Global Trends in Crime and Justice: Report on Implications, Approaches, and Remedial Measures

This report discusses global trends in crime and justice, including implications, approaches, and remedial measures. It covers topics such as positivist and interpretivist approaches, global crimes, social tensions, and economic trends. It also examines Southern criminology and the usefulness of global North theory for explaining gangs and organized crime in Bangladesh.

Coursework/Assessment
Element 1: Report on
global trends in crime
and justice

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................3
What are the implications of crime and criminology at global level ?.................................................3
What is the difference between positivist and interpretivist approach?......................................4
Various global trends that are responsible for inflated crime rates in the United Kingdom and
impact of Mandela rules on it. ....................................................................................................4
Determining ways used for providing justice to the people affected by the criminal activities. 5
The importance of crime reduction on economic growth...........................................................6
What is Southern criminology? What are its limitations?..........................................................7
Critically consider how useful 'global North' theory are for explaining gangs and organised
crime in Bangladesh....................................................................................................................7
Analyse the experience of imprisonment in Brazil.....................................................................7
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Criminal law is a regulatory mechanism that is being formulated to ensure that the criminals must
be punished for the offence they have committed. It is a regulatory body which renders justice to the
victims who suffered any harm or loss by the act of the offender. It also establishes a framework in
which the crime suspects are tried with transparency and fair procedure is followed at the time of
investigation, enquiry and trial(Burin, 2021). It also imposes a duty on the part of the authority to
reconstruct the criminals in the rehabilitation centres so as to make them a responsible citizen of the
society. The main prosecuting authority in England and wakes is the Crown Prosecution
Service(CPS). It brings the cases transferred by the police officials in order to bring the particular
cases before the court. This report encompasses the global practices or trends which led to the
increase in the crime rates in the United Kingdom. It will further discuss about the measures which
could be adopted in order to provide justice to the people affected by the various criminal activities.
MAIN BODY
What are the implications of crime and criminology at global level ?
Global trends can be defined as a general evolution or changing of the situations that lays an
impact on many countries around the globe in one or the other aspect. May it be economic growth
and development, inflation, deflation, money market and in crime and justice. The effects may be
positive or negative. Crime is an act or omission which is governed by the law formulated by the
legislative authorities of any state. Globalization and crime are interconnected with each other. The
movement of goods and services along with the people of different countries are migrated in each
others state in order to carry distinct activities like, education, business, cultural and economic. The
increasing use of the internet and social media pushed the aspect of globalization to an extent
(Cowley, 2019).
Global crimes are those activities which takes place worldwide like cyber crime, human
trafficking, smuggling, etc. These crimes are carried out by the individuals or by the criminal
networks that are spread across the globe(Persak, 2019). For example- various terrorists groups
such as ISIS militants who are responsible for the mass killing of the civilians of many countries.
Globalization means removing all the obstacles from the cross border mobility of goods and
financial assets. This system has become advantageous for the different criminal networks. The
world wide business activities increased the demand and supply of the illegal goods and services
which took place in various areas of different countries.

What is the difference between positivist and interpretivist approach?
The positivism is based on the actual facts and laws. It relies upon the scientific view over a
subject matter. This also studies about the various rules and laws that is being framed by the
parliament of the country. It also carefully observes and notices the findings in the case. On the
other hand, interpretivist approach is based on the studying the behaviour of an individual in deep.
It also discusses about the qualitative analysis on an individual working under an organisation. It
has more data sets as compare to the positivist approach. This harnesses a wide framework of
qualitative analysis in which heavy sets of data are created from smaller numbers of associates such
as through elaborated interviews. Moreover, it is a different approach to assemblage data than the
more positivist tending quantitative analysis where larger datasets are sought to acquire broader
insights.
Various global trends that are responsible for inflated crime rates in the United Kingdom and impact
of Mandela rules on it.
 Social and cultural conflicts- when the citizens of a particular state migrate to other
countries for studies or jobs and business activities, they face different cultural rites and
beliefs of that country. And the situation of clash among the different religions and values
gives birth to the sense of hatred among the people for each other. This might be one of
causation of crime(Ragaišytė and Švedas, 2021). For example- Muslims have to face so
much of it in terms of unequal treatment and discrimination. Sometimes they are required to
prove that they are not associated with any of the terrorists groups.
 Technology- in present scenario, not only the citizens of the United Kingdom but the
population of different states are dependant upon various sources of technology. Like,
internet, social media, use of different gadgets, etc. This dependency has lead to the growth
in crime rates of the country. Like, cyber crimes and tax evasions. Cyber crime can be
defined as the crime related to computer and networks, where the hackers hack the system in
order to gather any type of information. The data use to get stolen by these hackers. Some of
the activities are related with the composition of dark web which can lead to a lot many
destructions. Tax evasions means when any individual or group of person escapes from
paying the taxes by some tricky tactics. These people use to relocate their earnings in other
countries so as to skip the responsibility of paying taxes.
 Social changes- the societal changes also impacts upon the causation of crime in the UK.
The criminals use various resources to commit different types of crime. As crime is sensitive
towards societal contexts. It reacts to the changes takes place in the society. The criminals
invent new ways to commit the offences like, credit card fraud.

