Why Green Roofs are Important to Minimise the Impacts of Climate Change in the UK

This study explores the potential benefits of green roofs in minimizing the impacts of climate change in the UK. It discusses the importance of green roofs in cooling buildings and reducing temperatures. The study also highlights the advantages of green roofs in improving the quality of life and the urban ecosystem.

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WHY GREEN ROOFS ARE IMPORTANT TO MINIMISE THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE IN THE UK
First Name Last Name
Course
Proffessor’s Name
University
Date

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Table of contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………….……….3.
1. Introduction and research context……………………………………………..4.
2. Research aim and methodology……………………………………………....13.
3. Data analysis and discussion…………………………..……………………..15.
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….23
5. References…………………………………………………………………….25.

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Abstract
The introduction of green roofs in future urban constructions of UK can soften and restore the
balance of the urban ecosystem and improve the quality of life, as demonstrated in the literature
review of the study. The implementation of the roofs should be cautious in the constructive
aspects, especially in relation to the process, technique and material used in the waterproofing of
the roof. A typical layout of a green roof consists of many layers, together with a vegetation
layer, a medium layer, a filtering-drainage layer, and a roof deck layer. The flexibility of such a
green roofs to retain water varies across sites due to climate and vegetation kind, as well as the
structure and properties of the layers and roof Finally,it is important note that green roofs have
more benefits than disadvantages.The only disadvantage levelled against the use of green roofs is
their cost,both initial and maintenance costs.From the findings it is evident that green roofs are
able to reduce temperatures of both buildings and surfaces at significant levels. Therefore green
roofs are important in minimising the impacts of climate change in the United Kingdom.

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Why Green Roofs are Important to Minimise the Impacts of Climate Change in the UK
1. Introduction and research context
1.1. Introduction .
While in most of the world the discussion is focused on avoiding global warming, the city
of London is already thinking of the inevitable. To this end, the UK 's capital city is launching an
innovative climate change adaptation program - the first of its kind in the world. The project is
being developed and must go through two phases of consultation - one in the city assembly,
another in public order (Demuzere et.al, 2014). By global nature, climate change has multiple
and interrelated impacts. In this context, green roofs have been used in various parts of the world
mainly for aesthetic purposes of valuing the urban space and for improving the environmental
comfort. These green areas can also serve to detain the flow surface, minimising urban floods.
Green roofs are characterised as cover or roof, which aggregates in its composition a layer of soil
or substrate and another of vegetation (Matthews et.al, 2015). They may also be classified as
extensive green roofs or intensive. Intensive green coverings are characterised by larger soil
layers which are 20 cm long, are medium-sized plants and shrubs, which require developing a
more complex environment, requiring a reinforced structure and with the loads distributed due to
the extra efforts promoted by plants, soil and water.
Some cities around the world have already taken steps to increase, improve and diversify
their green spaces. In the similar sense, London (UK) has expanded the number of green spaces
in the city in order to adapt with the consequences, which may arise due to global warming. Due
to global warming, people are suffering from diseases such as skin cancer. With a view to
minimising these impacts, the green roof comes as a sustainable alternative to mitigating impacts

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and proposing improvements to residents, especially in urban cities (Bulkeley, 2013). At the UK,
this technique is little used, but there are countless countries where it is widely used, with
government fiscal incentives per square meter of this roof. Many individuals are still unaware of
this practice or have doubts as to its advantages. Therefore, it is important to emphasise the
importance of having a study on the subject, and to seek counter benefits, which these green
roofs would deliver on the life of citizens.
1.2. Research context/ Background of the Study.
In the Renaissance period, in the city of Genova in Italy, ceilings with vegetation in
homes. One can also cite the example of Mexico in the pre-Columbian. In India, in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, and in some Spanish cities there were examples of vegetation
coverings. From this moment on, the emerged in some UK cities and throughout the mid-20th
century (Emmanuel & Loconsole, 2015). The big number of buildings with green roofs is due to
their optimum thermal performance, as a function of the combined layer between soil and
vegetation, which in environments of hot climates, prevent the passage of heat into of buildings
and in cold climates retain the heat within buildings for longer. In countries such as Germany,
Austria and Norway, the green roof concept is already broadly spread, including companies
specialised in the subject.
In the 1960s many techniques of green roof construction were developed, mainly in
Germany. In the 1970s the research intensified and various types of drainage materials,
waterproofing membranes, roots, low density substrates and suitable plant species. During the
1980's, the growth of buildings in UK was 15% to 20% per year, with a total of ten million
square meters of green roofs in 1996 in UK (Gupta & Gregg, 2012). This expressive growth was

