Annotated Bibliography on Fire and Safety

This annotated bibliography provides information concerning the precautions which are taken to avoid the fire hazards. The hazards are eradicated for possible sources of the fire ignition which are existed in the organization. The Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) is required the employees for implementation of fire protection as well as prevention programs within the workplace. The purpose is to increase safety of employees and occupants by aware them about the fire protection systems during fires. The scope of this paper is to analyze fire safety management in organization and review of fire safety regulations.

Running head: FIRE AND SAFETY
Annotated Bibliography on Fire and Safety
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1. Introduction
The fire is form of chemical reaction which is involved with rapid oxidation of the fuel
with liberation of both heat as well as light. This paper provides information concerning the
precautions which are taken to avoid the fire hazards. The hazards are eradicated for possible
sources of the fire ignition which are existed in the organization. The Occupational safety and
health administration (OSHA) is required the employees for implementation of fire protection as
well as prevention programs within the workplace. This paper annotated ten different peer
reviewed journal articles based on selected topic-fire and safety. The purpose is to increase
safety of employees and occupants by aware them about the fire protection systems during fires.
By understanding necessities of fire service, the designers as well as code officials are
functioning to modernize the fire service. The scope of this paper is to analyze fire safety
management in organization and review of fire safety regulations.
2. Academic journal articles and annotations
Journal 1: Węgrzynski, W. and Sulik, P., 2016. The philosophy of fire safety engineering in the
shaping of civil engineering development. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical
Sciences, 64(4), pp.719-730.
This journal article presents applications of fire safety engineering to shape development
of civil engineering. Successful implementation of the solutions is crafted in shape future of the
fire safety. Safety of people is required with respect to building fire while design a building. The
knowledge is involved with building design process. The fire safety engineer enables to meet
with requirements of the fire safety. It is determining development of civil engineering which

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drives force following design of the serious portions of the buildings. This paper also determines
tools of fire safety engineering which is a great help to showcase difference among good as well
as bad to the fire safety along with consequences of the misuse of the fire safety devices.
Journal 2: Wang, S.H., Wang, W.C., Wang, K.C. and Shih, S.Y., 2015. Applying building
information modeling to support fire safety management. Automation in Construction, 59,
pp.158-167.
This paper is based on analyzing the building information modeling (BIM) for supporting
the fire safety management. This particular model is comprised of four modules such as
evacuation assessment, route planning, educational fire safety as well as maintenance of
equipments. This paper is integrated of BIM with the fire dynamics simulator for calculating
safety outlet time to send away the fire cases. BIM is demonstrated to provide 3D geometric data
for supporting setting up of fire safety. It stores information related to fire safety management in
a web based environments. Effective fire management is required to plan, design and operate the
building. BIM helps emergency rescuers to locate shortest way in the complex building so that in
case of fire hazards, people can go away from that route.
Journal 3: Suresh, N., 2017. Fire Safety Management in Construction. DHARANA-Bhavan's
International Journal of Business, 8(2), pp.80-83.
This paper summarizes the fire safety management in the construction industry as fires
during construction of buildings are common. The fire safety management ensures that all
processes and measures along with safety standards of fire are implemented. The fire protection
plan is consisted of procedures to report emergencies to the fire department. The floor plan can
identify locations of exits, route for exit along with moveable fire extinguishers. This journal

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article analyses the fire alarm system where manual bell is used on construction site to aware of
the fire danger. The paper critically defines the places where the fire points are located to
maintain safety among the workers. There is required to have fire protection measured to install
equipments like dry rises as the building processes. The fire safety engineer should increase
awareness of the factors which can add to risk of fire lead to positive advances in fire defense of
the construction arrangements.
Journal 4: Kong, S.G., Jin, D., Li, S. and Kim, H., 2016. Fast fire flame detection in
surveillance video using logistic regression and temporal smoothing. Fire Safety Journal, 79,
pp.37-43.
This paper analyzes a real time discovery of the fire alarm in form of video scenes by
using video surveillance camera which provides caution to the fire hazards. It is presented a
technique such as visual analysis for fire flame discovery in the surveillance video with logistic
regression. Candidate fire region is examined to get fire flame based on fire probability. Average
time of fire detection is best ever in the middle of the video based fire flame selection methods.
Early detection of the fire is required to reduce loss of the lives along with property damage.
Automatic fire detection is based on the processor vision which is active for detecting the fire.
With use of video based fire flame discovery technique is a pattern based recognition way to
detect the fire hazards in the industry.
Journal 5: Rackauskaite, E., Kotsovinos, P. and Rein, G., 2017. Structural response of a steel-
frame building to horizontal and vertical travelling fires in multiple floors. Fire Safety
Journal, 91, pp.542-552.

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In this paper, the structural response of the steel frame is uncovered to various floor
travelling fires as well as normal fire is investigated. From the entire study, the results explain
that there are maximum stresses which are developed in fire floors, and then the stresses are
small. The results are indicated that to investigate the frame, failure time are affected by fire type
and total figure of fire floors. In order to distinguish the fire type, numeral of heated fire floors,
effects to oppose and travel two floor fires is investigated. Stress pattern along with deflection
expansion are irrespective of fire spread information. The consequences showed that vertical
travelling fire is resulted in high beam axial forces in addition to deflection to previous during
the fire exposure.
Journal 6: Truchot, B., Fouillen, F. and Collet, S., 2018. An experimental evaluation of toxic
gas emissions from vehicle fires. Fire Safety Journal, 97, pp.111-118.
In case of fire into the underground facilities, there is critical heat release rate for the
structure behavior; it provides a high impact of people. The improvements over fire safety are
provided an impact on toxic gases emission factors in case fire is detected. Toxicity is a key issue
for the tunnel fire safety related to design of ventilation. This paper is presented fire curves as
well as emission of toxic gases for recent cars. Measurements of toxic gases showed that there
are various toxic species which are produced throughout the fire as well as acid gases. Fire tests
are showing importance of dynamic regards to the emission of toxic gases. The electric cars are
not leading to an increase of toxic gases emission factors.
Journal 7: Tucker, A., Marsh, K.L., Gifford, T., Lu, X., Luh, P.B. and Astur, R.S., 2018. The
effects of information and hazard on evacuee behavior in virtual reality. Fire Safety Journal, 99,
pp.1-11.

