Executive Leadership and Governance: Critical Evaluation of Governance and Risk Management Approaches of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and Tesco Plc

This report evaluates the governance and risk management approaches of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and Tesco Plc. It compares these approaches and governance to analyze the scandals in both companies. It also evaluates and compares the leadership capabilities in each organization and discusses the board as leaders of the organizations.

EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP
And GOVERNANCE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Critical Evaluation of Governance and risk management approaches .......................................3
Comparison of Governance and Risk management approaches..................................................5
Beneficial and hinder of regulations............................................................................................7
Governance and regulatory considerations..................................................................................8
Critical Evaluation of the leadership capabilities in each organization ......................................9
Comparison of organization's leadership approaches................................................................11
Application of current good practice leadership theory.............................................................13
Boards as leaders of the organisation.........................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Leadership refers to the combination of legitimacy, personality and management skills
that make other wants to follow someone's direction. Executive leadership and governance plays
an important role in the organization that include effective corporate governance and risk
management, regulatory compliance, financial leadership, forecasting operational performance
(KENNER and PRESSLER, 2019). Thee task are performed by the leader in order to achieve the
organizational goal of the company. Executive leadership is ability that manage or direct the
employees in the organization to influence and guide the individuals. Leadership provides
motivation and impulsion to make corporate governance effective. This culture encourages the
behaviour needed to embed corporate governance in the entity. The governance refers to the
rules and regulations to are prepared by the organization to monitor and control the activity of
the employees. This monitoring hep the company to get effective results in the working of the
staff in the organization. This report will critically evaluate the governance and risk
management approaches of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and Tesco Plc. It will also
compare these approaches and governance to analysis the scandals in both companies (Yawson,
R.M., 2019, March). The role and management of leadership will also be critically evaluated
and compared of both organization that will help in the analysing the consequences of
governance and leadership approaches. The discussion of the board as leaders of the
organisations will also be done with evidence from the scandals of the both organisation.
MAIN BODY
Critical Evaluation of Governance and risk management approaches
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Scandal
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust scandal was one of the biggest scandals to hit
the health service as many patients were dead due to the ignorance of the nurses and doctors in
the hospital (Waghwala and Agnihotri, 2019). In 2009 a report nu health care Commission laid
bare problems in the Mid Staffordshire hospital that was operated under NHS Foundation (Mid
Staffordshire trust pleads guilty to health and safety breaches, 2015.).
Governance and risk management of NHS Foundation
NHS foundation trust Code of governance is the way of providing guidance to the staff of
the hospitals that help them to deliver effective corporate governance that contribute to the better

organizational performance. Strategic health Authorities were required to perform the actions on
requirement of extensive reorganization, financial challenge and reduction in staff and
organizational resources (Al Rahahleh and et.al., 2019). The risk management framework used
by the NHS foundation decreasing malpractice claims. Malpractice refers to medical negligence
that was the major risk for the hospital. The positive factors of governance and risk management
factors enabled the staff of the organization to work effectively and it also reduced the
malpractice at some level. Another advantage was that the rules and regulations and risk
management help the organisation to work in the best possible effective manner that provide
proper and effective medical service to the patients and the risk management never strategy
focused on the skilled employees in the NHS foundation. However, in critical evaluation it is
clear from the evidence that Trust was operating an environment where it paid insufficient
attention to the risk in relation to the quality of service delivery. The governance of NHS
Foundation focused on improving the facilities for patients and it leads to the less attention on
the effectiveness of the staff in the hospital that causes the major destruction in the hospital
management. The framework of risk management used by the organization did not focus on the
shortage of staff. Consequence had to faced by the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust as
there was unacceptable delay in forecasting the issue related to the shortage of skilled nursing
staff in the hospital and little attention was paid on the quality and skilled nurses to fulfil the
requirement. The potential impact of proposed savings on quality and safety was neglected.
Tesco Plc Scandal
Tesco Plc Scandal refers to the financial scandal that overstated the profits of the business
in 2014 to show the better financial status of the firm. Tesco had to pay out 235 million to settle
investigation by the Serious Fraud Office and Financial Conduct Authority into the accounting
scandal (Nazir, 2020).
Governance and Risk management of Tesco Plc
Corporate framework of governance in the Tesco lead to the effective management of the
employees and policies that are monitored by the board of the company. The annual report
provides an overview of the ways that I applied by the board on the principles of UK corporate
Governance code (Salleh and et.al., 2020). The risk management framework in the Tesco
majorly focus on the regaining competitiveness, protecting the balance sheet and rebuilding trust
and policies. Risk management approach of the Tesco has advantage of being safe from the

