Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia

This study provides a comprehensive review of the major issues in smoking and health in Australia, including the gaps in the smoking ban in public places. It analyzes the effectiveness of the Australian legislature and suggests ways to improve it. The study also compares the Australian policy with other developed countries' policies.

Running Head: Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
Literature Review
System04104
4/16/2019

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Basic Research Question............................................................................................................2
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................2
Smoke-free policies in Australia............................................................................................3
Self-Regulation...................................................................................................................3
Smoke-Free Legislation......................................................................................................4
Gaps in Smoking and Ban in Australia..................................................................................4
Exemptions from smoke-free laws.....................................................................................4
Inefficiencies of Education Campaigns on Smoking Ban..................................................5
Trends or Fashion of Smoking............................................................................................6
How Public smoking bans can be more effective?....................................................................6
Impose ban on both licensed and unlicensed venues for smoking.........................................7
Comprehensive Ban on Advertisement..................................................................................7
Increase taxes and prices of Cigarettes and tobacco products................................................7
Employment and Career Opportunities..................................................................................8
Role of Community................................................................................................................8
Education or Communication campaigns...............................................................................8
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References................................................................................................................................10

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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Introduction
Smoking is a greater cause of premature death and cancer than any other disease.
Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable death worldwide. More than 5 million
people die every year because of cancer and other preventable diseases that are arising every
day because of smoking and use of tobacco products (National Cancer Control Policy, 2019).
Most of the people who died of this belong to poor and middle-income countries. It is
projected that figure will raise up to 8 million people by 2030. Australia was facing the
almost same problem where a large number of people were addicted to smoking until the
Australian government and commonwealth government brings legislature to ban smoking in
public places. The result of this anti-smoking law has been seen immediately and the number
of smokers in the country gradually decreasing every year (Evans-Whipp, Bond,
Ukoumunne, Toumbourou, & Catalano, 2010).
The present study provides a comprehensive review of the major issues in smoking
and health in Australia. This study helps the reader how smoking affects our health and
causes premature death and cancer. This work has been produced to search the effectiveness
of the Australian legislature that restrict individuals to smoke in public places. The objective
of this study is to provide a policy and consultation on review on Australian legislature to ban
smoking in public places. It has been observed that there are many gaps available in the anti-
smoking law that reduce its effectiveness in the country. The main objective of this research
is to find out these gaps and provide appropriate ways that help to improve the anti-smoking
legislature of Australia. Further, the Australian policy is also analysed with other government
(of developed countries) policies to identify the strength and weakness. The first part of this
report includes a literature review based on various articles and journals. Much of the
information used in this work has been derived from other published sources and it will be
quoted where appropriate. After analysing the possible ways to improve the Australian and
commonwealth anti-smoking legislature, a short conclusion has been added at the end of the
report that represents the entire work as a short summary.
Basic Research Question
The objective of this research is to find out the answer to these basic research questions
about the smoking ban in public places in Australia:

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1. Public smoking ban and effect on health?
2. Critical analysis of public smoking ban in Australia?
3. Recognising gaps of smoking ban policy in Australia?
Literature Review
Smoking in the mid-20th century was present everywhere in Australian and people
were habituated and addicted to smoking. Three out of every four men (Almost 75% men)
and one out of every four women (almost 25% of women) were smokers and they were
destroying their life with the cigarette and with other tobacco products. Smoking is one of the
major causes behind premature death and it is also causing cancer in both men and women
(Zhou, Niu, Jiang, Jiang, & Xiao, 2016). Therefore, it was a major concern for the Australian
government in the starting of the 21st century to reduce the premature death in people by just
ban smoking in the country. Martínez-Sánchez, Gallus, Lugo, Fernández, E., Invernizzi,
Colombo, & La Vecchia, 2014) included in their study that smoking rates fall dramatically
from last two decades in the country but still people facing problems related to smoking and
injurious health problems that arise because of smoking. This shows the limited effect of
Australian policies to ban smoking in public areas. However, the large number of people gave
up smoking from the last two decades in the country in response to the health concerns raised
by many researchers, medical doctors, and scientist. According to the BBC News article
published in 2017, in the mid-20th century and in the staring of the 21st century, television
plays an important role in awaking people about the health concerns related to smoking.
However, from the 1960s and early 1980s, the people saw a rejection of young generation
that rejected the conservative of "old generation" values such as financial security and future
health (BBC, 2017). Many young people (including women and young girls) taking up
smoking as a statement of Independence and equality.
Smoke-free policies in Australia
Smoking and tobacco products are the major causes of premature death and cancer
disease. Every year more than 20000 people die and more than 165,000 hospitalised due to
tobacco-related diseases and issues. According to the WHO report in 2011, 22% of
Australian adults are smokers. 24.3% of the male is likely to be smokers and 19.9% of
females were likely to be smokers in the entire Australian population (WHO, 2017).
Therefore, Smoking was the major concern for Australia government in the starting of this