 Social tensions- it can be observed that various social strains like disruption use to push
people to commit the crimes. For example- theft, robbery, dacoity, kidnapping, extortions,
etc.
 Cross border movement of goods and services- the movement of trade and various goods
and services among different countries of the world leads to the increase in the criminal
activities like, human trafficking smuggling of drugs and illegally manufactured products,
fraud, unlawful entry of criminals, weapons, gemstones and precious jewellery and body
parts. Human trafficking means the illegal act of transporting people from one place or
country to another in order to make them indulged in the activities like forced labour and
sexual exploitation(Stevenson-McCabe and Chisala-Tempelhoff, 2021).
 Economic and financial trends- it involves various crimes like, money laundering, cyber
frauds, theft, etc. The criminals use to get engaged in the process of making money from
different criminal operations, like, funding to terrorists groups, smuggling of drugs, etc. and
converting that money into a legitimate earning.
The victims affected from the above crimes can be provided with various remedial measures in
order to establish the procedure of fair delivery of justice. They can take their grievance in the
criminal courts of the UK in terms of receiving justice against the wrong done by the offender. They
can also reach to the specific courts or the tribunals to establish that they are being victimized by the
particular groups or individual to ensure speedy recovery and transparency in the process of
bringing justice(Van de Heyning, 2021). The cases which involved mass killing, war crimes,
military attacks, international aggression , terrorist attacks will be adjudicated by the International
Criminal Courts.
Determining ways used for providing justice to the people affected by the criminal activities
Courts are the first choice of any individual to ensure the fair delivery of justice. The victim can
approach the adjudicatory authority for the recovery of any harm or injury suffered by the
individual due to any criminal act of the accused. Further, there are certain steps which are required
to be followed-
 Enforcement of the laws- The initial stage of providing justice to the victims includes the
enforcement of the laws in order to ensure that the person who has committed the offence
failed to obey the rules and regulations that are being framed in order to be followed by each
and every citizens of the state. The justice system is unable to respond to the maximum
number of offences because they are not being reported to the concerned authority. There are
certain law enforcement agencies in order to find out that whether any crime has been
occurred or not. If the agency identified any criminal activity then it will start a search

operation so as to find out the offender to proceed the case further(van Kempen and
Bemelmans, 2018) .
 Prosecution- The stage of the prosecution comes after identifying the offender. It basically
means that when any criminal proceedings takes place against someone in respect of a
criminal charge. The police officials or the law enforcement agencies provide with the
details about the facts and circumstances of the case to the court and the charges formed
against the accused.
 Case proceedings- The court will initiate the proceedings in the court by starting the
procedure of trial. Where the prosecutor and the defense counsel produce the evidence and
their contentions before the court.
 Criminal sentencing- After the accused get a final conviction and proved guilty for the
offence, then the court will impose a fine or imprisonment or both in the form of a
punishment.
Another way through which the victim can ensure speedy recovery of justice is by opting for
the 'out of court settlement' that is 'Alternate Dispute Resolution'. There are certain steps which are
required to be followed in this type of procedure. They are- mediation, negotiation, conciliation and
arbitration. All these procedures include a third party along with the parties in dispute which helps
in settlement of the disputes by reaching to a common point of agreement. Except the process of
arbitration, no other type of dispute resolution has a binding effect over the parties. Otherwise, it is
totally on the discretion of the parties to follow the advise of the third party in mediation,
conciliation and negotiation.
The importance of crime reduction on economic growth
Criminal activities are like curse for any country. It must be controlled timely by adopting certain
measures in order to increase the economic growth and development of the country. The increased
crime rate of a country deter the domestic as well as the foreign investments. No other state will
show their interest in maintaining any kind of relation whether friendly or financial. The countries
will think twice in terms of making any kind of investment in the crime affected country. Another
concerning issue is, that the increase crime rates will lead to diminution of the competition among
various firms and business entities because they will not get enough opportunity and market size so
as to expand their businesses(Vodoor, 2020). They will not be able to compete with the outside
world. The GDP and the national income of the state will also get smitten by the criminal activities
in which the companies will not be able to meet the demand of the clients. The increasing criminal
activities will impact the overall economic growth and development of a country. The crime rates
must be reduced by taking into consideration certain measures which can assist in reducing the