unrecognised issues and the foresting of the risk helps the business to reduce the risk that can
have the huge negative impact o the operations or growth of the business. Benefit of the
governance in the Tesco is that the board of the organization are supported by the activities of
each of the Board Committees which ensure the right level of attention and consideration are
given to specific matter. However, it can be critically evaluated that the company should adopt
some changes as the auditors of the industry cause a huge loss to the organization. The
governance body of Tesco needs expertise as it is not increasing the benefit to the company it
can be seen in the annual report of the organization. Various consequences had been faced by
Tesco Plc. Such as external auditors in the company's 2014 annual report and financial
Statements discussed the risk of Manipulation in the recognition of commercial income. The
accounting treatment adopted was accepted by the audit committee and profit figures
subsequently signed off by the board.
Comparison of Governance and Risk management approaches
Governance and risk management approaches of both organization are different as the
functions of the companies are widely different from each other. There are also similarities in the
governance and risk management approaches in Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and
Tesco. Following are the similarities and differences between the organisations and their
consequences.
Similarities between organizations
Governance in the both companies have many similarities as the goal of both
organizations was to provide effective services and to offer maximum services in the
organization (Nkwunonwo, Whitworth and Baily, 2020). The board of the both organizations
was operating the performance of the staff. Other similarities of the governance in the
organization is that the ignorance of the effectiveness and process of the employees lead to the
huge negative impact in Tesco and NHS foundation. This lead to the major consequences that
both companies had to face due to the lack of monitoring of the employees. Tesco had to face the
scandal of the annual report of the company in 2014, that was due to the outer auditing of the
organization financial report. NHS Foundation has to face the consequences due to the ignorance
of the staff activities that lead to the death of many patients in the Mid Staffordshire hospital by
NHS Foundation Trust.

Risk management approaches are also similar in both organizations as the approaches of
Tesco and NHS Foundation seems to focus n the effectiveness and quality of service that is to be
provided to the people. The risk management approaches were to reduce the challenges with the
help of forecasting by the managers of the organisation. Both companies have common goal for
the risk management framework. Tesco's approach in order to reduce the risk in the organisation
were supposed to be done with the better understanding of the previous financial report of the
company. The risk management framework of NHS Foundation were also supposed to be
reduced with the help of previous years patient and resources data that is generally collected b y
the organization.
Differences between organizations
Tesco Plc and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust are different from each other in
various ways. The governance of both company has their own different policies, the policies and
governance of Tesco focus on the effectiveness of the workers with the objective of increase I
the sale of the organization. On the other hand the governance of NHS Foundation focus on the
better treatment of the patients with proper utilization of the resources available in the hospital.
Both companies had to face different issues in the scandal (da Silva Etges and Cortimiglia,
2019). Tesco Plc scandal was related to the financial scam in the accounting of the organisation
and NHS Foundation scandal was due to the insufficient resources and lack of importance given
to the patients in the Mid Staffordshire hospital. These consequences were different from each
other in many ways one is related to the financial fraud and second is in the field of medical
facilities.
Risk management framework of both organization were to reduce the future risk but due
to change in the field of operation of both organisation it made a huge difference n the risk
management of companies. The approaches were prepared in Mid Staffordshire to reduce the
risk in the field of medical. On the other hand the approaches of risk management in Tesco Plc.
Is majorly focused on the regaining competitiveness, protecting the balance sheet and rebuilding
trust and policies. The change I the field of operation make many differences in the approaches
in the organisations. Lack in risk management and effective forecasting lead to the different
consequences has to be faces by the companies. Tesco had to face the result of taking the outer
auditing in preparation of the financial statement in the organisation and consequence had to face

