UN Peacekeeping: Successes and Failures

This assignment delves into the multifaceted world of United Nations peacekeeping. It analyzes historical peacekeeping missions like those in Rwanda and Somalia, highlighting both successes and failures. The role of peacekeepers in civilian protection during civil wars is also discussed, along with the inherent flaws within the UN peacekeeping system. The analysis considers various perspectives on peacekeeping, including its comparison to imperialism and the impact of mutinies on operations.

Running head: FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Failure of Peacekeeping mission
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Introduction
In the current global political scenario, one of the key issues being faced by the
international community is the attack on humanity. This is due to the reason that, recent years are
being stuffed with the incidents of terrorism, civil wars and wars, which eventually lead to the
mass destruction and death of millions (Laqueur 2016). Thus, the current scenario is facing the
huge crisis in the field of humanity. Moreover, this trend is rapidly increasing with more
countries are being affected by terrorism and civil wars are being emerging in different regions.
However, in this case, United Nations have a greater role to play in reducing the implications of
these activities and preventing their future emergence (Hultman, Kathman and Shannon 2013).
On the other hand, there are various cases where it is being seen that, in some countries the
peacekeeping mission of United Nations failed terribly due to various reasons.
The two most notorious and infamous incidents of civil war, where the peacekeeping
mission of United Nations failed are in Rwanda and Somalia. This essay will discuss about the
incidents of mass destruction being happened in these countries and their implications.
Moreover, it will also be discussed about the shortcomings of peacekeeping mission of United
Nations in these two countries (Dwyer 2015). Accordingly a few recommendations will be
discussed in this essay in order to assist the institution to prevent the origination of same
incidents in future.
Civil war in Rwanda
In 1994, civil war emerged in Rwanda between the ethnic groups of Tutsi and Hutu. The
difference between the Tutsi and Hutu was being emerged since the independence of Rwanda.
The difference between them is mainly on the religious lines. However, the issues between them

2FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
are mainly remained in smaller terms. Only in 1994, this existing issue got enlarged in to being a
civil war and mass destruction of the millions of people (Yanagizawa-Drott 2014). The genocide
began when the government of Rwanda dominated by Hutu groups started ethnic cleansing by
executing the people from Tutsi community. This is due to the reason that, the then president of
Burundi was being killed and it was being concluded that, the Tutsi rebel group is responsible. It
was being estimated that, nearly 500000 to 1000000 people are being killed in the civil war.
The genocide got worse when Rwandan Patriotic Front representing the victimized Tutsi
group involved in the conflict. They were heavily armed and fought with the government
coalition force (Mamdani 2014). This in turn caused displacement of approximately more than
2000000 Hutus. Thus, more than 70 percent of the total populations of Rwanda are directly and
indirectly affected. In addition, the economy of the country crippled, which further lead to the
origination of the issues such as poverty, income inequality and malnutrition (Schaal et al. 2012).
Further investigation in this matter revealed that, various government heads, military heads and
other political elites were involved in committing this genocide in view to acquire the control of
the country. Moreover, France and some other countries are also being accused for supporting
and equipping the government coalition army.
Failure of United Nations peacekeeping mission
The key motive of peacekeeping mission of United Nations is to create stability in the
war torn regions and protecting the civilians from the militias. In addition, peacekeeping mission
is also being carried out for countering the rebel or terrorist groups in different affected regions.
In the case of Rwanda, the key objectives of the peacekeeping mission are the protection of the
civilians, reducing the face-offs between the government coalition army and the rebel groups and

3FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
to maintain the stability in the region (Brattberg 2012). However, contrary to the popular beliefs,
the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda failed to provide any solutions to the issues. There are
various reasons that are being identified later as the cause of failures of the peacekeeping
mission. One of the key reasons is the contradictory behavior of the major allies in the world.
This is due to the fact that, countries such as France and Belgium had not shown any interest in
solving the civil war in Rwanda. On the other hand, France contributed and helped the
government coalition forces to execute the rebels (Wallis 2014). Thus, a consensus has not being
created among the major economies in the world. This affected the decision making policy to
deal with the issue of Rwanda.
American factor
The second issue being identified is the lack of intervention of America in this issue.
Being one of the leading superpower in the world, America is one of the prominent political
pillars in determining the global policy especially in the policy of United Nations (Jacobson
2012). However, in the case of Rwanda, America had not shown the interest in intervening in
their domestic matter, which further de-motivated the other world powers to not get involved in
the case. This is due to the reason that, the case of Rwanda was emerged during their presidential
election during the tenure of Bill Clinton. Moreover, due to the death of American Rangers in
Rwanda, it becomes difficult for President Clinton to continue the keep the American
peacekeepers due to the fear of having more casualties, which will provoke the American people
to give their mandate against Clinton (Cunliffe 2012).
Due to the fact that, America is one of the major contributors in terms of providing
manpower and equipments in the peacekeeping mission of the United Nation, lack of

4FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
intervention of the America caused adverse impact on the initiation of the peacekeeping mission
in Rwanda. The third reason is the ineffectiveness and lack of extensive media reporting in the
nineties (Globalpolicy.org 2017). In the current scenario, media is much more powerful due to
the use of latest communication technologies and transportation modes, which enables them to
communicate the news more effectively and extensively around the world. However, in nineties,
the media was not that effective and thus the news of the Rwandan genocide was not being
effectively communicated around the world. This caused lack of awareness among the citizens of
different world powers, which had not made any pressure to the government to take active role in
mitigating the genocide.
Lack of communication
Another important reason that is being identified on further investigation is the lack of
communication among the key stakeholders and policymakers in United Nation. Investigation in
the later stage reveled that, in January 11, 1994, a cable was being sent by then Lieutenant
General of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda about the possibility of the genocide
(Globalpolicy.org 2017). However, the cable was received but not was being shared with the
members in Security Council. This caused no discussion regarding the possibility of genocide in
Rwanda, which eventually lead to having no plan or blueprint to mitigate the impact of the
genocide.
All the above discussed reasons caused the lack of having effective decision by United
Nation regarding the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Moreover, this also caused delay in
taking decision even after the starting of the genocide. All of these aspects piled up to holistically
hampering the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda.

5FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Civil war of Somalia
The civil war in Somalia was more extensive compared to the civil war in Rwanda.
Moreover, Rwanda is now overcame the issue of civil war and started to grow their economy. On
the other hand, Somalia is still being affected due to civil war and it is growing rapidly with time.
Somali civil war first broke out between the various warlords to have the control of the country;
however, it slowly became a war between the government and terrorist organizations (Un.org
2017). With the involvement of the terrorist organizations in the war scenario, religious angle is
being indulged, which is making the matter worse. The issue first emerged from the resistance to
the military power in the country (Keen 2012). With having the common motive of overthrowing
the military Junta government, various rebel groups were being equipped, trained armed. In
1991, they managed to overthrown the military government.
However, the issue became worse due to the reason that, all the rebel groups now turned
among themselves to gain the control of the country. This caused emergence of the civil war in
various parts of the country. Due to the reason that, these factions were received support from
their respective constituencies, they became the unofficial warlord of different regions in
Somalia. In the later stage, Al-Shabaab was being formed with having the objective of
implementing radical Islamic regulations in the country (Marchal 2013). This caused emergence
of the terrorism in the country and this is still now going on. All these factors made Somalia a
failed state in the global scenario.

6FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Failure of peacekeeping mission in Somalia
As in Rwanda, the peacekeeping mission of United Nation is Somalia also got failed due
to the various reasons. One of the key reasons being identified is the delay in sending the
peacekeeper in the affected regions in Somalia (Williams 2013). It is being reported that, when
the fight between the militias of General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi broke out, there
were no steps being taken by the policy makers in United Nations. This caused the matter went
out of control when the peacekeepers are being send to the affected area. Moreover, due to the
inclination of the policy makers in United Nations towards General Aidid, United Nations had
not sent the troops to the affected regions as promised (Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, having only a
nominal number of troops compared to the huge number of the rebels in Somalia, positive
outcome were not achieved. It is also being reported that, majority of the peacekeepers were
being kept in the barracks. Thus, the basic motive of sending the peacekeepers were diluted
(Anderson 2014).
Another reason that is being identified is the policy of dumping of cheap American food
items in Somalia. In the initial stage the influx of the food items had positive outcomes due to
giving famine in the country. However, in the later stage, local farmers deprived from getting the
fair price due to the imported American items (Alex de Waa, 2017). This made the local Somalis
becoming adverse to the presence of the peacekeepers. This is one of the key reasons due to the
fact that, peacekeepers need the local support to fight the insurgents and thus, reduction in the
local support had adverse implication on their effectiveness. One of the most important reasons
is the behavior of the peacekeepers towards the local communities (Peter 2015). In the initial

7FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
stage of the peacekeeping mission in Somalia, local people supported them in expecting that they
will be protected from the insurgents. However, in the later stage it is being reported that, the
peacekeeping soldiers are also being accused for beating, harassing and killing the innocents
(Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, for the local people, there was no difference between the insurgents
and the peacekeepers. They are being accused of attacking the hospitals and bombing the
innocent gatherings.
In the case of mitigating the civil war in Somalia also, lack of effective chain of
command caused issues among the peacekeepers from different countries. This is due to the fact
that, peacekeepers of the United Nations are being derived from the army of different countries
(Bellamy and Williams 2013). However, there is no single chain of command among them;
rather they have to wait for their command from their respective authority. This caused negative
impact on the effectiveness of fighting against the insurgents. Thus, the above discussed factors
are the key reasons for the failure of the peacekeeping mission of United Nation in Somalia. It
also leads to no effective resolution of the conflict, which is still going on and gradually
increasing (Allen and Yuen 2014).
Recommendations
The above discussed reasons are the key factors for the failure of the peacekeeping
mission of United Nation in both Rwanda and Somalia. Thus, it is of urgent requirement that
these failures should not be repeated again in future. Accordingly, the following sections will
discuss about the recommended steps that should be effectively implemented in order to prevent
the future chance of emergence of these issues.

8FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
 One of the key recommended steps will be to initiate a singular approach of chain of
command for the peacekeeping troops. This will help United Nations to manage the
peacekeepers as a single unit. This will help them to lead and send the troops as unified
force in the affected area. In addition, it will also help to reduce the delay in deploying
the troops of different countries more effectively.
 From the above discussed issues, it is being identified that, providing back up and supply
chain for the deployed peacekeepers are not being managed effectively. In various cases,
it is been seen that, proper equipment and facilities are not being delivered and provided
to the deployed peacekeepers to the affected regions. In some other cases it is also being
seen that, troops are not being deployed in proper amount, rather a part of the required
troops is being deployed. This will made the deployed troops ineffective. Thus, the
supply chain should be effectively maintained in order to meet the field requirement
effectively and in less time.
 The communication and decision making mechanism should be made effective among
the policy makers in United Nations. This is due to the fact that, in the case of Rwanda
and Somalia, it is being seen that, ineffective communication mechanism delayed the
process of deploying troops in the affected region in less time. Thus, the decision making
process should be enhanced in order to take the decision in less time in the case if an
emergency.
 Much of the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission is being determined by the
support of the local population. This is due to the fact that, local people will help the
outside troops by providing the facilities and basic amenities to them and by providing
strategic information about the insurgents. Moreover, it is difficult for the foreign troops

9FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
to have the fair and clear idea about the local geographical scenario. This can also be
overcome with the help of the locals. However, there are various accusations against the
peacekeepers regarding the unethical practices with the local population. Thus, this
should be avoided and prevented. The troops should be given proper and suitable training
before deployment about the importance of following the ethical practices and the
potential consequences in case of any breach.
Conclusion
Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are several valid reasons
for the failure of the peacekeeping missions of United Nations in Rwanda and Somalia. Major
issues are being discussed in this essay. It is being identified that the major issues are the lack of
effective communication among the policy makers in the United Nations. In addition, the lack of
effective and singular approach of chain of command is another key issue being identified.
Accordingly, various recommendations are being discussed in this essay. It is being expected
that, effective implementation of the recommended steps being discussed in this essay will help
to reduce the chance or probability of the failure of the peacekeeping mission in future.

10FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Reference
Alex de Waa, R. (2017). The U.N.'s Greatest Failure?. [online] tribunedigital-baltimoresun.
Available at: http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-10-10/news/1993283156_1_mohamed-
sahnoun-somalia-united-nations [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017].
Allen, S.H. and Yuen, A.T., 2014. The politics of peacekeeping: UN Security Council oversight
across peacekeeping missions. International Studies Quarterly, 58(3), pp.621-632.
Anderson, N., 2014. Peacekeepers fighting a counterinsurgency campaign: a net assessment of
the African Union Mission in Somalia. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(11), pp.936-958.
Bellamy, A.J. and Williams, P.D. eds., 2013. Providing peacekeepers: the politics, challenges,
and future of United Nations peacekeeping contributions. OUP Oxford.
Brattberg, E., 2012. Revisiting UN Peacekeeping in Rwanda and Sierra Leone. Peace
Review, 24(2), pp.156-162.
Cunliffe, P., 2012. Still the spectre at the feast: Comparisons between peacekeeping and
imperialism in peacekeeping studies today. International Peacekeeping, 19(4), pp.426-442.
Dwyer, M., 2015. Peacekeeping abroad, trouble making at home: Mutinies in West
Africa. African Affairs, 114(455), pp.206-225.
Globalpolicy.org. (2017). UN Failed Rwanda,. [online] Available at:
https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/201/39240.html [Accessed 25 Oct.
2017].

11FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Hultman, L., Kathman, J. and Shannon, M., 2013. United Nations peacekeeping and civilian
protection in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), pp.875-891.
Jacobson, T.W., 2012. UN Peacekeeping: Few Successes, Many Failures, Inherent Flaws.
Keen, D., 2012. Greed and grievance in civil war. International Affairs, 88(4), pp.757-777.
Laqueur, W., 2016. A History of Terrorism: Expanded Edition. Transaction Publishers.
Mamdani, M., 2014. When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in
Rwanda. Princeton University Press.
Marchal, R., 2013. Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of
the Sahara: Essays in gender relations and political reform, 331.
Peter, M., 2015. Between doctrine and practice: The UN peacekeeping dilemma. Global
Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 21(3), pp.351-370.
Schaal, S., Dusingizemungu, J.P., Jacob, N., Neuner, F. and Elbert, T., 2012. Associations
between prolonged grief disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety in
Rwandan genocide survivors. Death Studies, 36(2), pp.97-117.
Un.org. (2017). UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA I (UNOSOM I) - Background
(Full text). [online] Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom1backgr2.html [Accessed 25 Oct.
2017].
Wallis, A., 2014. Silent accomplice: the untold story of France's role in the Rwandan genocide.
IB Tauris.

12FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING MISSION
Williams, P., 2013. The African Union Mission in Somalia and Civilian Protection
Challenges. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(2).
Yanagizawa-Drott, D., 2014. Propaganda and conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan
genocide. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), pp.1947-1994.