Factors Influencing Decision Making of Young People While Travelling

This report explores the factors that influence the decision-making process of young people while travelling. It examines the role of the internet in the travel industry and the benefits of targeting young people as a customer segment. The report also defines tourism, travel agents, travel agencies, package holidays, and online booking.

Dissertation

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
2. RESEARCH PROBLEM.............................................................................................................4
2.1 Research problem.............................................................................................................4
2.2 Definition of tourism and tourist......................................................................................5
2.3 Definition of travel agent and travel agency....................................................................6
2.4 Definition of package holiday and online booking..........................................................7
3. TOUR OPERATOR.....................................................................................................................9
3.1 Difference between tour operator and travel agent........................................................12
4. TRAVEL AGENCY..................................................................................................................13
4.1 Characteristics and work of a travel agency...................................................................13
4.2 Benefits and working of using travel agency services...................................................15
5. TRAVEL MOTIVATION.........................................................................................................18
5.1 Consumer motivation to travel and their motives..........................................................18
5.2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs..........................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................23
Books and journals:..............................................................................................................23
Online:..................................................................................................................................25

INTRODUCTION
Internet is considered as the biggest boon for the current people as this assists them in
reaching out to every corner of the world and gaining the needed information. In the current time
all the businesses are using internet as their major business process which helps them to acquire
needed information and avail their services at their doorsteps. Travel agencies of the current age
uses internet as their support system and to take bookings so that their business may grow and
acquire success (Talwar and et. al., 2020). The travel agencies may consider internet as the
negative element as due to internet these agencies are loosing their traditional customers. On the
other hand, when the customer segment for the industry is young people then internet is regarded
as the positive element as in the current time every youngster is using internet in a prominent
manner.
The aim of the report is to find out different factors which are associated with decision
making of young people while travelling. This report is executed for the major purpose of
deciding the sector that should be targeted by the travel agencies. The expectations for the
current report is that this will develop understanding related to role of internet within current
time in terms of travel agencies. The current generation is internet generation which means that
the generation is using internet in very effective manner and at the same time using internet
different organisation may convey their messages to target audience and manage their business
objectives (Casadó and et. al., 2020). The young people of the current age are largely touched by
internet so with the help of targeting young people travel agencies can reach out to their people
in appropriate manner.

2. RESEARCH PROBLEM
The major goal within the current report is to examine the benefits gained by travel
agencies by selecting young people as their customer segment. This section within the report will
elaborate regarding the problem for which the overall research is taking place.
2.1 Research problem
The major problem within the current report is that travel agencies is that they are not
able to target their customer in the manner they need to be. As a result the travel agencies are not
able to compete with market rivalries and their competitors as well. In the current time internet is
one of the major channel of marketing which is used by the organisation in order to reach out to
their customers and to acquire success (Tahanisaz, 2020). There are different businesses those
are using internet in order to reach out to their target audience and to understand needs of their
customers. Using internet as a marketing and communication is safe then any other method as
this will enable the organisation to minimise their advertising fees and to get higher benefits.
In the current generation internet is the most powerful element which helps the people to
stay connected with the world at all the times. So that internet can be used by businesses in order
to satisfy business motive and to deal with needs of their business and customers. In the current
century internet is the most powerful tool that can be used by the businesses so that to convey
their message to their customers and to minimise their cost of operation. On the contrary, this is
not enough that to decide marketing channel but also organisations are needed to select their
target audience so that they can reach out to their customers in easy manner. As the market
competition is higher so that for every organisation their target audience should be a clear factor
which helps the business to attain their business objectives.
The internet is one of the effective distribution channel which is used by millions of
people. Using internet easy trade opportunities are seen by the businesses and customer
engagement is also increased (Dolnicar, 2020). The current report is related with tourism as the
focused industry and travel agencies as a sub-category. The tourism industry is fastest growing
industry which uses internet at utmost level which is the major reason that the industry is
considered as the number one within E-commerce industry. In the current time tourist book their
services using internet which is one of the fastest method to avail services.

