Hashimoto Disease in Thyroid Assignment 2022

Running head: HASHIMOTO DISEASE IN THYROID
HASHIMOTO DISEASE IN THYROID
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:

HASHIMOTO DISEASE IN THYROID
1
Part A pathophysiology of Hashimoto disease in thyroid
Hashimoto disease is the one of the form of hypothyroidism which is caused when there
is low secretion of T3 and T4 in the body. As the consequence of this, there is high production of
TSH hormones. Hashimoto disease is also known as autoimmune thyroiditis (D'Aurizio et al.
2015). Formation of Goitre is important in this form of hypothyroidism which occur because of
inflammation. Hashimoto disease is caused by the activation of CD4 and T helper cells which is
explicit to the thyroid. Such activation is caused by the presence of virus and bacteria. From the
study of Trohman et al. (2018) it was known that Hashimoto disease is caused by the intake of
iodine, high smoking and hepatitis.
In normal functioning of hormonal regulation, one of the function of hypothalamus
secrete TSH releasing hormone which is known as TRH. It is responsible for the further
activation of pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone TSH, which in turn also
activate the thyroid gland to produce TH particularly triiodothyronine, T3 and T4 (Kahaly et al.
2016). The regulation of the TRH and TSH is done through negative feedback mechanism. In the
situation of Hashimoto disease, there is low production of TH which is mainly caused by the loss
of the function of the thyroid gland. Due to such dysfunction of thyroid gland, there is low
secretion of TH and high release of TRH and TSH (Page et al. 2015).
The pathophysiology of the Hashimoto disease, can be further attributed by looking into
the autoimmunity disorder. Hashimoto disease is the chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in which
antibodies is produced in against the thyroid gland which cause chronic inflammation of it.
Abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland resulted in activation of helper T cell and makes
CD4+. This in turn causes B cells to makes thyroid specific autoantibodies which is against the

HASHIMOTO DISEASE IN THYROID
2
thyroid gland itself. From the study of Mincer and Jialal (2018) it was seen that there are four
different type of identified antibodies in Hashimoto thyroiditis which includes antimicrosomal
antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, antibody to thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and
antibody to iodine transporters. These autoantibodies leads to antibody dependent cytotoxicity. It
can is summarized by the fact that activated helper T cell induce the production of CD8+ T cells,
which is responsible of thyroid cell cytotoxicity and Fas-FasL mediated apoptosis of thyroid
follicular cells. The all the above mentioned activity of the autoantibodies and CD8+ cells
causes destruction of the parenchyma of thyroid glands and infiltration of the lymphoid cells. In
response to all such activity happening in the body, antibody is produced that attack the thyroid
gland (Berghi 2017). These lymphoid cells starts to makes antibodies in the thyroid gland and
autoimmune process gets initiated. These all result in Hashimoto thyroiditis and because of it,
thyroid gland fails to produce required amount of thyroid glands to function in the body and
results in development of hypothyroidism.
Part B sonographical appearance of the Hashimoto disease
The sonographical test of the Hashimoto disease reveals the risk of the disease. The
examination is mainly done to detect five major appearance of the disease like presence and
absence of echogenicity, heterogeneity of parenchyma, septation of the gland, micronodularity
and hypervascularity of the disease (Durfee et al. 2015).