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stimulated by municipal, state, and environmental laws that subsidised every square meter of
coverage to be built. In other countries, such as Austria, subsidies are divided into three stages,
design, implementation and three years after construction, to ensure the use and maintenance of
one of the great interests of these governments in supporting green hedging projects, associated
with the qualitative and quantitative benefits of managing urban climate.
1.2.1. Purpose of the Study
Through the process of green roof that aiding in humidification evaporative cooling that
lowers the temperature and increases air on hot summer days, vegetation acts as an evaporative
cooler decreasing the high temperatures. The green roofs also help to stabilise the climate,
reducing the thermal amplitude, absorbing energy and maintenance of the oxygen-carbon cycle
that is essential for air renewal. In this sense, this study has an intention to explore the potential
benefits of green roofs mainly in the cities of UK. The researcher wants to examine that which
impact should green roofs played in changing climatic environment.
1.2.2. Significance of the Study
It is observed in countries that have had rapid industrial growth that 70% to 80% of its
population resides in urban centers. By virtue of this great concentration urban population, the
concern to adapt the cities to the well-being of its inhabitants and of adding elements of nature to
its structural composition becomes even more important. Green roofs have positive features in
terms of comfort and well-being of its users, both internally and externally (Runhaar et.al, 2012).
Several positive results when using green hedges, psycho-emotional state of its users. It also
provides therapeutic activity, such as gardening itself, involved in the maintenance of the green

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roofs, and the feeling of well-being for mitigating the urban environment with the use of
vegetation. In UK, mainly London, Manchester, Leeds, Bristol and Liverpool etc. cities are
heavily investing in development of green roofs and associated houses. Several residential
projects, commercial and even industrial architecture that compose green roofs, has been
obtaining success and great acceptance of users, aesthetically favoring the design of the building,
because it is a technique of tradition in European Countries.
1.2.3. Aims & Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this monograph is to promote a bibliographic review on the green
roofs with an emphasis on their benefits in minimising heat mainly by seeing the rapid changes
that took place in climate change. This study in support of experiment of green roofs to be
implemented in the context of Project in major cities of UK. This study also discusses an area
open to the use of people, such as a hanging garden or a terrace, providing social benefits to its
users and adding commercial value to the building, and inaccessible, which do not allow the
movement of people, can be flat, curved and slopes. The frequency of maintenance, irrigation,
fertilisation and root pruning will depend of the species chosen in the project and the objectives
of the project. In the historical context, green roofs are no because, for many centuries, this
constructive technique of estimable value was already used.
Research Questions
1. What impact should green roofs played on cooling of buildings by viewing the changes
that took place in climate from last few years?

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2. What potential benefits green houses would impose on buildings if setup is made in
major cities of UK?

