Assignment | Introduction to Genetic Material
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Added on 2019-10-01
Assignment | Introduction to Genetic Material
Added on 2019-10-01
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GENETIC MAATERIAL
What is Genetic Material?Genetic material is a study associated with genes and is also known as deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The study of genetic materials helps in knowing the role ofgenes in the composition of living organisms. It helps in explaining the differences in thecharacteristics of living organisms due to differences in genes. It is the characteristics of thegenes that leads to the differences in the features of living organisms. It is because of the geneticmaterial or deoxyribonucleic acid that is found in the genes of a person. DNA is considered as ahereditary material that is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm ofprokaryotic cells. These cells present in animal and plant helps in determining the composition ofany living organism such as plant, animal, bacteria, humans and others. The genetic material thatis the DNA is found in the cell of a person’s body and the presence of DNA in each cell in thebody is of equal amount or size. In addition to DNA, there is another type of genetic materialfound in a body of a living organism that is ribonucleic acid or RNA. DNA which is a kind of genetic material offers two essential functions in a cellular body. First, itis seen that DNA has inheritance characteristics and has the capability to transmit thecharacteristics of the parent to the offspring. This is true for all kinds of living beings on earththat possess genetic material in them. The replication of the DNA in the cells of the child fromthe parents needs to be made in an accurate manner, as a minimal errors brings a change in thesequence of the DNA. However, a full complement of DNA is contained within a cell known asGenome. This Genome is then organized and formed in a small, discrete units known as genes.These genes are arranges in a systematic manner on chromosomes and plasmids. The secondfunction of DNA is to help in the formation of proteins that is necessary in the body which helps
in the growth and reproduction of cell. This is the meaning and concept of genetic material thathelps in describing the functions of genes in a living organism. A gene is the major component in the genetic material process and is majorly composed of DNA,which is then read and help in producing RNA molecular with the help of process calledtranscription. There is a type of RNA molecular known in the name of messenger RNA ormRNA because it helps in transmitting of information for the ribosome to help form proteinsynthesis with the help of a process called translation. These two process of translation andtranscription is together known as the gene expression that is related to the synthesis of proteins.In this expression the proteins are synthesize with the help of amino acids that is programmed inthe gene. Thus, the genetic material that is the DNA, RNA and protein help in the flow ofinformation from these three elements and is called the central dogma of a body. Thus, geneticmaterial helps in describing the entire process of replication, transcription and translation thattakes place in a gene with the help of stages like initiation, elongation and termination. Evolution of Genetic MaterialThe evolution of genetic material and the functioning of the cells in living being was seen in the19th century. It was the period when it was proved that all living organisms are made up of cellsthat are formed in the process of growth and division of other cells in the body. The process ofgenetic material then saw an evolution with the introduction of microscope that helped thebiologists to have a close look at the microscopic structure of the cells that are present. It wasonly in 1885 it was proved that chromosomes exists in the living organisms are is seen as a darkstaining threads present in the cell nucleus. The biologists recognized that the ability of thesechromosomes is to carry their cell heredity from the ancestors to the future generations. At thattime chromosomes that was found was similar to weight as that of half DNA and half protein.
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