by NHS Foundations that were related to the poor forecasting in availability of resources and
nurses and sufficient medical equipments in Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust.
Beneficial and hinder of regulations
Situation in Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust
The situation was arisen in the hospital that death rate in the hospital increased due to lack of
skilled nurses and other resources in the organisation. Rules and regulation of the NHS
Foundation plays an important role in such situation. There are many situations that are
overcome and rise by the rules and regulation in the organization. Regulation of the hospital
could be beneficial to the situation in many ways that include the regulation of the organization
was to control the staff the effectively with the proper monitoring of activities of the employees
in the hospital the situation of increased death rate can be handled with regulation of proper care
of the patients.
The objective of the hospital was to provide the effective medical care to the patients.
However, it also lead to the rise of difficulties ion the situation as the regulation Of providing
responsibilities to the staff in the hospital lead to decrease in the effectiveness in the care of
patients and it caused death of the many people under care of NHS Foundation. Such
government services do not motivate the staff by regulation of rewarding the employees based on
their performances (de Araújo Lima, Crema and Verbano, 2020). The government regulation
also played an important role in the death of the patients as some rules such as availability of free
medicine lead to the increase of the line for medical services in the hospital.
Situation in Tesco Plc.
The situation in Tesco were risen of a fraud in the financial statement of 2014. Fraud was
the company showed the higher profit in the statement to increase the market value of Tesco. It
was done due to hiring the auditor outside of the company. Here the regulation of the company
could have been improved. Being the largest retail supply chain in the world, Tesco should have
regulation to appoint their own accountant in the organization that would be more beneficial to
the organization. Other advantages of the regulation could have been taken by the managers of
the company by checking the previous years report and it should have been compared it may
have decreased the chances of the arising the situation in the business report. Rules and
regulation of the organization plays an essential role in the management of the organisation that

support the company in operating effectively with minimum disadvantages. However, inaccuracy
of the regulation lead to the major loss of the company.
Tesco had to face the crucial situation and the regulation of the organisation also created
difficulties in the organisation such as the employees in the accounting do not have authorities to
comparison the financial report of the company. Regulation of not cross checking the auditing in
the company lead to the arisen of the situation in the financial report of 2014 in Tesco Plc. The
policy in private sector is different from organizations related to the public sector. The financial
statement of government is cross checked by the higher authority in the organisation and
government.
Governance and regulatory considerations
Governance and regulatory considerations helps the organization in order to operate in
effective and efficient ways that help the company to achieve the objective of the organization.
Following are some governance and regulatory considerations that include sound financial
management and reporting.
Auditing: it refers to the governance of the preparing the quality financial statement. In
order to ensure that the information provided in the financial statements are of high quality and
are acceptable worldwide the Auditing and Assurance Standard board that operates under the
council of Institute of Charted accountants (Lindawati, 2020). The regulatory include that the
standards are applicable to ll auditing firms which perform audits and reviews of historical
financial information that also include assurances and related service engagements. The quality
material will help in identifying and assessing the risk of material mistreatment through
understanding the entity and its environment.
Financial Transparency: The need of financial transparency is necessary in the
organization it reduces the barriers related to the data that are engaged in the information related
to the finance of the organization. The governance of financial transparency means timely,
meaningful and reliable disclosures about a company's financial performance. It also indicates
the financial statement. It should be user-friendly and clear, everything in the financial statement
should be clear and understandable. The proper disclose of the statement is also necessary. Such
governance in the organization reduce the barriers and lead to the effective financial report that
help the company to prepare a better approach to achieve the objectives of the business.