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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century and the result of it that the Australian government decided to ban smoking in the
country. Australian government formulated several policies and smoke-free legislature that
restrict people to smoke in public areas like bus, train, roads, or any other place where it
affects the health of other people (Walker, Johnston, Glover, Bullen, Trenholme, Chang, &
Hawthorne, 2014).
Self-Regulation
According to Wodak (2013) who mentioned in his article that as the evidence has
grown up and the harmful impacts of tobacco dangerously affect the health of common
people, smoke-free environment have become increasingly important for Australia. Before
introducing anti-smoking legislature passed in Australian and other commonwealth states, six
states and two territories of Australia restricted tobacco in public places and workplaces,
where a group of people working together. The employers and employees voluntary restricted
smoking in the workplace within their control. Cairney (2014) describes in his article that a
many organisations adopted the smoke-free work environment and it was very effective in
the country. In some areas, the restriction of smoking was very effective and people follow
the restriction without any force. A smoke-free work environment policy was first accepted
and implemented by the Australian public service in 1988 (Cairney, 2014). It was first time in
Australian that this type of ban is imposed in any organisation. The result of this policy was
that a smoke-free work environment is now an expected condition of employment in the
country with government and it is also applicable in many other areas as well. However,
smoking restriction imposed by individual staff employers failed to protect staff and workers
to smoke in other places like restaurants, pubs, and casino etc. It has been found that not only
restaurants rather some other places like this provide full facilities to smokers in the premises
and even if required they provided other few such areas as well (Rosenberg, Pettigrew,
Wood, Ferguson, & Houghton, 2012).
Smoke-Free Legislation
The role of states and territory government in Australia plays an important role in the
restriction of smoking, but the role of the central government is also crucial in the ban of
smoking in the country. The Federal government had played a vital role in restricting
smoking in public places. The federal government taking the first legislative step in 1987,
when the government bans the smoking in federally controlled areas such as on interstate
buses and coaches (1988) and domestic sectors of international flights (1988). Further, the

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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Australian federal government ban smoking in all Australian airline flights including all
international flights within Australia (1996). The federal government in Australia bear huge
economic and social costs of tobacco and it was realized by the government very early
(Kasza, Hyland, Brown, Siahpush, Yong, McNeill, & Cummings, 2011). The adverse effect
of smoking impact the health of a large number of people in Australia and it forces the
Australian government for a coordinated national response against smoking. In 1994, the
Australian government, state government, territory, and other health and law enforcement
ministers together initiate a strategy against smoking called "National Tobacco strategy." It
was finally implemented in 1999 to restrict people from smoking in public areas. The goal of
"National Tobacco Strategy 1999-2003" is to improve the health of Australian people by
eliminating or reducing their exposure to smoking or tobacco products in all its forms (Ritter,
Stöver, Levy, Etter, & Elger, 2011). Reducing the impact of smoking and tobacco products in
ETS (Environment Tobacco Smoke) is a critical part if this strategy. This strategy includes
several policies and guidelines to stop smoking in public places. Although, this strategy was
effective and hence government decided to extend this national plan for next 12 months till
2004.
Gaps in Smoking and Ban in Australia
The Australian government is still facing problems to implement the ban on the whole
country and on all licensed venues. The policy is still providing exemptions to some venues
and public places where people can smoke. However, there are some barriers and gaps as
well that restrict the ban on smoking in particular areas and in particular conditions:
Exemptions from smoke-free laws
Despite being the existence of a comprehensive "National Tobacco Strategy" and
legislation that restrict people to smoke in public places, smoking is still prevailing in some
licensed venues. The government of Australia not fully ban public smoking in all venues such
as hotels, bars, clubs, casinos, gaming areas, and pubs etc. These venues have permission
from government and smoking is still allowed in these places. The restriction policy on
smoking is different from each venue and each place. The restriction on these licensed venues
differs in each jurisdiction and is variably complex to understand for a common people
(Dessaix, Maag, McKenzie, & Currow, 2016). Apart from this, the single room premises in
the bar areas are also exempted from this restriction in Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
Those place having proper ventilation system (Western Australia and ACT) are also