The current report has used different secondary information from various authors which
helped in reaching out to final conclusion in appropriate and easy manner. There are different
factors which influences decision making of individual in terms of their buying decisions. These
factors include time, price, cost, market segment and many others (Xiao, Yaping and Yanqin,
2022). These are different for every individual and would assist the organisation to reaching out
to their customer in fast manner. In this manner for travel agencies their customer target is the
major thing which is needed to be focused by the organisation so that they can reach out to their
potential customers. Tourism is classified on the basis of international tourism that comprises of
inbound tourism & outbound tourism and involving domestic tourism. The basic form of tourism
involves adventure, cultural, beach, industrial, sustainable tourism and many more.
2.2 Definition of tourism and tourist
In the tourism industry travel agencies are integral part which becomes significant to have
understanding about what tourism is actually about. Tourism is act and process of spending the
time away from the home for in search of relaxation, pleasure and recreation. The international
tourism has become one of the most economic activities in the world. As per the United nations
world tourism organisation the tourism is defined as social, cultural and economic phenomena
that entails the people movement to countries and place from their outside usual environment for
personal & professional purposes (Devkota, Paudel, and Bhandari, 2020). Tourism encompasses
activities and industry which creates the tourist experience. The tourism is dynamic and
competitive industry which requires ability to adapt constantly to customer changing needs and
desires as customer satisfaction, safety & employment are the prime focus for the tourism
business. According to the “Tourism society of Britain” tourism is referred as temporary short
period of movement to destination outside the places where they usually work, live and activities
during the stay at destinations. For the economy the tourism is important which helps in boosting
revenue, creating thousands of jobs. It creates demand & growth for several more industries
which promotes different styles of travelling & travellers (Esmaeili, and et.al., 2020). From the
perspective of tourist, the tourism is important for them as it helps in enhancing quality of life,
provides educational value. The tourism can be classified as domestic tourism which comprises
of residents that visit within their own country and in such kind of travel no formalities is
required. Inbound tourism is about of non-residents which travel to country other choices
whereas outbound tourism comprises of residents of nation travelling out to foreign country.

The tourist is defined as the person who seeks different kind of experience when
destination and activities during stay are selected based on traveller needs & wants. The person
travels to place for the pleasure and exchange of culture (Jeon, and Yang, 2021). The tourist is
considering as product of tourism which refer to individual who take part in tourist activities. In
tourism tourists are important stakeholders. There are several factors in which average person is
associated with tourist such are lying on beach, staying in hotel, visiting place with different
climate and major tourist attraction etc. It is being prescribed by the United Nations that tourists
need to stay away from the home environment for at least one-night nut less than one year in
order to qualify as tourist. The types of tourists vary and can sit anywhere along with spectrum
between allocentric explorers and mass organised holiday maker (Page, 2019). The tourist travel
to distant part of the world to see great building, work of art, learn new language and experiences
new culture. The tourist has the wide range of budgets and tastes along with wide variety of
resorts & hotel is being develop as to cater them. The tourist is represented by the heterogeneous
group with different personalities, demographics and experiences. The tourist is classified on the
basis of Cohen’s types of tourist which involves drifter, explorer, individual mass tourist and
organised mass tourist. On the basis of plog’s type of tourist are allocentric tourist, psychometric
tourist and Mid-centric tourist. Further, on basis of tourism type the tourist involved are ethical
tourist, experiential tourist, adventure tourist and many more (Tucker, 2021).
2.3 Definition of travel agent and travel agency
Travel agents are business people who always see tourism industry as a chance to make
money and business. They make money by selling their services to customers. ‘Travel agency is
a middleman – a business or person selling the travel industry’s individual parts or combination
of the parts to the consumer’. When it is think about of travel agent an image form in mind of an
educated person with great knowledge and is expert in field of travel, the person who can
manage all package holiday for any individual with other possible arrangements like
accommodation, transportation, car rental and many more. Every professional agent will always
try to save clients time and money. Travel agent has full knowledge of tourist accommodation,
mode of travel, climate, product destination and so on. It works for product provider and in
return receives commission (Prentice, 2020). The prime role of the travel agent is to help make
people travel arrangements that may involve booking flights, hotel, sightseeing hours etc. The
travel agent assesses each customer’s unique needs, preference and budget in order to ensure that

trip goes smoothly. It is considered that planning trip is time-consuming and complicated process
for customers that can be simplified through travel agent as consultation service and entire travel
package is provided which caters to wide demographic serving both individual and corporations.
Travel agency is the office of travel agents or organisation where all travel related goods and
services are collected and coordinated for smooth conduct of business. Travel agency is the most
important organisation in private sector of tourism which plays an important role in process of
developing and promoting tourism in the country. A travel agent can be an individual or firm and
known as travel agency. Travel agency packages and processes all amenities, attractions and
supplementary services and present them to tourist (Fang, 2020). That’s why travel agency is
known as image builder of a country. The travel agency is about of making arrangements of
travel tickets, travel documents, entertainment, accommodation and other travel related services
from principle suppliers. The travel agency is basically divided on the basis of retail travel
agency and Wholesale agency. In the retail travel agency there is selling of tourist products
directly to the public on behalf of product supplier and in return gets commissions. There is some
package tour which is sold in two ways such as on commission basis and mark up the price. The
difference between retail price and wholesale cost is known as mark-up price. As per, Airlines
reporting corporation travel retail agency is referred as business which performs the following
functions like making reservations, arranging travel tickets & accommodation, travel insurance
etc. Whereas wholesale travel agency is specialised in organising package tour that are marketed
to customers through the network of retail travel agency (Chang, and Wang, 2019). The tourist
product components are purchase in bulk and design tour packages in whole sale agency. The
package holidays are assembling by whole sale travel agencies which is sell to clients through
retail travel agencies. The package tour involves air tickets, accommodation & other services etc.
2.4 Definition of package holiday and online booking
The package holiday refers to those that involves transport accommodation and services of
tour operator representatives for all in price. The tour operator directly sells the package holidays
to public and more often they sell through travel agent for which commission is paid for the sale.
The package holiday involves the components of transportation, accommodation, sightseeing
tours. Car rental etc. The package holiday is vacation in which two or more primary trip
expenses are purchase for the single fee (Rojas Bueno, Alarcón Urbistondo, and del Alcázar
Martínez, 2020). It is organised by tour operator and sold to consumer by travel agent. Some

