Global Tourism Destinations

This report discusses various aspects related to global tourism, including the growth of the international tourism industry, key factors influencing travel, and the reasons for the growth of key global tourism areas. It also explores the 4 A's of destinations and applies the TALC model to two emerging global destinations.

Global Tourism
Destinations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Global tourism statistics, trends and flow..............................................................................3
Key factors influencing travel and reasons for growth of key global tourism areas..............7
4 A’s of destinations...............................................................................................................7
TALC model on two emerging global destinations...............................................................8
Factors driving growth of specific destinations......................................................................9
Future predictions and forecast............................................................................................10
Strategies employed by the emerging destinations..............................................................10
Key organisations that influence tourism along with their roles and policies......................11
Development of global tourism by dealing with various threats, issues and challenges.....12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Global tourism is an increasing trend as the disposable income of people has increased
and also the sector has become more convenient and less expensive. Travelling across borders
for various purposes like business meetings, adventuring and exploring new places, honeymoons
and other personal reasons are included in global tourism. Globalisation has eased the movement
of people across international boundaries and experience the culture, leisure, trends of various
nations (Bilbil, 2017). This has also increased employment opportunities in the countries for
travel and tourism industry. In this report various aspects related to global tourism will be
discussed such as the growth of international tourism industry, organisations that mainly
contributes in its growth, top tourism destinations, factors influencing this sector etc. Also the
roles and responsibilities of key international organisations in the development of global tourism
will also be discussed in detail.
MAIN BODY
Global tourism statistics, trends and flow
The travel and tourism industry is the world's largest industries which also contribute in
development and growth of nation's economy. This industry includes accommodation,
entertainment, transportation and attractions all across the globe so that the tourists can be
attracted from different nations. Initially in the primitive era individuals used to travel to satisfy
their food needs and wants but in the contemporary era individuals travel for various purposes
like business related, for vacations, for creating new experiences, for personal reasons etc. Travel
and tourism industry helps in generating high revenues, employment, contributes to the GDP of
country, attracts people from all over the world which helps the country in building a strong
image on the global platform. This industry has helped the countries to grow and develop
(Boniface, Cooper and Cooper, 2016).
The tourism and travel trends has increased in all the markets including national,
international and continental which are discussed as follows :
 For national tourism : According to the 2019 data it can be seen that UK has around 3.1
million tourists from across the world which is almost 8% higher than the previous year
data. This creates a significant impact on the economy of UK as the average expenditure
done by these travellers is around £2.9 billion (Leisure and Tourism .2019). This helps in

generating employment opportunities in the country and also gets recognition to the
country globally. Thus the revenue generation by the tourism is rapidly increasing every
year.
 For international tourism : On the international level also tourism has increased on all
the key locations of attractions which helps in growth of this sector in all the nations.
Number of tourists in various nations in millions are : In Europe is around 680, in
America is around 230, in Africa is approximately 70, in Middle east it is around 54 etc.
these figures are constantly increasing in all the nations which helps in the growth of
travel and tourism industry (Cornelissen, 2017).
Illustration 1: Travel trends. 2019
Source : Travel trends. 2019
From the above graph it can be interpreted that global tourism trends are ever-increasing
at a fast rate and they will continue to increase even in the future making the travel and tourism
the most dynamic industry. It can be seen that the most preferred destinations for travellers will
be Africa in the coming years due to increase in inclination of people towards adventure tourism
and Africa provides many natural locations and sites where people can enjoy the breathtaking
beauties of nature. Apart from the increase in travel and tourism in the Middle East and other
Asian countries, tourism is also increasing in Europe as many historical placers which fascinates

educational tourists and others who are interested in monuments, art and culture are increasingly
attracted towards Europe.
Key trends in the travel and tourism market : The expectations of travellers is
changing along with the change in their preferences which affects the trends in which these
destinations are reached by them : Last minute bookings : Due to the increasing busy lifestyle of people, they book their
accommodations and tickets at the last moment. From a survey it was determined that
around 40% of the people prefer last minute bookings so that they do not have to cancel
their bookings on behalf of their busy schedules. The advanced technology and the use
apps where best prices are offered are used increasingly by the travellers to confirm their
bookings for example makemytrip, goibibo, booking.com etc.
 Ecological and educational tours : This involves visiting and exploring the natural areas
which has not been disturbed by the human presence. This has helped in developing these
areas as many travellers are attracted to the natural beauty that the nations has. For
example Scotland which has a huge variety of wildlife population.
There are several locations all over the world which are preferred by the travellers as they
can get best relaxing experience at these places. On the international level places like Costa Rica,
France, Maldives, Greece etc. are some of the most preferred destinations. UK is amongst the top
10 nations which is increasingly visited by travellers from all across the world. Around 3.1
million visitors are expected every year in the UK who spend over £2.9 billion in the country so
that they can gain the best experience in the country. Mexico is also excessively preferred by the
travellers and around 14 million people visit this place (Eugenio-Martin and Inchausti-Sintes,
2016).
As the global trend of tourism is expanding and increasing number of travellers visit
these places, there are certain changes that are made so that the changing trend can be captured
well. This includes increasing number of accommodation facilities, water sports, tour guides,
restaurants etc. has increased so that the travellers can gain best experience in the country which
helps in building the tourism industry of the country which also contributes economically in the
country's GDP.
Tourism generating areas

