EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE

Running Head: EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE
Influence of Biomechanics or Kinesiology (Functional Anatomy) on Sports
Performance
Exercise and Sport Science
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE1
Introduction
The field of Biomechanics or Kinesiology has significant
implementation in mechanical performance measurement and
performance enhancement of human body. Force, Torque and Strength
are three major factor in biomechanics that are used to measure the
power and the ability of a biomechanical system under certain resistance.
There are several biomechanical methods that are used to measure the
functional ability of human body as per the concepts of Newtonian
mechanics as well as associated theories and implementation of
mechanical physics. It includes the bone, bone joints and muscle
involvement. The purpose of this paper is to explore, evaluate and
describe the influence of biomechanics on the performance measurement
and improvement in sports. It will allow to understand the level of
implementation of the knowledge of biomechanics in the field of sports for
measuring the performance of athletes, analysing the level of injury,
developing advantage body movement for sports activity, developing
injury recovery procedure and improving the quality of sports holistically.
In order to do so, multiple peered reviewed articles on implementation
Kinesiology and Biomechanics in sports have been reviewed in narrative
literature review structure. In the following section the literature review
has been done followed by the discussion and conclusion.
Literature Review
In order to improve the performance, the measurement of
biomechanical abilities of human body and analysis of measures are
mandatory. A secondary qualitative study was conducted by D. Gordon E.
Robertson, PhD named How Biomechanics Can Improve Sports
Performance describes different types of measurement procedures for
force, torque and strength applied in sports (Robertson, 2014). In that
particular study five major biomechanical analysis have been discussed
namely Kinematic Analysis, Kinetic Analyses, Inverse Dynamics and
Electromyography. According to this paper the Kinematic Analysis enables
to analyse the velocity, rotational speed, torque of different body

EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE2
movement, where temporal analysis is used to measure the duration
through recording the split time. Body marker set has been found as a
common method of measuring the movement, angular velocity and
duration with respect to centre of gravity of the location under each
marker set.
Figure 1: Segmental Axes Based Joint Movement Assessment
Using Body Markers
Source: (Bottoms, Greenhalgh and Sinclair, 2013)
The Figure 1 shows the body markers position while it placed on a
fencer in preparation of lunge. According to the study conducted by
Bottoms, Greenhalgh and Sinclair (2013), through segmental axis, the
marker can read the angular velocity of joints. Kinetic Analysis on the
other hand analyses the force, torque, angular acceleration and other
effects of force in human body. A study conducted on running male youth
by Rumpf et al (2014), presents the Horizontal force of limb asymmetries
to analyse the possible injury risk factor in limb asymmetry. For Kinetic
Analysis through the Maturity Offset and asymmetry percentage two
formula were used. For measuring the Maturity Offset and asymmetric
percentage the formula were:
Maturity Offset= - 9.236 + (0.0002708 x leg length x sitting height) + (-
0.001663 x age x leg length) + (0.007216 x age x sitting height) +
(0.02292 x weight by height ratio)
% asymmetry = {(Left leg - right leg)/right leg} * 100

EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE3
As another major biomechanics measurement method Inverse
Dynamics is a mathematical process that develop the equation of motion
for joint movement considering the known force from the muscle, kinetic
energy and gravity. A primary data collection based study was conducted
by Pizzolato, Reggiani, Modenese and Lloyd (2017), on Real-time inverse
kinematics and inverse dynamics measurement for lower limb
applications using three dimensional estimation and OpenSim. The study
conducted a sensitivity analysis of a software architecture, which is able
for inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics measurement, in order to
minimise the measurement and calculation delay and errors.
Figure 2: Real-time Measurement Architecture for Inverse
Kinetics and Inverse Dynamics
Source: (Pizzolato et al., (2017)
Through using the measurement procedure as per Figure 2, the
study found that the real-time estimation of joint angles and moments is