travel agents are the employees of tour operator, others are independent. Holiday packages are
created by authentic, experienced travel businesses, ensuring that there is safely travelling and
without being misled. When choosing package trips, corporations frequently provide itineraries
from which travellers can choose, rather than forcing their decision on them. The package
holiday offers range of benefits to holidaymakers, involving legal & financial protection under
Package travel. The package holiday is considered as good idea as it helps in encouraging the
development of destination through increasing their attractiveness to global visitors. The package
holiday is important for encouraging the development of destinations through increasing their
attractiveness to global visitors. The package holiday is also known as tour packages which is
classified as independent tour, escorted tour, hosted tour, incentive tour and freedom tour. It is
also considered that there are several factors which impacts the holiday packages such as purpose
of tour, tourist budget, tour period, choice of destinations, types of tourist accommodation etc. It
is benefice to the travel companies, travellers’ destinations & other organisation which directly
or indirectly involved in tourism business that offers benefits of time saving, increase the
seasonality of destination cost price, better quality of products professional services.
The online booking is considered as personal tool which a person uses free of charge for the
same purpose along with taking with use of agency services (Tavakoli, and Mura, 2020). The
difference is that trip is organised and schedule by traveller. In the online booking reservation is
made for the several things such as room in hotel, flight ticket and other extra services which
tourist wishes to get during the holiday stay. It originates from the own website. The online
booking provides the facilities of 24 hours online reservation system and work all the time which
increases number of hotel bookings. It provides freedom to potential visitors for booking room
anytime they require that helps in maximising the sales. The travel operators are considering the
traditional users of online booking platforms which are used in property rental, holiday activity
and all sorts of classes & trainings (Vergori, and Arima, 2020). The online booking has the
feature of self-service portals which can be easily integrated into the website or even social
media page. The online booking provides the benefit if mobility as more of people prefers to
make purchase and booking through their mobile’s phones. As the platform is web-based, the
bookings can be taken from anywhere which also increase the chance to retaining customers &
encouraging them to not to postpone bookings. Through online booking platform payments are
greatly eased as payments goes directly into account without any lag time.

3. TOUR OPERATOR
As per the point of view of Bedradina and Nezdoyminov (2019) a tour operator refers to
a producer that integrates two or more than two tourism products and services then creates travel
packages as per the customer's needs and preferences. Tour operators are mainly accountable for
providing and performing the services specified in a certain package tour. They can indulge these
services themselves as some have their own coaches and cars, hotels, along with other travel
related services and can obtain these from other vendors. Hence, this is the reason, they are
known as manufacturers of tourism products. These operators are often known as wholesalers
(Bedradina and Nezdoyminov, 2019). It is partly true because a wholesaler purchases products
and services in bulk at their own responsibility to prepare a tour package and then retails it
directly to clients or through travel agent. Whatsoever, a tour operator who has own one or more
products of tourism makes a new tour product6ys such as “inclusive tours”. Tour operators
commonly provide a range of package tours to give supply to the customer's needs and interests.
From the viewpoint of Hamid, Isa and Kiumarsi (2021) a tour operator refers to an
individual who has the obligations of putting the tour ingredients together, commercialising it,
making reservations along with handling actual operations. Nowadays, tour operators have been
increasing all over the world which creates stiff competition as well. They attempt to attain a
high volume of turnover as well as maximum domestic and international market share by
efficaciously operating. Additionally, the success of various developed and developing countries
as tourist destinations are reliant on a tour operator's competencies to attract clients, evolution
and promotion of tourism plant, social responsibilities to create a remote and backward area or
diversification of tourism product.
The role of tour operators is to assist travellers to design, plan, book along with enjoy
their trips. Therefore, they help clients in their whole journey process that is from beginning to
end. Tour operators often integrates components from various organisations such as
accommodation providers, airline services and many more (Hamid, Isa and Kiumarsi, 2021). In
order to add extra in the packages, they are also focused on the activities, entertainment and
transfers which are sold to the public. It is also researched that there are different types of tour
operators which are mentioned below:
 Inbound tour operators: These are the companies which are locally based and focused
on attracting clients and visitors into a certain country or destination (Handoko, 2019).

