Factors Affecting Income of Workers: Gender, Nationality, Company Size - Research Study | Desklib

This research paper evaluates the various causes that affect the income of the employees and how those factors influence the income. The research has a wide range of scope as the research topic has a significant effect on the employees. The factors which influence the income of the employees or workers could affect their motivation towards achieving the organization goals. The research has numerous useful findings but is also observed to have certain limitations that are deemed to be addressed in the future research.

Running head: RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
Research on Income of Workers
Name of the University:
Name of the Student:
Authors Note:

1RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
Executive Summary
Employees are the core of any organization who works towards obtaining the common goals set
by the company. The main objective of this research is the evaluation of the various causes that
affect the income of the employees and it’s how those factors influences the income. The
research has a wide range of scope as the research topic has a significant effect on the
employees. The factors which influence the income of the employees or workers could affect
their motivation towards achieving the organization goals.
Qualitative research approach is used in this research for the reason that it is best suitable with
the exploratory research design that is selected for investigations on factors impacting income of
workers in Australian organizations. Quantitative research approach is employed in the research
for the reason that it can help in obtaining reliable data by converting them to valuable statistics
in analyzing viewpoints regarding income of selected survey respondents.
The research has numerous useful findings but is also observed to have certain limitations that
are deemed to be addressed in the future research. One of the major research limitations is
regarding the primary research carried out. The research did not consider using a large
population sample that might have facilitated in attaining more significant findings on the
research topic.
The desired outcomes are also other factors that influence the income such as the requirement of
certain skill set in the company which is different from what the employees have. Hence, the
income of a person varies on various factors which are aforementioned.

2RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................3
2. Research Objectives....................................................................................................................3
3. Research Scope...........................................................................................................................3
4. Literature Review.......................................................................................................................4
5. Research Questions/ Hypotheses................................................................................................7
5.1. Primary Question.................................................................................................................7
5.2. Secondary Questions............................................................................................................7
6. Research Design and Methodology............................................................................................8
6.1. Qualitative Research............................................................................................................8
6.2. Quantitative Research..........................................................................................................9
7. Research Limitations................................................................................................................10
8. Time Schedule (Research Plan)................................................................................................10
9. Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
References....................................................................................................................................13

3RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
1. Introduction
Employees are the core of any organization who works towards obtaining the common
goals set by the company. The primary objective of the employees is to earn for the organization
or contribute significantly towards earning process of the company (Alam and Imran 2015). The
productivity can be segregated into individual productivity as well as organizational productivity.
In lieu of the productivity of an employee, the company provides them with salary or wages on a
period of time. However, the income of an individual can vary and there are certain influencers
of the same such as the nationality, gender, education, designation, company’s size as well as its
profitability (Blau 2016). In this research paper, the significance of various influencers of income
will be evaluated and its impact on the income of the individuals as per their gender.
2. Research Objectives
The main objective of this research is the evaluation of the various causes that affect the
income of the employees and it’s how those factors influences the income. The significance of
income to the employees is needed to be evaluated as it motivates the people to work as per the
requirement of the organization. The objectives of this paper are detailed below:
 Significance of income to the employees and the pay as a motivating factor.
 The various factors that affect the income of the individual on a huge basis.
 The influence of the same towards the benefit of employees in an organization.
3. Research Scope
The research has a wide range of scope as the research topic has a significant effect on
the employees. The factors which influence the income of the employees or workers could affect

4RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
their motivation towards achieving the organization goals (Buddelmeyer, Wooden and Ghantous
2017). Hence, the paper aims to provide the particular idea on how the income is significant
which alters the productivity of the employees and improves the same. This research will also
shed light on the various factors which improves the income status of the employees and their
motivational level.
4. Literature Review
The demographical characteristics such as the gender influence the parity of the
investment in education and its returns. It has been noticed that there remains discrimination
between the earnings of a female with that of the male. The female is generally paid lower than
her male counterpart irrespective of job responsibility and education level (Humphreys et al.
2017). Another reason highlighted for such discrimination is that the women are meant to take
care of family if the roles are compared on the basis of responsibility of the individual in a
family. Moreover, the age of an individual is another factor which influences the pay. In this
case, age is considered as the measurement factor of experience. Aged people are regarded to
have much more experience than their younger counterpart and hence they are paid more than
the young ones.
It has been observed globally that the income of the worker is the direct motivating factor
as people tend to work more and stays productive if paid better salary and puts extra efforts to
earn incentives (Ledford and Gast 2018). However, discrimination is observed in most of the
work places which take away the employee’s confidence which makes the individual to look
forward to other opportunities hence hampering the individual’s contribution towards the
revenue of the company. The concept of piece rate payments actually influences the productivity