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2.3. Literature Review
Studies on extensive green roofs have identified that they help in cooling process of
buildings with reduction from three to four Celsius in temperature. In green roofs construction, it
is necessary to look for the waterproofing of the slab where it will be the green roof, so as not to
compromise the structure of the building with future infiltrations (Mees et.al, 2013). The correct
choice of materials that will make up the filter layer is very important, avoiding the loss of soil
particles and efficient green roof, where its thickness will vary according to the soil layer or
substrate present on the roof (Georgescu et.al, 2014). The drained water could be stored and
harnessed for future green roof irrigations, this all depends on a pre-project detailing all the items
that will make up the future green roof.
The hydrological cycle has been hampered by urban development that result in increased
runoff of rainwater, the environment and in the general population, especially in the most
deprived areas because of have sufficient infrastructure to plan their homes, as well as their
access and consequently the natural green roof lines (Zhou et.al, 2012). At the beginning until
the UK Cities that had planning presented equivocal results, believing that if the hydraulic
capacity of the green roof system were increased, an alternative solution is required. For the
development of new models requires the search for new sustainable solutions that will recover
the as the natural green roof lines of the environment, as well as the permeability allowing
decrease in temperature without any sort of energy consumption.
Thinking about sustainable solutions that green roofs appear as a proposal to reduce
temperature is a great initiative that recently took by different City Ministers of UK (Masson
et.al, 2014). Recently, government of UK emphasise on to setup projects of green houses as in

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coming years, due to global warming temperature tends to increase with great numbers. Urban
green roof projects are developed within structural premises with impacts that are transferred
from upstream to downstream without any control of their sources. Consequently, there is an
increase in water recharge in pipelines and erosion of the soil and sedimentation of the ducts and
canals, since the surface is unprotected. There is also an increase in the production of waste
solids, once again compromising water quality (Vardoulakis et.al, 2014). The green roofs favor
the thermal performance of the buildings, internal and external, providing greater comfort to the
user, as well as to the surroundings of the green roofs. Since these areas tend to be more humid
due to the presence of plants in the place, providing a larger area with vegetation cover, thus
improving the local climate and air quality.
2.3.1. Green Roof Projects & UK
In the cities of UK, Green roofs work as a filter against pollution and in maintaining
moisture relative to the air, having an aesthetic and ornamental character. In the urban design of
the cities, it is necessary to take into account a safe, convenient to use, comfortable, durable and
mainly economical projects, so that every household afford it with great ease. With the urban
planner having responsibility for adapt its city within the basin in order to avoid possible
problems with natural green roof of the land, adapting the roads and the residential area (Carter
et.al, 2015). The environment offers conditions that allow to assess the level of comfort, being
isothermal, electrodynamic and acoustic conditions, air purity and visual comfort.
Research has shown increased demand in thermal insulation materials, both in hot and of
cold weather and this is due to a current market requirement that is thermal comfort, which
energy demand in large cities, both for residential, commercial and industrial users. The thermal

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design of urban buildings depends on the required internal thermal requirements, as external
climatic conditions used in the internal medium to external media seals, the emitted rays by the
sun exert a great influence on the structures of buildings (Matthews et.al, 2015). The adequate
thermal protection for the region, and roofs are responsible for higher incidence of solar rays in
buildings and, consequently, the greater the contributing to the flow of heat transferred to the
internal environment. The variations of roofs suffer during the day are high temperatures, due to
direct sunlight and at night due to the rapid cooling caused by long-wave radiation exchanges
with the sky, loses heat quickly.
In most of the year, UK regions where there is an intense insolation, thus the roofs, which
suffer the greatest daily and annual thermal variations, should be the element with the highest
thermal protection. In this sense, a considerable option is the adequacy of the coverage of the
buildings. The vegetation applied to the roof can protect direct solar radiation, as well as to cool
it, by means of the cooling effect and evaporative (Matthews et.al, 2015). Green hedges have
proven to be efficient in mechanical resistance, stability, fire safety, sound insulation, protection
thermal and energy saving, compared to other types of materials used in residential, industrial
and commercial roofs. It also contributes to the development of environmentally sound practices
and preservation of the environment.
2.3.2. Potential Benefits of Green Roofs for adaptation to Climate Change
Because of the global warming which gives rise in world temperature, green roofs play
an important role in the establishment of microclimates and in mitigating the urban called