Ownership structure: it refers to the structure that concern the internal organisation of a
business entity and the rights and duties of the individuals. Structure of the organisation plays an
important role in reporting the performance of the employees (Albert and et.al., 2019). Report
management and monitoring the structure of the company is necessary for the effective
management of the operations in the business. It also includes right to appoint majority of
directors. It controls the management or policy decision that is based on the report of the
organization.
Enhanced Financial Disclosure: It refers to the enhanced reporting requirements for the
financial transactions that include of balance sheet transactions ad stock transactions of corporate
officers. It requires internal controls for assuring the accuracy of financial report of the
organization. The accuracy in such reports plays an important role in the company. It helps the
investors make informed decisions and choose stocks and bonds. It also helps the auditor of the
organisation to get effective and accurate information for the financial report.
Critical Evaluation of the leadership capabilities in each organization
Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust- The organization must gave emphasis on good and
strong leadership so that they can be able to run the organization smoothly. For this purpose the
NHS foundation use the 'dispersed leadership framework' (Terry, Rees and Jacklin-Jarvis,
2020). This leadership approach focuses on the distribution of the responsibility and the
accountability of the work to the other fellow workers.
The positive aspects are as follows- As per this leadership the responsibilities regarding the
work and also for the decision making is divided to the subordinates so it facilitates quick
decisions at the time of emergency. If there is only the one leader in the organization who have
all the authorities of taking decisions creates many problems for the company when the leader is
not available. One of the benefit of distributed leadership is that it shares the bigger picture of
the work with everyone in the company instead of depending on the one person only for all the
decisions (Ospina and et.al., 2020). It will help the workers or the members of the organization to
full and proper advantage of the different levels of the enterprise. Distributed leadership
approach allows each and every person or the individual of the company to take ownership of the
work as well as to participate in making decisions. It allows and welcomes the thoughts and the
views of the members of the company and also the use of the creativity and the logical thinking.

This will help the employees in order to engage themselves with full potential to perform their
duties and for the development and growth of the workers.
The negative aspects are as follows- It is very essential for the leaders to maintain the level of
the accountability but in this type of leadership it is difficult because the responsibilities are in
various hands. This will creates problems and confusion regarding the accountability of the work
and also creates difficulties in choosing the responsible person for the wrong decisions.
Distributed leadership may creates the certain level of uncertainty of many thing like fulfilment
of the responsibilities assigned, accountability of taking wrong decisions at the time of making
critical decisions in the company and also the negligence of the benefits because of the confusion
created (Sweeney, Clarke and Higgs, 2019). It is one of the biggest disadvantage for the
organization at the time of the crisis situation as the distribution of the responsibilities to the
different people or the members of the organization may creates hurdles in the process of quick
decision making. If there is only one person who takes all the decisions it will be simpler and
faster the process but delegation of authority make it difficult.
Tesco Plc Scandals- This organization adapted the democratic style of leadership in which the
views and the thought of the employees are heard at the time of decision making. This will
encourages the employees and boost their confidence.
Positive aspects are- It increases the participation of the workers and also motivates them to
explain their thoughts and the view points. Democratic leadership allows the workers to put their
creative ideas and thinking freely in front of others (Lemoine and et.al., 2021). This will increase
the involvement of the employees and boost their confidence in order to take decisions and to
present the ideas freely. Some other advantages of this leadership are ensures the problem
solving attitude of the workers, build the healthy relationship among the team members as well
as increases the job satisfaction. It is also helpful in building the clear and the strong vision of the
organization in the future.
Negative aspects are- One of the major drawback of this leadership is that it will highlights the
qualities of the individuals and can create negative emotions. It can also lead to procrastination
as every team member has its own point of view and ideas which will create problems and the
differences at the time of decision making. In the democratic leadership no one in the company
wants to take the responsibility of the wrong decisions as well as the accountability of the failure