These are the areas from where the trip starts and also help in promoting tourism
industry. These places are permanent places which are located at a place and cannot be recreated
by other country to motivate travel. These places helps in giving travellers an enriching
experience like historical landmarks, museums or attractions which enhances their interest to
travel more. Philippines is an example of tourism generating area which is famous for its
historical landmarks, islands and other famous monuments etc.
Characteristics of these areas are : Demographics : Demographics of a place are related to the composition of different
types of people who make the population of the place. These factors are influenced the
people of the country their religion, culture etc. Philippines is demographically attractive
for tourists as people belonging to many cultures live there which influence the tourists
and make their stay enjoyable. Economic : These factors define the economic conditions of a place which are
determined by GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates etc. of a country or destination.
Economic factors influence the standard of living of people. The economy of people in
Philippines mostly depend on the income received on the behalf of tourism. The lifestyle
of people is high and people mostly belong to the younger age which makes the place
more attractive for tourism (Forno and Garibaldi, 2015).
 Geographical : Geographical factors of a country are related to the type of terrain,
landscape, availability of islands etc. which influence and attract tourists from across the
world. Philippines has many famous locations that are majorly visited like Banauce Rice
Terraces, San Agustin Church etc. Also many beaches that are present at the place help in
attracting many tourists.
Tourism receiving areas
These are the temporary events that occur in the country for a specific period of time and
attracts many visitors from international borders. These are unlike permanent establishments that
can be visited at any time of the year. The characteristics of these areas are : Climate : The climatic conditions of a place can attract tourists from different locations.
In UK, the hot climate attracts tourists to visit the places as in winters it is difficult to tour
around in UK.

 Environment : The environmental factors such as level of pollution, greenery, sceneric
places etc. helps in attracting travellers. In UK many environmental factors such as
presence of various natural destinations help in increasing tourism.
 Culture : UK has people belonging to many cultures and the combination of various
cultures helps in organising festivals related to these cultures which attracts tourists like
Tommorrowland is the music festival which is held in Berlin at seasonal basis (Higham,
2018). Hay festival, Notting Hill carnival etc. are some other examples.
Key factors influencing travel and reasons for growth of key global tourism areas
Growth of travel and tourism at destinations are influenced by various factors such as
recommendations from friends and relatives, popularity of the destination, information that is
available to the travellers about the location, availability of special offers on tourism package to
the specific destination, closeness of the individual to the destination. These factors help in the
growth and expansion of tourism opportunities in the country. Other factors such as the
geographical, climatic, presence of natural regions, adventurous places, economic factors, flight
tickets etc. also influences the decision of travellers. Geographical appeal of different tourist
destination is the most important factor which influences the interests of tourists. Wildlife,
beaches, national parks, mountains, islands etc. affects the tourism industry in a country. The
changing seasons and weather conditions also influence tourists interest like in humid weather
tourist do not prefer beaches (Kiráľová and Pavlíčeka, 2015).
It is the influence of historical and cultural differences of different places which helps in
attracting travellers. Historical differences occur when the history of one nation is different from
other which means that the presence of historical landmarks are different which the tourists visit
for the purpose of knowledge and connecting to the history of the destination. Also the
differences in culture attract travellers as they are attracted to foreign culture. These differences
create appeal of tourism destinations (Lew, Hall and Williams, 2014).
4 A’s of destinations
The destinations comprise of various attributes which motivates the travellers to travel to
these destinations. These attributes are comprises of 4 A's which helps in attracting tourists : Attractions : These are related to the presence of either natural or man-made attractive
places in the form of architectural sites, natural landscapes etc. which helps in motivating
the people to travel to that destination to enhance their experience.

