Evolving Graphs for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

EVOLVING GRAPHS FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 1
EVOLVING GRAPHS FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS
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EVOLVING GRAPHS FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 2
Abstract
Currently, vehicular ad hoc networks also known as VANET has pulled in more attention
than before due to its ability to enhance road traffic efficiency, effectiveness and safety. There
have been wide exploration by a computer scientist on inter-vehicle communication, data
forwarding, and routing but it has never been easy for these researchers to design a well-
organized data and information forwarding procedure and routing due to the evolution of
Vehicular ad hoc networks topologies.
Introduction
In the current century, traffic is an issue and it has become one of the issues to be solved
in both developing and developed countries. VANET and MANET has that ability to transfer
data and information among wireless devices which are installed on cars and vehicles aiming at
improving transportation information collection, on-road information vehicles, and transportation
warning. This has increased lots of researches in this field. One of the major field where there is
a concrete application of VANET is in Inter-vehicle communication due to its assistance in the
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). Among one of the very first researches was done by
JSK in Japan and later by the Europeans under the banner CarTALK project which tried to solve
some issues related to safe driving and what they referred to as conformable driving. The very
recent study was on IETF which proposed communication between Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environment. Other researches done are C2C-CC and VII (MHEiza, 2013, p. 1498).
Even though there are many pieces of research done on VANET, there is a lack of study
of the dynamic evolving graph for vehicular Adhoc networks that is one of the major aim of this
paper. The research project is ordered as; a literature review of some of the related works and

EVOLVING GRAPHS FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 3
how one can use evolving graphs theory so as to model VANET communication graphs.
Evolving graphs assists in capturing evolving features of vehicular network topology. It also
helps in determining the reliable routes preemptively. Specifically, this research paper proposes
evolving graphs for VANET to facilitate Quality of Service which helps in the routing process.
Previous research
Most of the researches have focused more on connectivity nodes, Harri and Fiore (2015)
which resulted on the vehicular topology features like duration of the nodes, the degree of
circulation of the nodes, the size of the clusters and the clustering coefficient. Article by Lilu
Zhang (2015) has outlined how Chou and Lan generated real scenario using what they referred to
as SUMO which helped them to prove the influence of the driver behavior and traffic light. What
they never considered is how one can model the evolution of VANET (Y Zhang, 2015). Gao and
others applied what they referred to as a complex network model so as to get topology features
of the public transportation but they one unable to determine reliable routes. This is where now
evolving graphs come into play so as to facilitate QoS. Other work done was the use of vehicle-
heading based protocol which was grouped according to velocity vectors. In here the researchers
were able to predict some of the possible breakage routes. This study used the DSDV protocol
for the purpose of proposing the routing protocol. Prediction-based routing was another study
which took advantage of predictive mobility patterns of those cars on highways (Monteiro, 2016,
p. 62).
Evolving graphs for VANET
Evolving graphs aims at representing a formal abstraction of dynamic networks via
formalization of a time domain. The major aim of Evolving Graphs (EG) is to understand all the
topological properties for VANET. In here vehicles are modeled as vertices whereas the