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"islands of heat", contributing to the reduction of levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by
vehicles, industries and mechanical systems. Accelerating positively the expansion of green
areas that contributes to human well-being, in view of a model of urbanisation that prioritises and
overtaxes the city and depopulates field. In UK, alternative urban development projects based on
sustainability and rehabilitation environmental objectives are to avoid excessive consumption of
natural resources, reduce energy costs and waste treatment, to recover the environment with its
characteristics of source and re-enable spaces for new functions (Zhou et.al, 2012). The concern
of the big city master plans such as London with environmental suitability and the rational use of
soil cover is a reality, and the increase of green areas is a almost obligatory theme in the different
master plans. In this sense, the industrialisation model and the needs of the economic market
diverge at certain points in the process of natural elements in the urbanisation process, that is, the
maximum transfer of elements of nature to the urban environment in order to improve the quality
of life of its users.
The construction of urban parks in UK and the incentive for the maintenance of green
areas has already become an urban reality, and the possibility of green hedges becoming more
popular than they really are, can be a positive factor in urban greenhouse development
(Georgescu et.al, 2014). In UK, urban planners and architects can count on more important
element for the adaptation to the urban master plans. These elements include developing entire
UK with green buildings until 2030.
It is evident from this study that civil or architectural constructions are seeking to
environmental impacts, linked to technology, seeking new materials, or new construction
techniques, willing to further reduce energy use, which is also a factor to worry about. Today,
buildings are the major culprits for the great environmental impact, where concentration of

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buildings, especially in the centers of large cities. For this factor, these should also be responsible
for reversing this process, seeking professionals able to reverse this situation, making this
environment more sustainable and comfortable (Masson et.al, 2014). According to this study, it
is evident that the green roof is an effective option to the problem that there should be a greater
incentive for training and the implementation of this practice in all the regions of UK,
stimulating and encouraging the construction of this coverage, especially in certain regions of
UK, where there is intense sunshine.
3. Research aim and Methodology.
The materials used to carry out this work would researches of publications on the subject,
peer reviewed journals and other scholarly articles of researchers who conducted studies in this
respective domain. The method is associated with the synthesis of these works in a material,
which disseminate and illustrate the advantages of green roofs in the current model of
urbanisation mainly in UK, where concern with urban green roof is essential, with rising effects
of global warming (Demuzere et.al, 2014). Green Roofs also support in energy savings such as
air-conditioning. The text of the monograph is organised in such a way as to explicitly describe
all the functions of green roofs, contextualised in a contemporary way and more specifically
associated with national problems.
However, this study can employ both primary and secondary research methods. In
addition, both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be used in the study in order to
present the data in both alphabetic and numeric form. A number of fourteen questions were
formulated for the interview in order to obtain the basic idea on green roofing starting from what

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it is, its benefits and some of its design requirements. The following questions were used during
the interview so as to obtain the primary data.
1. What are green roofs?
2. What are the maintenance involved in a green roof?
3. What are the 1st steps in planning a green roof?
4. How long will a green roof last?
5. Does green roof have an insulation effect?
6. Is a green roof sustainable?
7. How often do we need to weed and water it?
8. Can I place a green roof on any building?
9. Energy saving‐ what can I expect?
10. Why are green roofs important?
11. How can a green roofs maintain the impacts of climate change?
12. What are the benefits of a green roof?
13. What is the difference between Intensive and extensive green roof types?
14. Any other factors to consider when using a green roof?
4. Data Analysis And Discussion
The findings for this study are based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data
was obtained through interviews with various professionals in the UK. The secondary data
included the already obtained and recorded data from previous researchers.

