Sample Assignment on hyperthyroidism
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Added on 2021-05-31
Sample Assignment on hyperthyroidism
Added on 2021-05-31
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Running head: HYPERTHYROIDISM1HyperthyroidismNameInstitution
HYPERTHYROIDISM2HyperthyroidismQuestion 1: Homeostasis of Thyroid HormonesThe thyroid gland produces two hormones that determine the basal metabolic rate of the body. These two hormones are known as thyroxine or T4 and triiodothyronine also referred to as T3 (Warner & Mittag, 2012). The thyroid stimulating hormone that is secreted by the pituitary glands stimulates the thyroid glands to release T4 and T3 hormones. These two hormones affect almost all body cells apart from the uterus, the adult brain, the spleen, blood cells, and testes (Warner & Mittag, 2012). The hormones are transported through the plasma membrane and are attached to the receptors on the mitochondria leading to an increase in the production of adenosine triphosphate energy (López, Alvarez, Nogueiras & Diéguez, 2013). Additionally, within the nucleus, thyroxin and triiodothyronine activate the genes that are responsible for the production of energy and the oxidation of glucose. The result is that the rate of metabolism of thebody increases and more heat is produced.Once the level of the thyroid hormones in the blood has reached the ideal level, a negative signal is sent to the hypothalamus to inhibit the production of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone that further inhibits the production of thyroid stimulating hormone. As a result, the rate of metabolism is reduced and amount of heat produced by the body is also reduced (López et al., 2013). Furthermore, López et al. (2013) ascertain that after some time, the level of the thyroid hormones drop and the hypothalamus is once activated to release TRH hormone while at the same time the pituitary glands release the TSH hormone and the cycle continues. Thyroid hormone imbalances are in most cases characterized by the overproduction or the underproduction of the T3 hormone. When the thyroid hormone is produced in excess, a
HYPERTHYROIDISM3condition known as hyperthyroidism is developed, conversely, when the production of the hormones is inadequate, a condition referred to as hypothyroidism is developed (Warner & Mittag, 2012). Homeostasis is therefore important in ensuring that the levels of the thyroid hormones are kept at a normal range.Question 2: Grave’s DiseaseGrave’s disease is a condition that may consist of goiter, hyperthyroidism, and eye disease or orbitopathy. The most common feature of Grave’s disease is hyperthyroidism and it affects almost all patients (Smith & Hegedüs, 2016). The excessive production of the thyroid hormone normally accompanies the turgid enlargement of the thyroid glands like in Ms. Kylie’s case. This enlargement of the thyroid gland and the excessive production of the thyroid hormones may lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism (Smith & Hegedüs, 2016). Some patients may experience protrusion of the eyes, retraction of the eyelid and in some cases a double vision or occasional loss of vision. This condition can be described as an autoimmune disease, in that the body reacts to its own tissues as if they were foreign pathogens. Patients suffering from Grave’s disease will always release antibodies that operate on the thyroid thus increasing the size of the thyroid and the production of the thyroid hormones (Bahn, 2010). These antibodies increase the activity of the sodium iodide symporter. As a result, the uptake of iodine is increased in the absence of thyroid stimulating hormone (Bartalena & Hennemann, 2014). This disease is more common among women than men and affects middle-aged individuals in most cases. The primary cause of this disease is not clearly known but several pieces of research have revealed a genetic susceptibility to Grave’s disease (Smith & Hegedüs, 2016).
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