criminal activities of the country. It will attract the foreign direct investment from the investors of
all over the world because there will be no element of danger or threat and loss(Vollmer,2019). This
will enable the country to hold a grip over economic improvement as well as on the national income
of the country.
What is Southern criminology? What are its limitations?
The southern criminology is a theoretical aspect which studies about crime with relate to the
history of the criminal system. It studies about the different patterns of violence and crime that is
being committed in the country. Moreover, the Southern criminology seeks to modify the theoretical
lens of the interpretation while recovering the old histories based in colonialism in order to enable it
to more carefully account from the divergent patterns of violence along with the justice which
occurs from outside the metro pole and its power to effect on. Further more, it is a collective project
which tries to problematic, resistance and alter in the relations of hierarchy, dependence and
subordination between Global North and South in the release of knowledge in complex and
prevalent field of social studies.
Critically consider how useful 'global North' theory are for explaining gangs and organised crime in
Bangladesh.
Majorly the study about gangs comes from global North means that we knew very less for
involvement of young people in an organisation of crime in global South. The street childrens of
Bangladesh plays group of organised crimes through drawing an interview with street children, non
government organisation, justice practitioners and members of community in over three year of
participant observation of Bangladesh and their criminal justice system. For understanding street
children's involvement in organised crime group of Bangladesh “The Mastaans” this is mandatory
for explaining the boundaries of criminology which involves department of studies, concept for
social protection, child labor and patron-clientism.
Analyse the experience of imprisonment in Brazil
Brazil have third largest population in prison on the globe. The state prisons experience many brutal
riots. There are risks for violence in prison which exacerbate through the lack of opportunity for
inmate once they have entered in penal system. Prisoners of Brazil don't have proper access to
services of healthcare and not properly reached through system of healthcare. Overcrowding makes
this harder for authority of prisoner to keep rival factions separate. Identification of involvement of
mental problem when an individual admitted to prison is an necessary task which guides adoption
for measure to reduce suffering in the penalty of deprivation for freedom. The psychiatric disorder
in

Critically consider how useful 'global North' theory are for explaining gangs and organised
crime in Bangladesh.
Majorly the study about gangs comes from global North means that we knew very less for
involvement of young people in an organisation of crime in global South. The street childrens of
Bangladesh plays group of organised crimes through drawing an interview with street children, non
government organisation, justice practitioners and members of community in over three year of
participant observation of Bangladesh and their criminal justice system. For understanding street
children's involvement in organised crime group of Bangladesh “The Mastaans” this is mandatory
for explaining the boundaries of criminology which involves department of studies, concept for
social protection, child labor and patron-clientism.
Analyse the experience of imprisonment in Brazil
Brazil have third largest population in prison on the globe. The state prisons experience
many brutal riots. There are risks for violence in prison which exacerbate through the lack of
opportunity for inmate once they have entered in penal system. Prisoners of Brazil don't have
proper access to services of healthcare and not properly reached through system of healthcare.
Overcrowding makes this harder for authority of prisoner to keep rival factions separate.
Identification of involvement of mental problem when an individual admitted to prison is an
necessary task which guides adoption for measure to reduce suffering in the penalty of deprivation
for freedom. The psychiatric disorder in prisoner's is not known. The ratio of major psychiatric
disorder is high. prisoner's is not known. The ratio of major psychiatric disorder is high.
CONCLUSION
This report concludes about the global trends in crime and justice. The report examines the
impact of global trends in increasing the criminal activities and also provides certain ways which
can be adopted in order to deliver fair and speedy justice to the victims of the crimes. In order to get
justice, the victim can approach the courts and they can also opt for the out of court settlement that
is alternative dispute resolution. It further analyse the importance of reduction in crime rates on the
economy of a country that is how the increased criminal activities impact the financial growth and
development of a country.

REFERENCES
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Cowley, C., 2019. Criminal Law Reform Now: Proposals and Critique.
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Ragaišytė, I.M. and Švedas, G., 2021. The Significance of EU Criminal Law in the 21st Century:
The Need for Further Harmonisation or New Criminal Policy?. Vilnius University Open
Series, pp.1-104.
Stevenson-McCabe, S. and Chisala-Tempelhoff, S., 2021. Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A
Comparative Analysis of Criminal Law Approaches in Scotland and Malawi. In The
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Van de Heyning, C., 2021. Data protection and passenger name record in judicial criminal matters
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Law, 12(2), pp.257-264.
van Kempen, P.H. and Bemelmans, J., 2018. EU protection of the substantive criminal law
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Underdevelopment and overdevelopment in an incomplete criminal justice
framework. New Journal of European Criminal Law, 9(2), pp.247-264.
Vodoor, P., 2020. Use of Vicarious Liability Used in Criminal Law for Imposing Corporate
Liability. Available at SSRN 3714702.
Vollmer, B.A., 2019. The paradox of border security–an example from the UK. Political
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