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A sample of five professionals was used and the professionals were spread across the city
of which all of them had offices in the city. It is important to note that the professionals had ideas
on the construction industry and the climate changes coupled with the need for the sustainable
development in the construction industry. The answers obtained from the questions were very
much related, conveying the same ideas and information therefore the results were analyzed,
summarized and rated as shown in table 1. The ratings for the responses are based on their
comparison with the existing research findings. Majority of the responses from the interviewed
professionals were corresponding to various research findings, it is however important to have a
discussion on the results.
DATE OF INTERVIEW RESULTS : 12/03/2019
N0. QUESTIONS I ASKED DURING
THE INTERVIEW
ANSWERS BY 5
PROFFESIONALS
SUMMARY
RATING
Q1 What are green roofs? Green roofs are vegetated roofs 5 OUT OF 5
Q2 What are the maintenance
involved in a green roof?
Maintenance will depend on the type
of green roof
5 OUT OF 5
Q3 What are the 1st steps in planning
a green roof?
1st step in planning a green roof is to
ensure that the structure is strong
enough to safely hold the
weight of the green roof
4 OUT OF 5
Q4 How long will a green roof last? This will depend on the design 5 OUT OF 5
Q5 Does green roof have an insulation Yes The combination of soil, plants 3 OUT OF 5

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effect? and trapped layers of air within green
roof systems can act as a
sound insulation barrier
Q6 Is a green roof sustainable? Yes – It depend on the design 5 OUT OF 5
Q7 How often do we need to weed
and water it?
Depends on design. Intensive green
roofs are watered, extensive green
roof not
4 OUT OF 5
Q8 Can I place a green roof on any
building?
No‐Sloping roofs can be vegetated 5 OUT OF 5
Q9 Energy saving‐ what can I expect? 2006 UK building regulations will
have much higher U-Values
associated with
better roof insulation so green roofs
will save energy
5 OUT OF 5
Q10 Why are green roofs important? Multiple benefits e.g‐help reduce the
Urban Heat Island Effect, air
particulates, produce oxygen and
provide shade
5 OUT OF 5
Q11 How can a green roofs maintain
the impacts of climate change?
Green roofs help maintain a buildings
temperature by regulating
temperature variability
4 OUT OF 5
Q12 Why are green roofs important? improve storm water management by
reducing runoff and improving water
3 OUT OF 5

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quality
Q13 What is the difference between
Intensive and extensive green roof
types?
Intensive is a garden, watered.
Extensive is low maintenance with
drought tolerant low‐growing
vegetation, not watered
5 OUT OF 5
Q14 Any other factors to consider when
using a green roof?
Safety for people visiting or
maintaining the roof
3 OUT OF 5
Table 1 Interview Results
According to Davis (2015), green roof, also called a living roof is layer of vegetation that
is grown on the rooftops and the roof designs have to be flat as to enable the provision of the
green roof on the buildings because of retention of some water during regular watering of the
roofs. The maintenance of the green roofs depends on many factors including the building design
codes, insurance requirements ,the warranty given by the manufacturers and the standards
required by the city in which the buildings are located (Curtland,2012).
Research conducted by Yang et al. (2015), on the improvement of land surfaces in urban areas
by use of green roofs show that green roofs has multiple benefits as they can reduce heat flux and
the surface temperatures thereby improving the energy efficiency of buildings because need for
cooling systems may not be needed with the provision of green roofing system.
According to research by Sharma et al. (2016), green roofs has a great impact on the
increasing temperatures in the cities due to urban heat island effect and increasing climate
changes.Green roofs can reduce the temperatures in buildings by up to over 8.3 C.However, it is⁰
important to note that the reduction depended on the types of buildings ranging from residential

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to commercial buildings.Studies by Herrera-Gomez (2017), show that the surface temperature is
inversely related to the vegetation or the area of the green roof covering, thus the reduction
depended on the percentage of the green covering on the roofs with 100% covering having the
highest temperature ranges as shown in the table 2.
Urban Land use
Category
% of Green Roofs Covering
25% 50% 75% 100%
Low intensity
residential
0.56 1.11 1.68 2.24
Medium-intensity
residential
1.63 3.25 4.97 6.68
High-intensity/
commercial
2.02 4.07 6.27 8.34
All urban areas 0.84 1.68 2.56 3.41
Table 2 : Peak daily urban heat reductions (°C) based on averaged roof surface temperatures
for different urban land use categories.
The reductions are based on the peak daily temperatures and calculations are related to
the research and formulas developed by Li et al. (2014) and the algorithms of green roofs as
discussed by Yang and Wang (2014).
Where the net radiation for a roof is given by
Rn = HS + LH + G
Where Rn = the net radiation flux at the surface