They often partnering with other organisations such as transport and accommodation
providers with an intent to cater customers package deals. These kind of tour operators
aims to provide their destination to incoming visitors and help them with all the facilities
of their trip. These also need a knowledge of international markets and the requirements
and interests of diverse customers for the purpose of promoting their tours and
destinations effectively.
 Outbound tour operators: Outbound tour operators market to visitors in their own
nation and provide tourism services in overseas destinations (Hussein and Noor, 2022).
These operators focus on certain countries, regions or destinations of the world and also
partner with companies in the host country to give customer with comprehensive and
convenient packages. TUI is a great example which works by selling tours to
international trips.
 Domestic tour operators: These kind of tour operators put together packages for the
local clients those who are roaming within their native place. It aims to cater services
within their own nation, and give packages in famous travel destinations. Also, it aims to
indulge family-friendly activities along with diverse entertainment choices for those
people who desires to enjoy their weekend or winter or summer holidays within their own
place.
 Ground operators: They also work within their own place of operating or working.
They generally work on behalf of outbound or inbound tour operators and are the ones
that give the actual tourism products and services, supporting to organise and help
travellers. They are beneficial for tours in far-flung destinations where it can be tough to
plan travel guidebook without local expertise, knowledge and contacts.
 Receptive tour operators: These type of tour operators cater travel products. It can be in
the form of single components or packages. They indirectly sell to the public while
following a structure similar to a wholesaler. These are also taken as an expert in their
market and assist customers to identify the best accommodation services, providers and
activities in their selected destination (Mirzakasimovna, 2022). It makes money by
adding a rate of percentages to the end price that their client is selling the tourism product
for.
Features of tour operator:

 Genuinely enthusiastic: Tour operators are not permitted to have an off day. These
people are dealing with the individuals on a day to day basis who are having a great time
on tour and devising carefree memories with their family members and friends. Tour
operators requires to adopt the same mood each and every day to match the travellers'
enthusiasm (Richards and Font, 2019). These need to be approachable, friendly, funny
and social involved.
 Multi-tasker: The tour operator can be recognised as a leader of any tourism activity
that has been planned and they must be able to do all tasks and activities by themselves.
An effective leader is organised and is able to efficaciously exploit technology with an
intent to increase the tour efficiency.
 Culturally aware: Tour operators work with travellers in all their life. Therefore, they
want to be aware of the cultural norms of their potential market segments while having an
open mind when dealing with people of a range of cultural backgrounds. It assists tour
operators to be fluent in various different languages as this enhances the travellers
experience for overseas clients.
According to the perspective of Rzayev and Rzayeva (2019) a travel agent can be
understood as an individual who has complete knowledge of tourism activities, destinations,
climate, modes of travel, accommodation and many more. They get a certain amount of
commission against their tourism service provided. Basically, they are the owner or manager of a
travel agency, but other staff members are accountable for advising travellers and selling tour
packages or single components of travel products (Rzayev and Rzayeva, 2019). A travel agency
can be an individual or organisation which is generally known as travel agency. An agency
signifies an organisation or workplace of travel agent where all tourism products and services are
collected and coordinated for the fast performance of travel agency business. These agencies
possess a very essential role in the whole process of developing along with promoting tourism at
a destination or in the country. It processes and packages all the attractions, amenities, accesses
and ancillary services of a nation and exhibit them to travellers. This is the reason these agents
are also known as “image builder” of a destination.
Types of travel agency:
Travel agencies are divided into two forms- retail travel agency and wholesale travel
agency.

 Retail travel agency: These are the travel agency which sells tourist products to the
public in a direct manner on the behalf of the vendors and in return they receives
commission. Some tour package is sold in two manners that are mark up the price and on
a commission basis. When a travel agency caters a tourism packages on the marked-up
price it signifies that it marks up the price of the tour and then sells it increased prices. It
is a difference between wholesale price and retail price. In travel agency, the main source
of income is the commission gets from the suppliers. Whatsoever, the commission rate is
not similar from organisation to organisation along with travel component to the travel
component.
 Wholesale travel agency: These agencies are expert is organising tour packages which
are commercialised to the tourists or travellers through the network of a retail travel
agency. These agencies acquire tourist’s product components in the mass and designs
travel packages. Oftentimes, these agencies purchase travel components from the
supplier is mass and resell to other tourist business originations. It also gathers package
holidays and cater them to customers through retail travel agencies. These packages
cover accommodation, air tickets or it may be sightseeing, entertainment, sport activities
and many more. Such packages are called as “package tour”.
Features and importance of the travel agency:
From the perspective of Chand Dhiman and Chauhan (2019) a travel agency plays a
significant role in the travel sector business. Some most essential features and significance of the
travel agency business are mentioned underneath:
 Image builder
 Make sure rapid travel services
 A great bridge between principal suppliers and clients
 Establishes a healthy relationship with the vendors and clients (Chand Dhiman and
Chauhan, 2019)
3.1 Difference between tour operator and travel agent.
As there is a confusion between tour operators and travel agents, there is a need to
understand the main differences between a Travel Agent and Tour Operator in order to cater the
best tourism products and services to the young customers:

 A travel agent is an individual who has complete knowledge of tourism products such as
climate, models of travel, destinations and many more in the related service sector. These
individuals act on the behalf of the product principals or providers and in return they get a
commission. Tour operator is a firm, organisation or company that purchases individual
travel components, individually from their vendors and merge them into a package tour
which is merchandise with their own tag of cost to the public directly or it can be sold via
middlemen (Steyn, 2020).
 Tour operators are similar to wholesalers, whereas travel agents are a form of retailers.
 A tour operator covers bulk responsibilities and their fees or charges are quite high than
travel agent.
 A tour operator has the obligation to look after the better info of a trip or tour such as
accommodation, hotel, conveyance, meals and many more.
 Travel agents mainly sell tour packages they have purchased from different tour operators
(Walsh, 2019).
 Tour operators look into all the prospects of a tour, whereas travel agents sell packages to
their customers on the basis of where do their customers really desire to go.
 Tour operator are having specialised knowledge, but it is opposite in the case of travel
agent.
 A travel agent keeps their revenue, whereas a tour operator keeps their less revenue
against tour operator.
 A travel agent gets proper training programs in order to get engage in the career while
tour operator requires the business management practices.
 Travel agent responsibilities and duties are mainly based on the services that do not need
too much investment whereas tour operator is needed to invest in the business.
 A travel agent requires no licensing system whereas tour operator is needed to get a
license from the respective government department of travel and tourism.
 Travel operator provides different kind of travelling and tourism services whereas travel
agent aims to give services only on specified area (Wiharjokusumo, 2019).

4. TRAVEL AGENCY
4.1 Characteristics and work of a travel agency.
As per the opinion of Albayrak and et.al. (2020) a successful travel agent is the one who
has an incisive sense of visionary planning along with an excellent service provider. In the whole
world, the travel industry is one of the fast growing and demanding industries among all. It
involves stiff competition amongst the best travel services providers (Albayrak and et.al., 2020).
Hence, it is quite fundamental to sharpen the skills and to update the knowledge.
Key qualities of travel agent:
 Knowledge: In order to serve clients and travel interested people, it is essential to update
the knowledge in accordance with the current travel trends in the industry. In context
with young customers, they like to take expert advice from the travel agent in terms of
locations, charges, accommodation and much more (Bakhtiyorovna and Bakhtiyorovna,
2021). Thus, it is vital to be in touch with current trends and updates in the travel and
tourism industry.
 Enthusiasm: Always maintain a positive enthusiasm while dealing with the customers
and clients. An enthusiastic behaviour may wipe in optimistic energy as well as have an
influence on discussions along with businesses with the customers.
 Flexibility and scalability: Every travel agency and every form of business is separately
differentiated in terms of its demands, size and business operations. The business
software in the business requires to support those demands and operations and to do this,
it requires to be scalable and flexible software (Bararesh and Hashemi, 2021). For
example, young customers crave flexibility in the travel services and products. If they
like the products that the company offers such as travel bookings but seeks a variation of
that product they cannot identify on the website may be a trouble. There is a need to be
flexible in the travel services in order to meet the customer's travel needs and preferences.
 Stay humble: It is quite powerful when does something wrong and admits it. It is
important for a travel agent to be honest while catering different travel needs to the
customers.
 Professionalism: It is expected by the industry norms to maintain and keep a
professional attitude and behaviour while meeting with customers or travel clients. The
agent must always communicate and reciprocate in a gracious and clam way particularly