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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exempted from this restriction. Some places with ministerial exemptions (ACT and South
Australia) are also exempted from this ban. Cooper, Borland, Yong, & Hyland (2010)
describe that the major failure of the Australian government ban on smoking because it will
be best smoke-free legislation if it covers all the public areas including both licensed or
unlicensed premises, casino, café, or hotels. Wakefield, Hayes, Durkin, & Borland (2013)
include in their article that many hospitality industries promote the smoking in specific areas
within the premises because they have strong ties with the tobacco companies and they
promote the use of smoking in these licensed premises. Many of the hospitality industry
companies get funds from the tobacco companies to prepare lobbies for smoking before
introducing anti-smoking law in Australia (Kuipers, Beard, Hitchman, Brown, Stronks,
Kunst, & West, 2017). It has been seen that the Hospitality industry strongly opposed the
anti-smoking laws in Australia because it negatively affects their profitability. The hospitality
industry creates a barricade against the restriction on smoking in the country. In jurisdiction,
where there is no comprehensive smoke-free legislation or there is a gap exists in the laws
related to smoking, the individual policies adopted by the organisation and different venues
play an important role (Cheng, Glantz, & Lightwood, 2011).
Just after the legislation passed, by the Australian government, more people were
trying to quit smoking in Australia and more people succeed in this because it was very easy
to avoid those situations. Doucet, Velicer, & Laforge (2007) stated in their work that it has
been observed by the pollution department and some other government agencies that before
the ban that the air pollution from cigarette smokes was much higher than the ‘unhealthy’
threshold for outdoor air quality. Those bars and hotels where smoking was allowed polluted
the air at a great extent. Although, according to some people and researchers, it has been said
that if people are not smoking in bar, pubs, or in hotels, they might smoke at their home
around their children and it is also very dangerous for the children. However, it has been also
seen that most of the people are smoking outside of their home, so their children can live in
smoke-free homes (Doucet, Velicer, & Laforge, 2007).
Inefficiencies of Education Campaigns on Smoking Ban
In Australia, the education campaign about smoking has a regular part of tobacco
control programs. The schools and local education authorities focus on aware the young
students about the harmful effects of smoking on the human body. Hayes, Wakefield, &
Scollo (2014) gives their opinion in their article that schools should have also encouraged the

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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students to quit either the smoke or smoke outside where it cannot affect the health of others.
However, rather encouraging them to smoke outside, the school should focus on strictly urge
them to quit smoking because it not only negatively affects their body rather it also affects the
health of other people who are living around them (Minov, Karadžinska-Bislimovska,
Vasilevska, Nelovska, Risteska-Kuc, Stoleski, & Mijakoski, 2012). Lack of awareness in
youngsters and adult people as well as the major reason that creates gaps in the smoking ban
in Australia. Bowden, Miller, & Hiller (2011) mentioned in their article that the young
generation unaware of the harmful effect of smoking also act as a barrier in the smoking ban.
Some people think to ignore the injurious health tips printed on the cigarette box and they
still believe in smoking. There are some people who never care about the legislation or health
issues that they might face in future because of their smoking habits. People are still
continuing their smoking habits without any care of their health (Bowden, Miller, & Hiller,
2011). Even the tobacco companies publish warning messages that urge them to do not
consume tobacco products because it is injurious for their health. This is a major reason that
creates a gap in the smoking restriction and bans in the Australian community. People totally
avoid health concerns and smoke around the family members as well. It adversely affects the
health of children (Thibodeau, Seal, Jorenby, Corcoran, & Sosman, 2012).
Hayes, Wakefield, & Scollo (2014) mentioned in their article that it has been seen that
smoking rates are higher among those people who are uneducated and have very low income.
People who have no jobs or facing a high level of stress are also using tobacco products for
their stress release. Therefore, these conditions make it harder for people to quit smoking.
The evidence from the UK clearly shows that a high level of depression/stress/mental tension
is directly related to smoking habits (Stafford, Daube, & Franklin, 2010). Another possible
barrier that creating a gap in quitting smoking is that smoking may not immediately affect the
health of people. Therefore, despite being awareness about the possible health risks, people
are not ready to quit smoking habits neither its initiation nor its progression is stopped in the
community (Gould, Watt, Cadet-James, & Clough, 2015).
Trends or Fashion of Smoking
Some people consider smoking as a fashion or trends. It has been seen in the
youngsters that they avoid health concerns and think that smoking is a style. These types of
people ignore the harmful effect of tobacco products and use a cigarette as their fashion or
style. The alcoholic consumptions in youth are increasing day by day. Young people enjoy