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HS = the sensible heat flux
LH= the latent heat flux
G = the storage heat flux.
The conventional and green roof relative difference = UHI green – UHI conventional (UHI –
Urban Heat Island)
Net radiations getting into conventional roofs normally translate into practical heat flux
thus enabling the increase in both surface and above temperatures. However, when green roofs
are introduced, the moisture at the surface becomes high due to the presence of plants, absorbing
huge amounts of any energy coming into the roof which is utilized through evapotranspiration
and consequently reducing the temperatures (Sharma et al., 2016). Also, a plot of various values
of relative difference in green roof and conventional verses different times of the day show that
the plots point are all below zero meaning that green roofs reduce the temperatures throughout
the day.It is also important to note that green roofs play a role in the reduction of the
temperatures in the whole urban area of concern. From the data in table 2 ,green roofs at 100%
covering can reduce the peak urban heat by about 3.41 C (Sharma et al., 2016).⁰
According to Met Office (2018), 2018 recorded the very temperatures and July was the
warmest month in history. The rising temperatures can be directly linked to the climatic changes
in the United Kingdom due to the urban heat island effects (UHI) and the trend is likely to
continue (Dunne,2018).Therefore the data can be used to determine up to what values can green
roofing reduce the temperatures. The data for temperatures and rainfall for UK in 2018 are as
shown in table 3.
Temperature Rainfall

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(DegC) (mls)
2018 Max Min Average Total
January 13.5 0.4 6.3 89.0
February 13.0 -5.8 3.9 29.0
March 13.9 -5.3 5.6 104
April 24.2 2.0 10.7 55.0
May 27.4 3.4 13.6 29.0
June 30.4 9.9 17.8 1.0
July 31.0 13.2 20.7 23.0
August 28.7 10.1 17.6 52.0
September 24.8 5.2 14.7 41.0
October 16.0 8.6 11.6 51.9
November 14.8 -0.2 8.9 177.3
December 7.0 2.0 4.5 87.0
Table 3: 2018 monthly temperatures recorded by the Metro Office
According to the available data July recorded a the highest temperature of
31.0 C.Intalling green roofs in high intensity of commercial buildings in the UK will reduce⁰
temperatures in such buildings by 8.34 C ,that is from 31.0 to 22.66 C which is within the range⁰ ⁰
for the normal work places according to health and safety regulations. This means that green
roofing will be able to reduce the effects of climatic changes that result into constant small
temperature changes.

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Flood MANAGEMENT
Studies by Shafique (2018),on the use of green roofs for management of storm water, show that
70-90% of rainfall falling in an area can be retained by a significant amount of green roof
covering.
Looking at the research by Ercolani et al. (2018),while exploring the effects of green
roofs implementation at the urban watershed scale using a high-resolution, distributed hydrologic
model (MOBIDIC-U) equipped with a QGIS plugin interface (SMART-GREEN).Their results
show that a diffused installation of green roofs over the basin results in a reduction of both flow
peak and volume at the outlet of the drainage network, variable with storm intensity and
duration. Peak flows are reduced more effectively for frequent storms of smaller magnitude than
for infrequent storms of larger magnitude, a finding consistent with previously published studies.
Also, Masseroni and Cislaghi (2016), while using in depth and elaborate inexperienced
roof parameters, conducted a study where they modelled the hydrologic impact of 3 hypothetic
roof greening situations at the catchment scale with conversion of five, thirty and one hundred
percent impervious to the studied respective green roofs. The modelling of the performances of
the green roofs was performed with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water
Management Model (SWMM) and was labeled over 5 years with the discharge measured hourly
at the closure section of the basin. Hydrologic modelling indicated that widespread
implementation of green roofs considerably reduces peak runoff rates and runoff volumes by up
to thirty and thirty five correspondingly within the case of 100 percent conversion.
Research on the improvement of performance green roofs on the mitigation of flood has
also been conducted. Yang et al.(2015), quantified the runoff generated by infiltration-excess and