talking to female travellers. In addition to this, there is also a necessity to avoid
grammatically errors while writing an e-mail as it may deliver a negative influence in the
customer's mind.
Characteristics of travel agent:
As per the viewpoint of Ishak, Albattat and Lim (2022) the successful travel agents are
the visionaries with outstanding organisational skills along with people skills. Underneath are
some characteristics for a successful travel agent in the country:
 They are highly organised: Travel agents need to be good at planning. For them,
bookings, juggling calls and communication is a day to day balancing activity. The key
responsibilities of travel agent are arranging flights, securing accommodation, processing
payments, negotiating deals, advising clients, sending tickets and many more. Hence, a
successful travel agent must be competent to multi-task.
 They have great people skills: Successful travel agents have good communication skills
and the competency to influence and inspire people. A key role of job is to meet
antithetic, interesting people which necessitates versatility. Their role never becomes
humdrum. This also signify that one will require a measure of tolerance and the skill to
deal with delusive expectations of specific clients. In short, these are the persons who are
talented salesperson who can recognise their customers the best worth of their money.
 They are natural explorers: A travel agent job requires an innate sense of adventure.
They like to explore the world, both virtually and physically. With a corporate job, travel
opportunities are not affordable and limited as well, but travel agents understand when
the good deals become accessible and they can snatch full benefits of this knowledge.
Independent travel agents should try to explore the universe as much as they can.
 Resourcefulness: A successful travel agent has the ability to think on their feet, along
with adapt to new circumstances. Whether it is an unusual request, a forced schedule
change or a missed connection. They learn to navigate emergencies and stay calm as
well. Highly able to measure what resources are useful and what are at disposal. They are
known as a miracle worker.
4.2 Benefits and working of using travel agency services.
From the view point of Fang, Lu and Dong (2020) travel agencies have been identified as
an essential component of travel and tourism industry. It has become a central section of the

travel and tourism sector at international level. They address 70% of domestic and 90% of
international tourist traffic. The operations and working of each travel agent is based on the
scope of its organisational size together with activities (Fang, Lu and Dong, 2020). The key
working or function of a travel agency are discussed underneath:
 Travel information: No matter what is the size of a travel agency, it has to cater
essential travel information to clients, visitors or travellers. A travel agent must provide
accurate, up to date and timely information regarding tourist places, accommodation,
mode of travel, shopping, passport, customs clearance, site seeing, immigration, visa,
health and security rules and other permits needed to travel and certain areas.
 Itinerary preparation: It is utilised to identify the destinations, origin and all other
stopping points in a tourist's tour. It is an alignment of different elements along with
designed after a detailed investigation of a market. Travel agent ready an itinerary for
tour packages.
 Tour packaging and costing: Travel agent also prepare a tour package and then vend
them to travellers. The pricing and costing of tour packages reliant to a large extent on
the competencies of travel agents as to how they are able to negotiate with the principal
providers.
 Airline ticketing and reservation: A travel agency provides a variety of tourism
products. The tickets of airline and reservation are a major source of income. They also
perform such activities on the behalf of different airlines.
 Travel insurance: Various large scale travel agents do activities to provide their clients
(Ruiz and García, 2022) . Travel insurance is one of them which provides a protection
against the person together with losses of baggage resulting from a big size of travel
related problems and happenings.
 Reservation: It is an essential function of all types of travel agencies in which travel
agent create linkage with the transport sector accommodation sector and other
entertainment zones to reserve seats and rooms in the cultural programs together with
transportation.
From the viewpoint of Jen (2020) planning a vacation is a time consuming and complicated
process. Travel agencies can deliver several benefits to the young customers in their planning
and booking their travel (Sharma, Sharma and Chaudhary, 2020). They can take a professional

help which can deliver big impact on their overall journey. Using travel agency services can
simplify the travel planning process by booking, cruises, hotels, rental cars and flights along with
resort stays. They provide accommodation and vacation suggestions based on their expertise and
investigation together with work within a set monitory terms if desired. Travel agents are
invested in their customers’ satisfaction and happiness. The following are benefits of using a
travel agency:
 Travel is their expertise: One of the big advantages of travel agent is that one can book
their family travel due to the expertise of travel agents. It is also a trend that young
customers highly used travel agency services in order to get assistance for the travelling
and tourism. Travel agents are trained to adapt, understand and know to all different types
of travel (Sharma and Sharma,2022). They investigate market information depending on
their customers’ travel plans and depend essential details including recent news, travel
advisories required documents for the destination, weather conditions and much more.
 Destination knowledge: Travel agencies uncover new tourist places and are constantly
on the lockout for the best travel and trips suggestions. They are the best source to
contact when one can book differentiated places to stay in the France or beyond. Travel
agents not only do the travel around the world to provide as a resource for their customers
but they have a plenty of other travel associated resources to resolve all the queries
correctly and quickly. The advices and suggestions provide to different travel purposes
whether it be group, family or multi-generational leisure or business associated travel.
 Convenience: Travel agency provides the convenience of having every phase of the
tourism and dragged together in one comprehensive plan. This covers investigation and
recommendations destinations together with organising flights, airport transportation,
accommodations and other excursions.
 Relationships: The relationship the young customer will build with their travel agent and
other agents in the trip are other benefits of using a travel agency services. By getting to
know personally, a travel agent will respect individual vacation request along with hand
pick its details to cater all the requirements (Soegoto and Nugroho, 2021). The
relationships that travel agencies have with travel professionals and other properties will
get one into unbelievable experience and save from unknowns as well. Often times,