in the future (Hallinger, Gümüş and Bellibaş, 2020). It also requires a various kind of skills or
the knowledge about some specific things.
Some of the consequences of using this leadership is that it must focus on the financial
issues of the NHS and also the risk that are involved in it but the organization was failed to do so
which results in the decrease in the quality of the services provided by them to the patients. On
the other hand Tesco presents the fake financial report which is the biggest mistake of the
leaders.
Comparison of organization's leadership approaches
The NHS foundation adapted the dispersed leadership whereas the Tesco used the democratic
leadership in their respective companies. The distributed leadership framework can be sub-
divided in the following categories -
 Substitution for leadership- This leadership refers to the delegation of authority or the
workload to the subordinates.
 Shared leadership- These type of leaders works on the vertically distributed forms of
leadership.
 Self leadership- In this the leaders select some team members for the feedback,
assignments, monitoring, etc.
 Super leadership- This leadership includes three components such as participation of the
fellow workers in decision making, delegation of authority and training of the employees.
Democratic leadership is also known as the participative leadership which means it allows the
participation of the workers and also allows them to put their ideas ahead in the decision making
process (Poekert and et.al., 2020). It focuses on the sharing of the thoughts with the other team
members. There are many similarities between these two types of leaderships such as-
1. Works on the principle of sharing: The democratic as well as the distributed leadership
works on the basis principle of sharing where there is a freedom of expressing the ideas
and the views. Both the leadership styles allows each and every member of the
organization to present their creativity and their decisions in front of others.
2. Increases the speed and productivity: One of the main similarity between these
leadership is that it increases the speed of the work and the efficiency and the
productivity of the employees as well as the organization (Best and et.al., 2020). As it
gives a fair chance to every worker so that they can be able to show their talent and

capabilities which will directly affect and upgrades the efficiency and the work
performance of the workers.
3. Encourages or motivates the workers: In distributed leadership the authority and the
responsibility of the work and decisions are distributed among the subordinates which
motivates them to work with full interest and potential. On the other hand, Democratic
leadership boost the confidence of the employees as they are having the right to speak
and take decisions. So, this is one of the most important and major sameness among these
two leadership approaches.
4. Encourages honesty and creativity: Both the approaches inspires and encourages the
workers to be loyal or honest with the company and also motivates them to increase their
skills such as creativity, logical and analytical thinking, etc. Honest and satisfied workers
directly affect the growth and the productivity of the organization and leads the firm
towards success.
Some of the dissimilarities or the differences between the democratic and the dispersed
leadership are as follows-
1. Decision making process- In the distributed leadership approach the authority of taking
decisions in many hands whereas in democratic leadership the decision making power is
only in one hand which means only the leader can be able to take the responsibility of the
decision (HAMZAOGLU and HAMEDOGLU, 2019). Democratic leaders allows every
member to participate in decision making process but decision is taken by the leader only
so it facilitates quick decisions. However, dispersed leadership distributes the
responsibility as well as the power of making decisions at different levels of the
organization which slow downs the process of decision making and creates many
problems at the time of crisis.
2. Suitability- Among these two leadership styles the democratic leadership is not suitable
for every individual as everyone have their own opinions and choices. Some employees
prefer democratic style some can prefer authoritative leadership so may creates issues in
the company. However, the distributed leadership approach is suitable or preferred by
every organization which means it can be adapted by any type of enterprise whether it
can be a business firm or can be a school.