 Access : It is related to the presence of transport and infrastructure at the destination
which can make it accessible to the tourists which help in attracting them. For example
Antarctica is difficult to reach which makes tourism difficult at that destination. Amenities : It is the availability of various facilities for the tourists so that their stay can
be made comfortable and enjoyable like presence of comfortable and affordable
accommodations so that tourists can stay at the place and enjoy the living and dining
facilities, presence of entertainment like amusement parks etc. helps in increasing tourism
of the destination (Liu, 2014).
 Ancillary : It is related with the local organisations of the place which helps in promoting
tourism like tour guides, maintenance departments so that the monuments can be well
maintained which helps in attracting tourists.
TALC model on two emerging global destinations
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) is a theory for evolving tourist destinations so that
these places can be well managed and maintained by the destination managers so as to attract
more tourists. It helps in understanding and dealing with the problems related to concentrated
tourism development like environmental despoilment, low visitor yield and social issues
(Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) .2017). A comparison of application of this model at
two global destinations is given below :
Illustration 2: Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) .2017
Source : Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) .2017

Stages of
TALC
Philippines Bhutan
Exploration The place attracts more than 6,00,000
people each year under its tourism
campaign 'It's more fun in the
Philippines.'
People around 250,000 visit this place
from across the international borders.
Involvement Along with the government of the
country the people in Philippines are
also engaged in tourism which helps in
building a collective culture in country
which attracts tourists as they can feel
more safe and amused by their
collective festivals and cultures.
The local businesses and people of the
country are involved in providing
various facilities to the tourists which
also enhance their earning
opportunities.
Development Tourism industry gets investment from
various large businesses, charities,
trust and government funds so that
better tourism is generated.
The government of the country plays
an important role in developing the
tourism industry in the country.
Consolidation The country has many beaches which
are major attraction for tourists and
help in generating revenue from
increasing number of travellers.
As the natural places that are located in
the country the number of customers
are increasing each year.
Stagnation As the place is continuously under
development and has huge rich
biodiversity, heritage towns,
monuments which are major tourist
attractions, stagnation of this place
cannot occur
The development of the tourists places
are regularly done so that tourism can
be promoted which will help in
increasing income of people of Bhutan.

Decline The decline of tourism at this place is
far as the place has many attractive
sites and unexplored areas which help
in increasing tourism in Philippines.
The Bhutanese culture is distinct and
unique which helps in attracting
tourists from all over the world which
will not lead to its decline.
Factors driving growth of specific destinations
Various factors influence the growth and development of the tourist destinations which
are primary and secondary factors. Primary factors include the climate conditions, natural
environment, presence of historical and cultural sites, natural ecology, indigenous culture etc.
Secondary factors involves presence of accommodations, restaurants, adventure activities, theme
parks, transportation facilities etc. which will help in increasing the tourism of the destination.
These factors help in developing the destinations so that more tourists can be attracted.
EdinBurgh Castle for example is a historical monument which is increasingly visited by tourists
so as to gain knowledge and explore old places. Also it is managed and well developed which
helps in attracting tourists from-all across the globe. Coca Cola London Eye on the other hand is
an artificial place which can be replicated at other places in the world and is also not well
maintained. This can lead to its decline in the near future although it is innovation in the
entertainment sector which helps in the growth of this destination and attract tourists (Perdomo,
2016).
Future predictions and forecast
The forecasts and future predictions related to travel and tourism is that the industry plays
an important role in the economic development of a country and as the disposable income of
people is increasing the industry will continue to grow in the future. EdinBurgh Castle had
approx 2.1 million visitors in the year 2018 and the place still is preferred by the travellers as it
holds historic and cultural importance. Coca Cola London Eye also has many visitors from all
around the world but it might decrease as this destination can be replicated by other places so
that people will be diverted to that place. Also the heavy use of electricity to operate this wheel
creates a rise in ecological concern which might affect its success in the near future (Randazzo
and et. al., 2018).

Strategies employed by the emerging destinations
The merging destinations can become most preferred destinations among the global
travellers by providing the tourists with comfortable and affordable accommodation facilities
which can help them relax and enjoy their vacations. Also the restaurant and dining facilities
should be able to offer food which is both vegetarian and non-vegetarian so that people do not
have any trouble staying in the destination,. The local authorities must work together to maintain
the historical and natural locations of the destination safe, clean and accessible so that tourists
can enjoy the true beauty of the destination. These strategies will help in enhancing the customer
experience and will also help in the growth and development of the destination (Rogerson,
2015).
Key organisations that influence tourism along with their roles and policies
There are numerous key organisations that play an important role in making the global
tourism efficient by formulating such strategies and policies which can make the movement of
people across borders easy so that tourism industry can grow. These organisations help in
facilitating tourism and developing rules for other nations so that they can help in expanding
tourism.
Role and aim of policies related to Tourism Development Organisation UNWTO – United State World Tourism Organisation is responsible for promoting
responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism all over the globe. This
organisation helps in the promotion and encouragement of tourism so that the economic
growth can be achieved along with the development of the destinations considering the
sustainability of the environment. It also helps in determining and examining the
emerging market trends in the tourism industry so that tourism can be encouraged across
the globe. It helps in making forecasts related to the number of tourists that might visit a
location so that the local authorities can take appropriate steps to make the stay of tourists
comfortable and enjoyable. The policies that are developed by this organisation helps in
sustainable increase in the tourism industry so that overall growth and development of the
destination can be achieved by promoting tourism (Saarinen and Rogerson, 2014). PATA : Pacific Asia Travel Association is the largest non-profit, voluntary and non-
political travel promotional organisation which was established in Hawaii in 1953. it
promotes, creates and fosters travel and tourism to and within the pacific region. Also it