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This paper analyzes the factors which can influence evacuees’ alternative of way out
route throughout the emergency such as at the time of fire hazards. It leads to slower migration
along with greater possibility of injury. Pilot study is conducted to test power of fire hazard level
such as presence of fire, smoke. Virtual reality (VR) simulation is used for fire evacuation with
various possible exists. As smoking leads to reason of death in the fire, therefore it will reduce
probable of harm from the smoke hazards in the fire; virtual reality simulator is based on taking
description of the smoke hazards which are developed. This paper highlighted VR fire training
simulator which conclude sensible as well as accurate smoke environment. It is integrated with
smoke hazard in pathway for migration is being assessed. It helps to identify safe path along with
reduce fire hazards.
Journal 8: Spinardi, G., Bisby, L. and Torero, J., 2017. A review of sociological issues in fire
safety regulation. Fire technology, 53(3), pp.1011-1037.
This paper presents the sociological challenges related to regulation of fire safety. The
social aspects related to fire safety those are related to socio economic distribution of fire
causalities along with damage. The society is used to mitigate the fire risks throughout use of
strict rules as well as regulations related to fire safety. In this paper, social construction of the
fire safety knowledge are being discussed in this case, where application of knowledge by the
participants are done within the fire safety designs. The safety professions are more focused to
develop and apply with fire safety scientists along with engineers to collaborate with the
scientists in designing the research study. Social perspective is required with fire safety
knowledge to prevent the fire hazards. Advances are made to appreciate the elementary
processes of fire as well as smoke dynamics.

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Journal 9: Naser, M.Z. and Kodur, V.K.R., 2015. A probabilistic assessment for classification
of bridges against fire hazard. Fire Safety Journal, 76, pp.65-73.
This paper analyzes the likelihood of fire occurrence as well as fire inducted fall down of
the bridges which is measured. There are significance factor to overcome with the fire hazards
which are developed. It determines the design strategies which are used to mitigate the fire
hazards in the bridges. This article is shown throughout validation that the proposed methods are
the importance factor as practical tool to identify the critical bridges from points of the hazards.
The statistical data of the fires in the bridges are utilized for quantification of the risks f fire in
bridges and probability to persuade fall down of the structural associates in the bridges. Fire
hazards probability is induced to evaluate the fire cases in the organizations so that those are
mitigated with fire mitigation models.
Journal 10: Hansen, N.D., Steffensen, F.B., Valkvist, M., Jomaas, G. and Van Coile, R., 2018.
A fire risk assessment model for residential high-rises with a single stairwell. Fire safety
journal, 95, pp.160-169.
This paper provides with fire risk assessment model for the higher rise buildings existed,
and there are safety design features which are constituted a safety levels. Fire risk model (FRM)
is analyzed in this case where it is evaluated with the risk levels as purpose of the building
uniqueness, fire safety features for the solitary stairwell. The fire safety engineering is worried
with preventing the fire risks as well as promotion of safety of the workers. The fire alarm
system, fire doors and others are conducted in the study. It is developed a tool for assessing the
relative safety. Fire risk is measured to comprise the equivalency with respect to a diversity of
fire safety presentation. FRM is the top most priority of the organization.

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References
Hansen, N.D., Steffensen, F.B., Valkvist, M., Jomaas, G. and Van Coile, R., 2018. A fire risk
assessment model for residential high-rises with a single stairwell. Fire safety journal, 95,
pp.160-169.
Kong, S.G., Jin, D., Li, S. and Kim, H., 2016. Fast fire flame detection in surveillance video
using logistic regression and temporal smoothing. Fire Safety Journal, 79, pp.37-43.
Naser, M.Z. and Kodur, V.K.R., 2015. A probabilistic assessment for classification of bridges
against fire hazard. Fire Safety Journal, 76, pp.65-73.
Rackauskaite, E., Kotsovinos, P. and Rein, G., 2017. Structural response of a steel-frame
building to horizontal and vertical travelling fires in multiple floors. Fire Safety Journal, 91,
pp.542-552.
Spinardi, G., Bisby, L. and Torero, J., 2017. A review of sociological issues in fire safety
regulation. Fire technology, 53(3), pp.1011-1037.
Suresh, N., 2017. Fire Safety Management in Construction. DHARANA-Bhavan's International
Journal of Business, 8(2), pp.80-83.
Truchot, B., Fouillen, F. and Collet, S., 2018. An experimental evaluation of toxic gas emissions
from vehicle fires. Fire Safety Journal, 97, pp.111-118.
Tucker, A., Marsh, K.L., Gifford, T., Lu, X., Luh, P.B. and Astur, R.S., 2018. The effects of
information and hazard on evacuee behavior in virtual reality. Fire Safety Journal, 99, pp.1-11.

9FIRE AND SAFETY
Wang, S.H., Wang, W.C., Wang, K.C. and Shih, S.Y., 2015. Applying building information
modeling to support fire safety management. Automation in Construction, 59, pp.158-167.
Węgrzynski, W. and Sulik, P., 2016. The philosophy of fire safety engineering in the shaping of
civil engineering development. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical
Sciences, 64(4), pp.719-730.