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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their life in late night parties and drinking (Wilson, Avila Tang, Chander, Hutton, Odelola,
Elf, & Apelberg, 2012). Along with these late night parties and drinking habits, they also
adopted the smoking habits. This is a major problem in the country, where the family is also
responsible for this. Family can play an important role in stopping their children to drink or
smoke in parties and should tell them about the adverse effect of smoking. The role of
families is also important in recent days because maximum youngsters use smoking as their
depression relief medicine. Young people are facing lots of depression and mental tension
because of their study pressure, job pressure, relationship problems, family problem, or career
problem. Those youths who cannot handle these pressures are habituated to drink alcohol or
doing smoking. This should also be considered by the family and government both when they
restrict smoking. Although the government ban smoking in public areas, still a large number
of people are not ready to quit smoking. They are still smoking and do not care about the
legislature or government policy. Therefore, if government wan to ban smoking and restrict
people to access tobacco products, the government should entirely stop the manufacturing of
cigarettes and other tobacco products. The government should not care about the licensed or
unlicensed areas rather it should be a ban at every place in the country.
How Public smoking bans can be more effective?
The role of anti-smoking policies of Australian government still under question
because a large number of people (including male and females, youth and adult), who are
addicted to smoking and they consume it in their daily life without any worry of their health.
Therefore, we can say that the Australian policies and strategies to ban smoking in public
areas is still in the question mark. To successfully implement the anti-smoking legislature in
public areas and ensure no one breaches the law related to smoking, the government should
focus on a strict plan that restricts everyone to smoke in public places.
Impose ban on both licensed and unlicensed venues for smoking
The government should impose the ban and apply it on both licensed and unlicensed
public area like hotels, pubs, casino, gaming centres, etc. it has been seen that most of the
public places including pub, restaurant, hotels are allowed for smoking and people use to
smoke there. This should be reviewed by the Australian government. Smoking should be
restricted for all the public places and for all kind of people and it should be implemented as
soon as possible. Apart from this, the government should strictly control public organisations

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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to restrict smoking in the work premises (Diepeveen, Ling, Suhrcke, Roland, & Marteau,
2013). It has been seen that many organisation still allowed smoking on the premises and
provide a special lounge for their workers for smoking in the working hours. If the
government wants to reduce the gap in public areas then it should work on completely
eliminating the tobacco consumption in the public area without any exemption. The smoke-
free legislature should remove the inequities associated with voluntary policies or partial
restrictions.
Comprehensive Ban on Advertisement
Cenko & Pulvirenti, 2015 describes in their article that a comprehensive ban on
advertisement and promotion of tobacco products should also be an option in the hand of the
Australian government. If it is done by the respective bodies and government, it reduces the
consumption of tobacco products to some extent. If the government ban all forms of
advertising including both print and electronic media, and other forms of direct and indirect
advertisement through social media, it will definitely reduce the tobacco consumption in the
country. Similarly, a complete advertising ban reduces the rate of initiation and maintenance
of the habit in the young generation who are more addicted to smoking. Apart from this, the
promotion of smoking free environment and spreading awareness among people about the
possible negative health effect also make smoking less attractive in people and making non-
smoking as accepted social norms. The government should strictly advise those cigarette
manufacturers that they should clearly print the warning message on Cigarette boxes and
other tobacco products that communicate people about what they are consuming and what is
the possible effect of smoking on their health (Chamberlain, Perlen, Brennan, Rychetnik,
Thomas, Maddox, & Eades, 2017).
Increase taxes and prices of Cigarettes and tobacco products
If the government wants to reduce the consumption of tobacco products and restrict
smoking in public areas then it should focus on increasing the tax on tobacco products. The
Australian government should review the price of every tobacco products and strictly restrict
the consumption of tobacco products for underage people (Reitan, & Callinan, 2017).
However, it will be better if the government increase the price of cigarettes up to 200%-
300%. The UK tax paid tobacco market is worth of $20 billion US dollars with the tax
accounting for 79%-80% on cigarettes (Hauri, Lieb, Rajkumar, Kooijman, Sommer, &
Röösli, 2010). Although it has been seen that there is no substitute for cigarettes in the