dietary requirements, room preferences and other certain request can be seamlessly
accommodated by the advantages of utilising a travel agent. Decreased stress: Another benefit of using travel agent services is that these individuals
always help in decreasing the stress. They tend to play a role of helping their customers
and clients in making their travel smooth and stress free as much as possible. It is very
rare that something on a trip does not go as planned, travel agents help in resolving
queries and issues of customers so that they can enjoy and relax all of their journey. Self-
directed internet searches cater awesome range of information to make a trip extra
special, but it is very much special that someone who understands how to connect all that
information and turn it an itinerary which is stress free and seamless (7 Amazing Benefits
of Using A Travel Agent, 2020).
5. TRAVEL MOTIVATION
The travel motivation is viewed as internal force which arouses and pushes individual for
choosing particular destination in intention of getting the required advantages and satisfaction. It
is important psychological influence of tourist behaviour. Tourist motivation is defined as "a
global integrating network of biological and cultural influences that provides value and direction
to travel decisions, behaviour, and experience." The global integrating networking of biological
and cultural forces that provides value & direction to travel choices behaviour and experience is
defined as travel motivation. The motivation is considered important for travel as it supports the
perception of an individual regarding the purpose of why it should travel to destination while it is
for several reasons such as relaxation, curiosity, experience etc. The study of travel motivation
topic is important as there are different causes for need to travel and determining what motivates
person to go on holiday ((Aldao and Mihalic, 2020)). The motivation theory will help on finding
why people travel & reasons for taking holiday. The travel motivation is considered an extensive
range of human needs & wants. In the motivation there are several issues which affect process.
For the tourism companies the topic of travel motivation is important which requires need to
understand consumers, dividing them into segments etc.
5.1 Consumer motivation to travel and their motives
In tourism, behind the movement of tourist there are several motives which can be leisure and
business. As it is known tourism is people centric which is one of the fastest growing industries.

As per view of Prayag, and Lee (2019), the motivation is combination of internal & external
forces which motivate to drive the tourism industry. The motivation can be classified as positive
motivation which seeks for the positive situations and pursue certain outcome to gain reward.
The negative motivation which needs to escape from occurred negative situations. The
motivation of tourist is affected by their own mind. Into escape, relaxation, social interaction,
educational opportunity, self-fulfilment and many more is divided into tourist motivation (Chi
and Phuong, 2021). The motives are psychological reasons why we travel, that reflect the needs
of individual. There are several motives for which people travel such as for health, the need for
change, to learn new skills & life lessons, for pleasure etc. The people travel around the world as
tourist will not able to learn all the things by their routines or from television & books which is
better for them to get experienced. The travel will offer them excitement. In addition, additional
factors inspire tourists to travel. For example, television can entice individuals to visit new places
and learn about diverse cultures. Because of their curiosity, tourists seek to experience different
cultures and meet new people all across the world. It is the fundamental reason for all visitors.
The use of credit cards become convenient for the tourists which motivates them to travel around
without carrying cash and through credit cards they can pay for the accommodation & recreation.
In addition, the well-educated increase and stimulate people to go on vacations, as education
excite the curiosity of people and enriches knowledge as well (Chi and Phuong, 2021). From the
view point of push and pull factors the need to go travelling for can be considered which
motivates people to seek & go on vacation. In the tourism industry, there are some successful
destinations as they understand the tourist motivation and know how to attract tourist visiting
their places. The visitor characteristics are classified on basis of psychographic and allocentric in
which psychometrics Tourists visit to relax, so they like to undertake general activities in
familiar locations. The journey has been planned. Furthermore, they do not wish to be in a
strange place or mood. Allocentric, on the other hand, are outgoing, self-assured, and eager to
meet new people. They are also interested in fresh experiences, so they choose to travel to less
developed areas. The itinerary is intended to be planned by them rather than by travel agents
(Huang, 2022). As a result, it will be more adaptable and unconstrained. People also go overseas
for religious reasons, such as pilgrimages, visits to historical sites, religious bases, or religious
activities. The most essential reason for these visitors to travel is to visit the bases. Jews, for
example, travel to Israel.

