Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia

Running Head: Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
Literature Review
System04104
4/16/2019

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Basic Research Question............................................................................................................2
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................2
Smoke-free policies in Australia............................................................................................3
Self-Regulation...................................................................................................................3
Smoke-Free Legislation......................................................................................................4
Gaps in Smoking and Ban in Australia..................................................................................4
Exemptions from smoke-free laws.....................................................................................4
Inefficiencies of Education Campaigns on Smoking Ban..................................................5
Trends or Fashion of Smoking............................................................................................6
How Public smoking bans can be more effective?....................................................................6
Impose ban on both licensed and unlicensed venues for smoking.........................................7
Comprehensive Ban on Advertisement..................................................................................7
Increase taxes and prices of Cigarettes and tobacco products................................................7
Employment and Career Opportunities..................................................................................8
Role of Community................................................................................................................8
Education or Communication campaigns...............................................................................8
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References................................................................................................................................10

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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Introduction
Smoking is a greater cause of premature death and cancer than any other disease.
Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable death worldwide. More than 5 million
people die every year because of cancer and other preventable diseases that are arising every
day because of smoking and use of tobacco products (National Cancer Control Policy, 2019).
Most of the people who died of this belong to poor and middle-income countries. It is
projected that figure will raise up to 8 million people by 2030. Australia was facing the
almost same problem where a large number of people were addicted to smoking until the
Australian government and commonwealth government brings legislature to ban smoking in
public places. The result of this anti-smoking law has been seen immediately and the number
of smokers in the country gradually decreasing every year (Evans-Whipp, Bond,
Ukoumunne, Toumbourou, & Catalano, 2010).
The present study provides a comprehensive review of the major issues in smoking
and health in Australia. This study helps the reader how smoking affects our health and
causes premature death and cancer. This work has been produced to search the effectiveness
of the Australian legislature that restrict individuals to smoke in public places. The objective
of this study is to provide a policy and consultation on review on Australian legislature to ban
smoking in public places. It has been observed that there are many gaps available in the anti-
smoking law that reduce its effectiveness in the country. The main objective of this research
is to find out these gaps and provide appropriate ways that help to improve the anti-smoking
legislature of Australia. Further, the Australian policy is also analysed with other government
(of developed countries) policies to identify the strength and weakness. The first part of this
report includes a literature review based on various articles and journals. Much of the
information used in this work has been derived from other published sources and it will be
quoted where appropriate. After analysing the possible ways to improve the Australian and
commonwealth anti-smoking legislature, a short conclusion has been added at the end of the
report that represents the entire work as a short summary.
Basic Research Question
The objective of this research is to find out the answer to these basic research questions
about the smoking ban in public places in Australia:

Gaps in Smoking Ban in Public Places in Australia
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1. Public smoking ban and effect on health?
2. Critical analysis of public smoking ban in Australia?
3. Recognising gaps of smoking ban policy in Australia?
Literature Review
Smoking in the mid-20th century was present everywhere in Australian and people
were habituated and addicted to smoking. Three out of every four men (Almost 75% men)
and one out of every four women (almost 25% of women) were smokers and they were
destroying their life with the cigarette and with other tobacco products. Smoking is one of the
major causes behind premature death and it is also causing cancer in both men and women
(Zhou, Niu, Jiang, Jiang, & Xiao, 2016). Therefore, it was a major concern for the Australian
government in the starting of the 21st century to reduce the premature death in people by just
ban smoking in the country. Martínez-Sánchez, Gallus, Lugo, Fernández, E., Invernizzi,
Colombo, & La Vecchia, 2014) included in their study that smoking rates fall dramatically
from last two decades in the country but still people facing problems related to smoking and
injurious health problems that arise because of smoking. This shows the limited effect of
Australian policies to ban smoking in public areas. However, the large number of people gave
up smoking from the last two decades in the country in response to the health concerns raised
by many researchers, medical doctors, and scientist. According to the BBC News article
published in 2017, in the mid-20th century and in the staring of the 21st century, television
plays an important role in awaking people about the health concerns related to smoking.
However, from the 1960s and early 1980s, the people saw a rejection of young generation
that rejected the conservative of "old generation" values such as financial security and future
health (BBC, 2017). Many young people (including women and young girls) taking up
smoking as a statement of Independence and equality.
Smoke-free policies in Australia
Smoking and tobacco products are the major causes of premature death and cancer
disease. Every year more than 20000 people die and more than 165,000 hospitalised due to
tobacco-related diseases and issues. According to the WHO report in 2011, 22% of
Australian adults are smokers. 24.3% of the male is likely to be smokers and 19.9% of
females were likely to be smokers in the entire Australian population (WHO, 2017).
Therefore, Smoking was the major concern for Australia government in the starting of this