They prepare home-cooked meals. They remain with you in entire trip and whipping
132

up delicious meals in day and night for travellers. These on-road cook search local market in
order to get the best local ingredients so that they can prepare testy dishes. They provide hot
breakfast, dinner, lunch. Some local delicacies such as frog legs are included in this meal.
6. Ultimate European trip visit that no other High Energy or Camping trips visit
Greek Island hopping visit in ultimate European trip that no other energy or camping trip
visit.
7. Contiki trips depart from in London
Contiki trip depart from Canada and arrive in London. It check-in to Imperial hotel. This
would be the hotel in which they will stay and after that they will move to their journey. In
London they will have free time to explore London.
8. luggage are travellers allowed to take on a High Energy or Camping trip
In the Contiki trip luggage is restricted to some area. Here maximum suitcase size allow
is 73cm*50cm*25cm. Maximum weight are allowed 20kg plus small handbegs. This is the
luggage size which is allowed in this trip. If individual is carrying more than this luggage then
this would be stored with Contiki in London.
9. Travellers receive the final documentation
On receiving of final payment travellers will receive final documentation. It would be
released before 21 days from departure. At this time travellers will receive copy of contiki
travellers guide in which all information will be written. In this guide book detail of itinerary will
be intentioned.
10. Things Contiki not include on their Trips
Contiki trip will not include cost of international flights. Airfares to and from vacation
destination, airport taxes, airport, passport, visa fees, are not included.
11. Difference between See and Visit
Seeing the White Cliffs or dover is included in see whereas city such as Popes is being
visited. In seeing the element travellers can just look at the point and gain information about it.
Whereas in visiting the place individual can enjoy the particular place.
https://issuu.com/contiki.holidays/docs/ebrochure_europe_1314_cad
SECTION 8: NEED TO KNOW
Public holiday
133

Schengen Area
This is the area in which many states ore included. There are single passport and other
types of border control system. They all function as single country and having common vis
policy. There are 26 different European nations included in this Schengen Area.
Member state of this Schengen Area: (Counties involved)
Austria, Belgium, Crech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Itlay, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swizerland, Liechtenstein.
Restriction in these countries
Travellers is required Schengen visa before entering into these countries. It is essential
that participating countries strictly check travellers before entering into the country and exist
from the nation. Individual is restricted to enter into the border without having visa. Ed to have
valid travel document for the travellers. It is essential to have valid documents for at lest 3
months. Travellers have to justify their intention to stay in the country.
If travellers is staying in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days then person should
have long stayed visa that can not be longer than one year.
If the person is having multiple entry Schengen visa then travellers is required to return
within 180 days. It is not necessary that if the person is having that visa so get entry into
Schengen Area. Final decision depends upon immigration officials at the port of entry.
Visa
Australia
Working visa
 It is for the young people those who want to work in Australia for many years.
 Person must be between 18 to 31 year old
 person do not have depended child
 It is required to have passport of eligible country. It is required to pass skill test and have to give detail of regional employment.
Visitor visa
 Submission of original documents.
 Form 1419 application for visitor vis.
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 Need to give detail of purpose of visits the country, copy of bank statement, employment
details, health details.
Canada
Working visa
 Application form submission for work permit in Canada.
 Family information form (IMM 5645)
 Processing fee
 Copy of labour market union which is provided by employer. Bank statement to ensure funding requirements
Visitor visa
 Valid passport
 good health
 Good moral character
 Have adequate financial resources so that stay in the Canada for required time.
 Need to be able to convince the immigration officer
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 USA
New Zealand
Working visa
 Need to pass skill test.
 Detail of family and employer letter. Financial details
Visitor visa
 Application form INZ 1017.
 passport size photo
 Bank details
 Medical results
South Africa
Working visa
 Application form, SAQA application.
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 Police clearance certificate
 advertisement proof
 medical reports
 person information
Visitor visa
 Passport valid for 3 months.
 Travel documents
 Consent form from parents
 Financial details
 Birth certificate.
 Non refundable fee of 36 money order
USA
Working visa
 Passport valid for 60 days
 DS-260 form, immigrant visa and Alien registration application.
 Civil documents
 Financial support Medical examination forms
Visitor visa
 Current passport
 photographs
 Sponsorship documents
 Financial and family documents
Temperature
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
T= temperature
C= Celsius
F= Fahrenheit
Heigh
1 m = (1/0.3048) ft = 3.28084 ft
136

Weight
N kg x 2.2 = pounds
Distance
137
mi = km * 0.62137

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Schengen Area and Various Visas Explained

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