The major consequences of these leadership approaches is the issues and the scandals that
are faced by the Tesco such as the wrong presentation of the financial reports which shows the
irresponsibility of the leaders as well as the poor and wrong leadership. On the other hand,
because of the wrong decisions and staffing policies inadequate standard of nursing was
provided to the patients in NHS foundation.
Application of current good practice leadership theory
Ethical leadership- This type of leadership is beneficial for both the organizations that is Tesco
and NHS foundation as it can help the company in order to prevent them form the ethical issues ,
scandals and the ethical dilemmas. It can also assist the firms in order to get more and more
satisfied and happy customers and also to gain more partnership as this leadership gave more
emphasis on the ethics of the business (Huertas-Valdivia and et.al., 2019). One of the most
important as well as the crucial element for the success of every organization is the honest and
loyal employees that also helps in enhancing the productivity of the firm or the enterprise.
Ethical leadership is important for Tesco and NHS from various point of views like employees,
customers and for the growth of the whole enterprise as it creates a positive environment and
also the ethical culture. Loyal and ethical leaders can help the company to attract and reach more
and more consumers and the investors which will directly increases the profit margin or the
percentage of the firm. Vendors can be able to trust the organization because of the attracting
principle of this leadership. The leaders can help in boosting and motivating the morale of the
employees and ensures their interest and potential of doing work.
The application of the ethical leadership is very simple as it includes the small steps that
should be applied by the organizations. It includes defining of the values and the alignment of
the respect and also the ethics of the business, motivation of the other people to behave in an
ethical manner. It also includes hiring of the workers or the staff of the enterprise having the
similar or the ethical values. This leadership can be applied easily by promoting the open, clear
and effective communication with the members of the firm. By analysing the positive as well as
the negative aspects of ethical leadership approach. So, in this way both the organizations can
apply this type of leadership.
Leadership for performance approaches- Leadership performance means the ability or the
capacity of the leaders that can effectively and easily influence the stakeholders as well as the
investors and other organizations in order to achieve the objective and the goals of the company

(Nassif, Hackett and Wang, 2021). It also includes the adaption, efficiency and the proper and
adequate utilization of the human resources or capital. The Tesco and NHS foundation trust can
apply the performance leadership or can be able to increase the performance of the workers or
the employees of the enterprise in many effective ways like by communicating and defining the
clear and focused vision for the future growth of the company. By encouraging the employees
through rewards and recognition on the basis of the individual performance or the work done by
them and also by delegating the authority or the responsibility to the members of the firm. The
organizations can enhance the performance through training and development programs for the
workers.
Boards as leaders of the organisation
The board as the leaders of the organization in situation of NHS Foundation scandal
played a huge role in the situation. The board members of the foundation neglect the requirement
of resources in the hospital and let the patients and nurses suffer from the burden. Evidence that
can support the fact that board leaders were responsible for the situation in the NHS foundation
is that the board leader of the organization quit their position after the scandal (Chief executive of
scandal-hit NHS trust to step down, 2021). the board leaders failed to fulfil their responsibility of
organising the resources and skilled nurses in the hospital that lead to the death of hundreds of
patients because of the irresponsible board leaders in the NHS Foundation.
In the case of Tesco Plc. Scandal that was related to the fraud in the financial report of
organisation. The role of board leaders in this scandal also played an important role as auditor
said that it acted responsibly, by flagging up the danger to investors. Directors told that they
responsibly discussed the matter with PwC. The board leaders, especially the non- executive
directors seemed to have been derelict in their duties and ignored the problem (Willmott, 2021).
CONCLUSION
From the discussion in the report, it can be concluded that the scandal were done in Tesco
plc. and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. It created various situation that include death
of patients in the hospitals due to lack of resources and fraud in the financial statement that
showed higher profit than actual profit in the organization. Governance in NHS Foundation
provided guidance to the staff of the hospitals for better organisational performance while
Tesco's governance were monitored by the board of the company. The risk management
framework of the both organization also created a great impact on the arisen of the situations.

Similarities and differences were discussed of both companies on the basis of governance and
risk management factors. Lack in risk management and effective forecasting lead to the different
consequences that were faced by the companies. Availability of free medicine lead to the
increase of the line for medical services in the hospital that created more requirement of
resources in the organisation. Regulation of not cross checking the auditing in the company lead
to the arisen of the situation in the financial report. Governance and regulatory considerations
included Auditing, Financial Transparency, Ownership structure and Enhanced Financial
Disclosure. Report also critically evaluated the leadership capability in each organization. It also
included specific references to the business challenges. Application of good practise theory
included leadership for performance approaches and ethical leadership.

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