Green Roofs 22
found that it contributed solely a little proportion of the whole runoff. Even for the heavy
downfall event, that was the foremost severe storm, the nation’s capital Beijing has seen within
the past sixty years, infiltration-excess accounted for 6% only of the total runoff.
5. Conclusion
In scale of high urbanisation, as in large centers, this results in problems such as high
concentration increases of waterproofed areas, reflective surfaces, skin diseases due to warm
weather, the urban environment, importing energy and generating products that were not
incorporated into the ecosystem, causing pollution of soil, water and air. The introduction of
green roofs in future urban constructions of UK can soften and restore the balance of the urban
ecosystem and improve the quality of life, as demonstrated in the literature review of the study.
However, the implementation of the roofs should be cautious in the constructive aspects,
especially in relation to the process, technique and material used in the waterproofing of the roof.
A typical layout of a green roof consists of many layers, together with a
vegetation layer, a medium layer, a filtering-drainage layer, and a roof deck layer. However, the
flexibility of such a green roofs to retain water varies across sites due to climate and vegetation
kind, as well as the structure and properties of the layers and roof

Green Roofs 23
6. Reference List
Bulkeley, H., 2013. Cities and climate change. Routledge.
Yang, W.Y., Li, D., Sun, T. and Ni, G.H., 2015. Saturation-excess and infiltration-excess runoff
on green roofs. Ecological Engineering, 74, pp.327-336.
Ercolani, G., Chiaradia, E.A., Gandolfi, C., Castelli, F. and Masseroni, D., 2018. Evaluating
performances of green roofs for stormwater runoff mitigation in a high flood risk urban
catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 566, pp.830-845.
Masseroni, D. and Cislaghi, A., 2016. Green roof benefits for reducing flood risk at the
catchment scale. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(7), p.579.
Carter, J.G., Cavan, G., Connelly, A., Guy, S., Handley, J. and Kazmierczak, A., 2015. Climate
change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation. Progress in Planning, 95,
pp.1-66.
Curtland C.,2012. Strategies for Green Roof Maintenance. Available from
https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/15082/title/4-strategies-for-green-
roof-maintenance
Davis C.,20015. Reasons Green Roofs Do A Building Good.Available from
https://sustainability.ncsu.edu/blog/changeyourstate/4-reasons-green-roofs-do-a-
building-good/
Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., Bhave, A.G., Mittal,
N., Feliu, E. and Faehnle, M., 2014. Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-
functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Journal of
environmental management, 146, pp.107-115.

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Emmanuel, R. and Loconsole, A., 2015. Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to
tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK. Landscape and
Urban Planning, 138, pp.71-86.
Georgescu, M., Morefield, P.E., Bierwagen, B.G. and Weaver, C.P., 2014. Urban adaptation can
roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 111(8), pp.2909-2914.
Gupta, R. and Gregg, M., 2012. Using UK climate change projections to adapt existing English
homes for a warming climate. Building and Environment, 55, pp.20-42.
Herrera-Gomez, S.S., Quevedo-Nolasco, A. and Pérez-Urrestarazu, L., 2017. The role of green
roofs in climate change mitigation. A case study in Seville (Spain). Building and
Environment, 123, pp.575-584.
Li D and Bou-Zeid E 2014 Quality and sensitivity of high-resolution numerical simulation of
urban heat islands Environ. Res. Lett. 9 05
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