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Global Perspective social Determination PDF

   

Added on  2021-06-18

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Running head: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL DETERMINATION ON HEALTHSDH and Their Impact on The Health of Urban PopulationsAuthor Name(s)Institutional Affiliation(s)Author Note

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL DETERMINATION ON HEALTH1AbstractThe largest global population live in urban areas. It is in this way urbanization becomes one of the main aspect that shapes the health of a given country. In a general sense, states that have highrates of life expectancies and low rates of infants’ mortality are those whose government take greater consideration of health of the cities. For instance, an outbreak of a disease in a city can spread at a higher rate than in rural areas. Better living conditions with availability of water sources, improved sanitation, and quality waste management methods, food security, and quality of healthcare are a key to prevention of diseases. The aim of these paper would be to discuss the main SDH and their impacts on the health of urban population.Keywords: Urbanization, SDH, Inequalities, Health

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL DETERMINATION ON HEALTH2SDH and Their Impact on The Health of the CitiesUrban environment is the key determiner of the health status of the nation’s population. Therefore, to better understand the status of the population, one also needs to have considerable information of the urban environment as it shapes the health of the rest of the population. The study of SDH is not a one phenomenon aspect, but it involves the interaction of different facets that manifest themselves in a population through various features. Among these are the poor health, poor means of access to healthcare, material deprivation, inadequate clean water, and poor sanitation. As these elements are just the manifestation of SDH, this paper aims to take an in-depth analysis of SDH in an urban population.Global status of SDHThe latest WHO report prepared by Global Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) claimed that social inequalities is one of the major causes of deaths in the world. The reports informs the current status as “a girl born one country today may have a chance to live above the age of 80 years while the same girl may only live for 45 year is she were born in a much poor country”(Marmot et al., 2008). In particular, this report acknowledged that lots of death arise as a result of the way individuals are born, grow, work, live and age among others.According to (World Health Organization, 2016), Japan had a life expectancy of 83.7 years. On the other hand, the Sierra Leone had a life expectancy of 50.1 years (World Health Organization, 2016). The indication of this report matches the scenario where a girl in a poor country would live for a less number of year than when she were in a rich country. The clear rationale behind this indication is that there still remain actions that the governments and the world in general need to take in order to bring changes that will enhance the lives of individuals living poorer countries.

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL DETERMINATION ON HEALTH3However, there is also evidence that inequalities sometimes is not a phenomenon restricted to specific countries. The work of (Marmot, 2015) provides evidence that one country can have varying life expectancies depending on the status of its cities. That is, people in the same country but living in different cities can have varying life expectancy depending on the development of each city (Marmot, 2015). For instance, in India, men living in rich areas have anaverage life expectancy of 62 years while men living in poorer areas have a life expectancy of 54 years (Sauvaget et al., 2011). Similarly, in Australia, individuals living in remote areas had a mortality rate of 1.4 times higher than that of individuals living in the big cities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014). Also, Washington DC and Baltimore have a life expectancy of 20 years shorter for those residing in poorer areas than those living in rich areas(Marmot, 2017). From this analysis, while poor nations try to alleviate their status to reduce the mortality rates, even rich nations should work on their part to provide universal benefits of healthcare to the public. They should also try to optimize the health of those people living in poor areas to diminish the gap of their health inequities. One example is the move taken by England. In an effort to diminish its inequities, England has rolled up free and universal health coverage which has yielded great benefits like reducing geographical inequalities among others(Barr, Higgerson, & Whitehead, 2017). Improving the status of health would not only minimize health inequalities,but it would also reduce much of the costs that governments spend on health care. SDH in Urban Environment: Literature ReviewDifferent studies have tried to come up with the major ADH in urban areas. For instance, the study of (Ajlouni, 2016) found that people living in Jordan slum had problems such as poor diet; diseases; social and official exclusion; severe poverty; sanitation facilities; poor health

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