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of the worker. The wages or the salary that is paid to the workers encompasses the income from
investment in education as well as the aid from government. It is significant for the employees or
workers to maintain their standard of living. With high income source, comes a lavish lifestyle
but with low incomes an individual can fulfill basic necessities of life (Lewis 2015). Hence, the
companies try to keep their pay structure good so as to motivate workers and retain them. The
company implements the mixture of three rewards to the workers for their hard work that
includes salary, other amnesties and the non-financial rewards. This is also termed as the pay
philosophy.
This has been globally observed that the income discrimination due to gender inequality
is a major topic of concern (Ryan and Bhattacharyya 2016). It is generally faced by the female
employees who generally receive lower payment than their male counterparts. The same has
been voiced against in various corporations and people are getting aware of the same but the
consciousness against this parity is developing but at a very low pace. Moreover, there are other
factors which affect the productivity of a female employee such as racism, unfair promotion,
unsafe workplace or sexual harassment. Moreover, the human resource department in various
organizations has been trying but failed to minimize the pay gap and gender discrimination.
Therefore, such a gap in the payment of women has affected their background as a whole
(Silverman 2016). The human resource department of big corporates has been held responsible
for such discrimination as they deem the women to be more inclined towards their personal
responsibilities and hence they are kept away from promotions. Moreover, this has also been
observed that the Asian women and non-Hispanic women earn more in comparison to their
counterpart who are African, American Indian and other.

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The nationality again is a huge influencer of income of the employee or worker. For
instance, it has been seen that in Australia, an immigrant may face such issue wherein the
individual is paid less than the natives. It might be due to various reasons such as difference in
culture or adaption of new custom, dissimilarity in language or lack of connection, inability of
finding a proper job (Zhang 2016). Alongside the same, the workers in Australia who have
higher chances to lose life in line of duty are paid lower compensation than others who do not
have any such risk. It has also been observed that irrespective of the qualification of the
immigrant in the host country, if the level of education is not identified then it creates a dent in
the individuals payment scale. Hence, it is highly recommended to the immigrant to learn the
skill and get accustomed to the culture of the host country (Ryan and Bhattacharyya 2016).
However, the parity of payment varies from one country to another which depends on the history
of immigration of the country. For instance, the income of the native people might get affected
due to the tax scale but the immigrant might face issue due to tax structure of the host country.
Moreover, the rules and regulations of the country help the natives of the country as they have
more understanding of the same.
There are various companies which are amongst the top-rated firms while some are small
in comparison and not know too many people (Ryan and Bhattacharyya 2016). Hence, it not
surprises to know that the employees working for big companies which higher market value and
high profitability are paid well in comparison to those who work for small companies. Any
company with higher profit does have a capability to pay more to their employees. There are also
certain companies which highly depend on the employees as they make profit for the company
and get a portion from their contribution for the company as their salary. In this case, the
profitability of the company highly influences the income of the employee (Ryan and

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Bhattacharyya 2016). Moreover, there are also other factors that influence the income such as the
requirement of certain skill set in the company which is different from what the employees have.
Hence, the income of a person varies on various factors which are aforementioned.
5. Research Questions/ Hypotheses
Primary Question Secondary Questions
 What is the core reason of
payment gap of the
individuals?
 What is the significance of
income in an individual’s
lifestyle?
 How gender influences the
income of an individual?
 How the corporations are
acting towards gender
discriminations?
 How nationality of the
employees or the workers does
affects their income?
 What could specifically help
the individual to attain the
similar pay scale as that of the
native?
 How does the income of an
individual vary with the size of
the company the person works
in?
 What else is needed for an
employee or worker to remain
motivated other than regular
compensation?
5.1. Primary Question
 What is the core reason of payment gap of the individuals?
5.2. Secondary Questions
 What is the significance of income in an individual’s lifestyle?

8RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
 How gender influences the income of an individual?
 How the corporations are acting towards gender discriminations?
 How nationality of the employees or the workers does affects their income?
 What could specifically help the individual to attain the similar pay scale as that
of the native?
 How does the income of an individual vary with the size of the company the
person works in?
 What else is needed for an employee or worker to remain motivated other than
regular compensation?
6. Research Design and Methodology
6.1. Qualitative Research
Qualitative research approach is used in this research for the reason that it is best suitable
with the exploratory research design that is selected for investigations on factors impacting
income of workers in Australian organizations (Chandra, Jimenez and Radhakrishnan 2017).
Reliability and validity of the gathered secondary data is made sure through stating that
all the relevant data regarding the research will be gathered from the website sources that has
most currently updated information.
Simple random sampling technique is considered to be employed in this research as all
the target respondents can have an equal chance to get selected from a huge population base. The
sample size that is selected includes 71 employees from the profit based organizations in
Australia aged between 20 to 45 years. These respondents are deemed to offer constructive

9RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
viewpoints on the ways in which certain factors impact their income within their respective
companies (Collie et al. 2016).
Secondary sources will be employed for data collection that will consider certain
government or organization websites, published peer review journals along with books that has
identified all the possible factors prevalent within the Australian organizations impacting income
of their workers.
Independent variables those are selected in this research are gender, lifestyle, nationality
and pay scale of employees and the dependent variable is the current income of employees in the
company (Collie et al. 2016).
6.2. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research approach is employed in the research for the reason that it can help
in obtaining reliable data by converting them to valuable statistics in analyzing viewpoints
regarding income of selected survey respondents (Croes and Vermeulen 2016).
Questionnaire is the suitable research instrument used in this research as this can
facilitate in attaining accurate responses on all the factors impacting their income in workplace.
Questionnaire design will be so that it contains both the open and close ended questions. This
questionnaire design will have three segments including demographic detail questions, questions
asking factors that affect their income in workplace and recommended solutions for enhancing
pay scale in Australian organizations within which they work (Daneshkohan et al. 2015).
Simple random sampling technique is considered to be employed in this research as all
the target respondents can have an equal chance to get selected from a huge population base. The
sample size that is selected includes 71 employees from the profit based organizations in

10RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
Australia aged between 20 to 45 years. These respondents are deemed to offer constructive
viewpoints on the ways in which certain factors impact their income within their respective
companies (Dias, Joyce and Parodi 2018).
In data analysis, correlation and regression analysis on the collected data will be carried
out by means of using MS excel that is a reliable statistical tool proved to offer authentic
research findings. Pearson correlation test will also be carried out in analyzing the reliability of
the gathered data.
7. Research Limitations
The research has numerous useful findings but is also observed to have certain limitations
that are deemed to be addressed in the future research. One of the major research limitations is
regarding the primary research carried out. The research did not consider using a large
population sample that might have facilitated in attaining more significant findings on the
research topic (Behrendt and Woodall 2015). Additionally, another limitation is regarding the
survey process. This is for the reason that the employees or the target respondents those take part
in the survey might be biased towards the organizations in which they work and might not
provide authentic responses regarding the factors that affect their income.
8. Time Schedule (Research Plan)
Task Week
1
Week
2
Week
3
Week
4
Week
5
Week
6
Week
7
Week
8
Week
9
Selection of topic
and search for

11RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
justification
Constructing
literature
Selecting
appropriate
methods
Data collection
Data analysis and
representation
Reviewing the
outcomes
Conclusions and
recommendations
Submitting draft
of the project
Printing and final
submission
9. Conclusion
In this research paper, the significance of various influencers of income was evaluated
and its impact on the income of the individuals as per their gender. It was gathered from the
paper that the research has a wide range of scope as the research topic have a significant effect
on the employees. The factors which influence the income of the employees or workers could
affect their motivation towards achieving the organization goals. Hence, the paper aims to

12RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
provide the particular idea on how the income is significant which alters the productivity of the
employees and improves the same.

13RESAERCH ON INCOME OF WORKERS
References
Alam, K. and Imran, S., 2015. The digital divide and social inclusion among refugee migrants: A
case in regional Australia. Information Technology & People, 28(2), pp.344-365.
Behrendt, C. and Woodall, J., 2015. Pensions and other social security income transfers. Labour
markets, institutions and inequality (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing), pp.242-262.
Blau, F.D., 2016. Gender, inequality, and wages. OUP Catalogue.
Buddelmeyer, H., Wooden, M. and Ghantous, S., 2017. Transitions from casual employment in
Australia. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of
Melbourne.
Chandra, S., Jimenez, J. and Radhakrishnan, R., 2017. Accessibility evaluations for nighttime
walking and bicycling for low-income shift workers. Journal of Transport Geography, 64,
pp.97-108.
Collie, A., Lane, T.J., Hassani-Mahmooei, B., Thompson, J. and McLeod, C., 2016. Does time
off work after injury vary by jurisdiction? A comparative study of eight Australian workers'
compensation systems. BMJ open, 6(5), p.e010910.
Collie, A., Thompson, J. and McLeod, C., 2016. Does time off work after injury vary by
jurisdiction? A comparative study of eight Australian workers' compensation systems. BMJ
open, 6(5), p.e010910.

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Croes, P.R. and Vermeulen, W.J., 2016. In search of income reference points for SLCA using a
country level sustainability benchmark (part 1): fair inequality. A contribution to the Oiconomy
project. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(3), pp.349-362.
Daneshkohan, A., Zarei, E., Mansouri, T., Maajani, K., Ghasemi, M.S. and Rezaeian, M., 2015.
Factors affecting job motivation among health workers: a study from Iran. Global journal of
health science, 7(3), p.153.
Dias, M.C., Joyce, R. and Parodi, F., 2018. The gender pay gap in the UK: children and
experience in work.
Humphreys, J., Wakerman, J., Pashen, D. and Buykx, P., 2017. Retention strategies and
incentives for health workers in rural and remote areas: what works?.
Ledford, J.R. and Gast, D.L., 2018. Single case research methodology: Applications in special
education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475.
Ryan, S. and Bhattacharyya, A., 2016. Barriers to professional development among contingent
academic employees: An Australian case study.
Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage.
Zhang, Y., 2016. A review of employee turnover influence factor and countermeasure. Journal
of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 4(02), p.85.