Fundamentals of IT

This document provides answers to questions related to IP overhead, TCP/IP protocols, agile method, project failure, and software management in the field of IT. It also includes a list of references for further reading.

Running head: FUNDAMENTALS OF IT
FUNDAMENTALS OF IT
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1FUNDAMENTALS OF IT
Table of Contents
Answer to question 1..................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 2..................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 3..................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 4..................................................................................................................4
Answer to question 5..................................................................................................................4
Answer to question 6..................................................................................................................5
Answer to question 7..................................................................................................................5
References..................................................................................................................................6

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Answer to question 1
The question has already provided some of the data needed to solve the question.
The IP overhead for IPv6 header is 20 bytes and for the IPv4 header is 20 bytes by default.
The payload size as given in the question is 128 bytes.
The TCP overhead cost of IPv6 is 40 bytes by default.
The TCP overhead cost of IPv4 is 20 bytes by default.
The file size is given as 1024 bytes.
The formula for calculating total overhead cost is TCP+ IP+ payload = 20 +20 + 128 = 168
bytes.
The total file size after it is transmitted along with the overhead is 1024 + 20 + 20 = 1064
bytes.
a. IPv4 Protocol overhead includes TCP + IP + Payload = 168/1024*100 = 16.4%
IPv4 TCP/IP overhead = 20 + 20/ 1024 *100= 40/1024*100 = 3.9%
b. IPv6 protocol overhead = 40+20/1024 *100 = 5.8%
Answer to question 2
TCP is a connection driven protocol which depends on IP which is a connection less
protocol. The TCP is a transport layer protocol while the IP is a network layer protocol. The
IP protocols main function is to transport packets from one device to another. The TCP is
mainly used to transport data packets from one port to another. These two protocols work
together in the same stack as they are not affected by each other in any way. The TCP has a
memory like function which helps the protocol remember all the data packets it transferred.
This helps it keep track of its packets and retransfer any dropped packets. The TCP is also
capable of performing many upper layer functions. The IP is unaffected by these functions
and works normally with the TCP. Therefore though being connection less, IP protocol is
able to work with TCP in the same stack without any problem.

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Answer to question 3
The agile method has many advantages. Its primary advantage is that the method
makes the project very fast. The product is created in weeks to months and delivered very
quickly. This is due to the reason that this method only selects the necessary or mandatory
tasks needed for the project and completes the project based on that. No extra work is done,
hence the required product with all the basic functions is delivered to the client. The changes
in the project are implemented via feedback after the project completion.
Among the many disadvantage, the primary disadvantage of this method is that in this
method the documentation and design aspect of the project is neglected. The design and
documentation is an important aspect of software development. The project developed using
the agile method has a chance to fail during development due to unclear outcomes of the
project due to lack of proper documentation and design.
Answer to question 4
The major difference between evolutionary method and agile method is that in
evolutionary method there is no scope of including new requirements or perform
modifications to the existing requirements. The evolutionary method follows rigid guidelines
when developing software and is not open to accommodating new changes. This is a big
disadvantage. On the other hand, agile method is almost similar to evolutionary method but is
capable enough to incorporate new changes or handle new requirements. This can be better
understood with an example. For example, a software needs to be developed for playing
music and the development has started. Suddenly a new requirement from the client arises to
add video playback to the software. The evolutionary method would not be able to
accommodate this requirement but the agile method will be able to complete the project
including the new requirement.
Answer to question 5
The Apple is one of the world’s biggest electronic goods manufacturers. They are
known around the world for their unique designed devices and the high qualities of the
material used. The apple devices are designed keeping this three aspects in mind:
1. Systematic approach to product development: The Company believes that they should
design their products keeping the customers in mind. The product should be something even
they would also want as customers. So, the designing phase of the product is completed even

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before the production starts so that the developers and designers have a clear understanding
of the final goal.
2. Quality: The Company is a firm believer of quality and maintains it by using the best
materials around. This results in development of products which are extremely well designed
and have a superb build quality.
3. Substance over design: The Apple Company believes that the build quality of the product
is far more important than the product design. A low quality product with good designs are
useless to the customers. Therefore the hardware of the devices should be given more
importance over the design of the device.
Answer to question 6
The three main reasons for project failure are:
1. Poor preparation: One of the leading causes of project failure. The team members having
unclear understanding of the project and its goals can lead to project failure as the project
may get stuck in the middle due to improper understanding and lack of focus.
2. Wrong cost estimation of projects: The budget is a critical requirement of product
development. A project must be developed within the given budget or it would fail. Using up
the budget before completion results in critical project failures.
3. Bad leadership: The leadership plays an important role in the project. A bad leadership
may result in wrong composition of team members or wrong direction given to the team. This
can result in critical project failures.
Answer to question 7
The four main roles I would perform as a software manager are:
1. I would be responsible for allocating proper resources to teams as per their projects. I
would also monitor the progress and update the resource requirements based on the progress.
2. I would make schedule for the teams and allot them project deadlines to complete the
software in time.
3. I would be required to keep a check on the new technologies in the market and develop a
strategy to find out the requirements for those new technologies.

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4. I would also be responsible for training the team as per the software they will work on and
manage the skill set for each member and distribute them to projects according to their skill.

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References
Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., & Warsta, J. (2017). Agile software development
methods: Review and analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.08439.
Choudhary, B., & Rakesh, S. K. (2016, February). An approach using agile method for
software development. In 2016 International Conference on Innovation and
Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS-INBUSH) (pp. 155-158). IEEE.
Cost, T. (2019). Trying to find out exact TCP overhead cost. Retrieved from
https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/19976/trying-to-find-out-
exact-tcp-overhead-cost
Hodgson, D. E., & Paton, S. (2016). Understanding the professional project manager:
Cosmopolitans, locals and identity work. International Journal of Project
Management, 34(2), 352-364.
Kendrick, T. (2015). Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-
proofing your project. Amacom.
Kerzner, H., & Kerzner, H. R. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Manganelli, J., & Mulder, J. B. F. (2017). Thoughts on Application of Evolutionary Software
Development for Complex, Large-scale, Integrated, Open Systems. In Proceedings of
the EEWC Forum.
Vijayasarathy, L. R., & Butler, C. W. (2015). Choice of software development
methodologies: Do organizational, project, and team characteristics matter?. IEEE
software, 33(5), 86-94.