Fundamental of Computer System

Running head: Fundamental of Computer System 1
Fundamental of Computer System
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Fundamental of Computer System 2
Part 1
TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP protocol is named after the following protocols: Internet Protocol and Transmission
control protocol. The stack has four layers.
Essential characteristics of TCP/IP Protocols
Data transfer- data is transferred in streams of bytes beginning from the application part to
the bottom layers.
Reliability- an important characteristic is that data delivery is reliable because lost, damaged,
and duplicated data can be recovered.
Full-duplex- This is where data streams flow concurrently from both directions.
Multiplexing- Port numbers enables the achievement of multitasking (Machidon, Cotfas, P.A
& Cotfas D.T. 2016).
Layers- TCP/IP has four layers- Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and
Network interface layer.
Flow control- factors like CPU and bandwidth leads to network devices operating at
different data rates. The sliding window technique is used to embrace the flow.
Connections- TCP is used to send data from the application process, and therefore a link is
required between the port number of receiver and sender devices.
Layered protocol stack design of the TCP/IP protocols
This protocol has four layers which are discussed below:

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Application Layer- This is where data from the user is created and communicated to the
other applications. The transport layer supports and provides reliable transportation to the
lower layers (Zimmermann, 2017).
Transport Layer- The layer performs and supports communications to other networks that
are separated by routers. It has two primary protocols: TCP and UDP
Internet Layer- It controls the connections in a system when data passes from the source to
destination. Datagrams are exchanged within the network boundaries.
Network interface- It is the last layer of the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy. The network is used
to define how a datagram will be transmitted across the web.
The Difference between IPv6 and IPv4.
i. Packet format
IPv4 contains TCP or UDP packet header, IPv4 header, and then the data packet, while in
IPv6, the packet control information is sub-divided into a mandatory fixed header and
optional extension headers (HENRY, 2015).
ii. Address space
IPv4 has a 32bit address space, thus limits the number of unique hosts to 232. Special network
methods are assigned large blocks, while in IPv6 uses a 64-bit address space, a total of 264
hosts.
iii. Address representation

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In IPv4, the address numbers are represented in binary digits, which can be text containing
the 32-bit numeric address in four numbers separated by periods. IPv6 addresses are
represented by 128 bit IP addresses in hexadecimal, which is separated by colons.
Transition mechanisms: Host A (IPv6 host) to reach Host B (Ipv4 host)
IPv6 is the latest version of internetworking, which was designed to deals with the
shortcomings of IPv4. IPv4 is not much compatible with IPv6; hence, systems designed in
one version cannot communicate with those created from the other version. Therefore there
was a need to develop seamless transition mechanisms that allow systems and applications to
communicate when a network is being upgraded (Kalwar, Bohra, & Memon, 2015). The
following are translation mechanisms which can be implemented:
Address Translation- from IPv6, the translator extracts the lower 32 bits to get an IPv4
address.
Protocol Translation- It comprises of a simple mapping between IPv6 and IPv4. The
original IP header is removed and replaced with a new header from the other version of the IP
address.
Dual IP Stack implementation
The process of implementing IPv6 alongside IPv4 and allowing them to run in parallel in a
dual IP stack web (Singh & Ali, 2019). The IP addresses for IPv4 are running out, and
therefore IPv6 needed to be implemented. IPv6 has a larger address space that will also
Host B
(IPv4)
Intern
et
Host A
(IPv6)