gains support from various tourism agencies so that the tourism can be predicted at
various locations and support in the development of these locations can be given so that
they are able to attract more number of tourists. The policies of the organisation aims at
providing better services to the travellers so that their experience can be enhanced and
tourism can be promoted (Vellas, 2016).
 IATA – International Air Transport Association is a trade association for global airlines.
It comprises of about 290 airlines and aims at pooling the resources, scheduling,
managing the traffics and routes, standardizing services so that safe, secure, efficient and
sustainable services can be given to the travellers. This organisation helps in managing
the air transport all across the globe so that they can promote global tourism by providing
efficient and affordable services to air travellers.
The role and aims of the policies of these organisations help in promoting safe and
secure travel and tourism to the tourists across various destinations across the world. These
organisations develop standard policies which are to be applied in all the tourist locations so that
the needs of tourists can be efficiently catered and travel and tourism can be efficiently promoted
in that location.
The multinational tourism providers, travel agencies and tour operators plays an
important role in promotion of travel and tourism by providing the travellers with information
about various places that can be visited at various locations across the globe, telling them about
the total costs including the travel costs involved, guiding and directing their entire tour so that
travellers can have a wonderful experience of visiting several places. They also ensure that the
tourists face the least inconvenience due to changing weather at the locations or problems with
bookings etc. Also the budget of the travellers can be managed efficiently through these agencies
so that a cost-efficient journey can be ensured for the tourists. This helps in satisfying the
travellers and also encouraging and promoting travel and tourism. This helps in making the tour
budget friendly and also all the important destinations can be visited within that budget.
Significance of key organisations in growth and development of global tourism - The key
organisations formulate such policies and strategies that are to be applied at global destinations
so that safety and security of travellers can be ensured. This will help in promotion of tourism as
tourists will choose destination based on the accommodation services and other facilities that are
provided to them. These organisations also help in providing funds to various locations so that

these destinations can be developed which can help in promoting global tourism. Further these
organisations set certain standards that need to be followed by all the global destinations so that
the places can have basic necessities for the survival of travellers and also their stay can be made
comfortable and safe.
Development of global tourism by dealing with various threats, issues and challenges
There are several issues that are faced by the travel and tourism industry which might
decline the profits generated by this industry. With globalisation the opportunity to travel across
the world with ease has increased but it has also brought various challenges that needs to be dealt
with so that these do not affect the growth and development of the tourism industry. These
factors maybe related to political, economic, environmental, technological and changing social
trends which affects the travel and tourism industry. These issues, threats and challenges can be
efficiently removed so that the smooth movement of people across borders can be achieved.
Some of these factors are listed below :
 Terrorism : It is the use of violence intentionally against the innocent civilians which has
increased in the present era. As the globalisation has made the movement of people
across the countries easier, the threats of terrorism has also increased. People with the
intentions of harming people enter various nations so that terror among the civilians can
be spread and by the use of violence they can influence the local government to fulfil
their irrational demands which might further increase violence. This raises threat of
global terrorism at the places where a large number of people gather at destinations. For
example in 2015 Paris faced a series of terrorist attacks which created a negative impact
on the tourism of the country.
 Environmental : These are related to the environmental and climatic conditions of the
destinations which influences tourism. The sudden change in climate or occurrence of
natural disasters also creates an impact on the travel and tourism industry on the global
level. For example landslides, heavy snowfall, rise in temperatures due to which sea
levels rise etc. can also affect tourism of a certain location.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that global tourism is in increasing at a large
scale and people prefer to travel to various locations for many purposes such as business tours,

entertainment or other personal reasons. Tourism also help in the economic development of the
country and should be promoted so that employment generation, economic development etc. can
be achieved. Also various global organisations play an important so that the tourism can be
standardised so that good services can be provided to the travellers and their stay can be made
safe and secure in other nations.

REFERENCES
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Leisure and Tourism .2019. [Online]. Available Through:
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