Furthermore, visiting historical sites and watching religious musicals and dramas help to
spread a certain faith which motivates the consumer to travel. These activities may lead to
tourists becoming more religious. Travel is associated with places, and the motivations can
include a desire to learn about different cultures, explosions, local people, and politics. People
travel for a variety of reasons, and some even prefer to select a vacation type. It is about
motivation, which is an important aspect of customer behaviour in the tourist sector because
motivation is strongly linked to psychological desires and wants. It is quite beneficial to use
incentives and behaviour to categorise tourists. Tourists will choose a destination based on the
friendliness of the locals or the calm surroundings. The location is always desired to visit; some
people recommend it highly; the weather is always pleasant and the scenery is appealing. The
motivation is also about different for everyone consumer behaviour in travel (Io and Peralta,
2022). There were four different types of motivators for basic travel. Status and prestige, as well
as physical, interpersonal, and cultural motivators, were among them. To begin with, status and
prestige motivators are concerned with the need for renown. Furthermore, some believe that
travelling will get them admiration and recognition from their peers and friends. Second,
physical motivators are concerned with one's health. Tourists may attend sporting events and
engage in recreational activities, and these activities serve as motivators to maintain one's health.
Remedial health motivators include receiving treatment, medical attention, and attending a
weight loss camp. People also wish to make new acquaintances, leave or visit friends and
relatives, which are all examples of interpersonal motivators. Finally, cultural motivators define
travellers who have a strong desire to learn about different cultures and lifestyles ((Kamilia,
Hanafiah and Zahari, 2022)).
5.2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
According to Bhadra (2020), motivation is long procedure of customer behaviour which starts
with need followed by action to satisfy the need and in end it comes as fulfilment of need. There
are several motivational theories in which Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is consider as famous
theory of motivation which illustrate human needs as stimulators. It is theory of human
motivation which is designed in n1943 by Abraham Maslow. The individual needs an inspiration
in order to gain highest level once the lower-level needs are fulfilled. The development of needs
& inspiration towards personal growth is explained with help of theory that is applied to tourism
and leisure (Lin and Zhang, 2021). With the help of motivation theory, the need for travel can be

explained based on consumer desire. Therefore, several tourism companies use theories in order
to plan tourism activities. This theory is important in different industries which helps in
understanding the people behaviours. The Maslow has specific needs which is motivated by the
desire to satisfy the needs which is arranged in hierarchical order. Travel motivation represents
one's needs and desires and can be seen as a crucial variable in purchasing decisions (Su,
Johnson and O’Mahony, 2020). Maslow's hierarchy theory helps in understanding the various
needs that motivate travellers while also improving service providers' knowledge of what kinds
of experiences travellers seek, particularly for certain groups of people. Because consumer goods
frequently serve to satisfy each of the need levels, Maslow's hierarchy is seen as a useful tool for
understanding consumer motivations, devising marketing strategies, appropriate advertising
appeals, and as the basis for market segmentation and product placement. Theory helps in
describing stages of people’s growth and divided into five parts of human needs involving
physiological, safety, love, self-esteem & self-actualization needs.
 Physiological needs- This need involves the basic survival needs such as need of air,
food and shelter in which people become concerned with high order needs before
satisfying these needs. It comprises the basic needs which can be applied to tourism
industry. The tourist while undertaking travel ensures the availability of appropriate
accommodation, restaurants offering good quality of food. In this tourist wants the
assurance that the place provides the suitable hotel rooms and high-quality restaurants for
having place to rest, eat and drink ((Suhud and Allan, 2019)).
 Safety needs- It is next level which is concerned regarding the people needs that needs to
be secure and safe in their environment. This offers the necessity for protecting
psychological & physical inquiry. This need helps in protecting individual from physical
& emotional harm which involves example of job security, stability of income etc. In
context to tourism industry, destinations attract tourists if sufficient security is offered
along with hassle-free vacation experience. Therefore, in case of tourist destination the
safety & security is ensured by offering assistance & safeguards exile of travellers in
emergency case. The tourist’s information regarding the place safety helps in
encouraging in visiting to that place.
 Belonging needs- The third need is related to the desire of formulating and building
relationship with people in order to create sense of belongingness. It involves obtaining

and giving affection and friendship. This need is essential for tourists which make them
familiar with communities and ultimately immerse in travel experience. The use of good
promotion helps in motivating people to visit such as small places or tourist destinations
(Tütünkov-Hrisztov, Müller and Molnár, 2020).
 Esteem needs- This need is being classified in the desire to have achievement, adequacy
and flexibility and in other it can be called as desire for reputation of prestige, position,
dignity etc. In the theory of Maslow, it is considered as fourth need after fulfilment of
affiliation & belonging need. This need involves the self-respect, recognition & attention.
In the tourism industry this phenomenon as very much evident as large part of tourists,
community travel to boost and gain higher social status.
 Self-actualization needs- In the pyramid of the Maslow it is final need that involves
growth and self-fulfilment. In framework to tourism, travellers are seen to be travelling
for improving of specific skill or even undertaking activities which results in increase of
stamina, improves risk-taking abilities etc. To the tourists, tourism provide the chance of
improving their own skills and interest to professional level. With this tourism marketer
improve the tourist package which involves advance lectures & training by the experts.
The tourism marketer also considers the special hosting activities that also have an
altruistic purpose (Yang, and Michelle, 2022).

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7 Amazing Benefits of Using A Travel Agent, (2020). [Online] Available through:
https://travelwithaplan.com/benefits-of-using-a-travel-agent/