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
10
Australian market, thus hike in the price of Cigarettes will give just a small reduction in
smoking rates. The other research shows that the demand for cigarette products is inelastic, it
will respond well to the price hike.
Employment and Career Opportunities
According to Li, & Powdthavee (2015), it has been seen that a large number of people
who are unemployed or depress in their life are habituated to smoking and drinking. The
government should identify these types of people and provide jobs according to their skills
and capability. If the government provide career opportunities to the students and relevant
jobs for them then it could be possible that they will not be attracted towards smoking and
focus on their career. It has been seen that many students and youths habituated for smoking
when they depress and in mental tension about their career.
Role of Community
To reduce the gap in restricting people from smoking is also a tough job for the
government. Without the involvement of the community, it could not be possible for any
government or country to ban smoking in the country. Therefore, involving the community in
the anti-smoking policies and strategies is so important. The work of Pierce, White, & Emery
(2012) included that if community people collaborate with the government then it could be
possible that the government can effectively implement the policy in the country. Therefore,
the government should involve the community people in policy formation and consider their
opinion that how they can help the government to ban smoking in the areas. The people must
be aware of the various steps taken by the government to stop smoking in the country. Apart
from this, the state and the federal government both can launch a campaign that informs and
educate people about the health hazards because of smoking (Pierce, White, & Emery, 2012).
Education or Communication campaigns
The government should work on communication and education campaigns to inform
young people and adult people about the legislature and avoid smoking in entire life. The
government should distribute about the harmful effect of smoking and explain to the people
how people should comply with the laws of the anti-smoking legislature (Pieroni, Chiavarini,
Minelli, & Salmasi, 2013). The booklet should be in multiple languages so it can be
understandable for every people. Education seminars in school and colleges should also be
conducted by the federal government and state government in both urban and rural areas.
Apart from this government should work on appointing enforcement officers in every

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
11
industry and organisation to aware them about the legislation (Zacher, Bayly, Brennan, Dono,
Miller, Durkin, & Wakefield, 2015).
Conclusion
In conclusion, smoking rates though reduced in Australian in comparison to the mid-
20th century, there are still a large number of people exists in the country who are addicted to
smoking and smoke in public places. It does not matter that the government itself allowed
smoking in some licensed places or venues like hotels, pub, bars, casino, restaurants etc.
However, the fact is that people are still smoking in public places and there are so many gaps
in existing Australian, commonwealth, and state government legislature that restrict people to
smoke in public. The major gap involves government policy in itself. If the Australian
government wants to a comprehensive ban of smoking then the government should not allow
smoking at any places, no matter it is licensed or unlicensed venues. To completely ban
public smoking in the country, the government should stop the production of tobacco
products like Cigarettes. The government should hike the taxes and price of cigarettes and all
those products, which causes cancers and premature death in the country. If the government
focuses on providing proper knowledge about the harmful and death-causing effects of
smoking to the young people and to those people who are addicted to smoking, the
government can easily eliminate smoking from the country. The government should promote
knowledge among people through advertising and communication campaign. Apart from this,
the government should comprehensively ban all those direct and indirect advertisements,
which are promoting cigarettes and other tobacco products in society. If the government
provide jobs and career opportunities to young people, then they will not attract towards
smoking and result in the initiation and appreciation of smoking can easily be banned in the
country.

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
12
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