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(Doc) Hate Crime Assignment

   

Added on  2020-01-07

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Hate Crime
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INTRODUCTIONA victim of hate crime is the person who suffers psychological, physical, emotional injury or financial loss because of crime like violent attacks, sexual assault, robbery and family violence inthe reaction of hate. It is also the victimization happening for victims within the criminal justice system.To Rogan, Interest in needs of victim of crime is not an old phenomena (2006a). According to Heffernan and Woods (2007), victim supports organizations, new legislation and better victim focused approach were established due to increase in awareness. Nowadays more political and professional attention are diverted towards victims of crime (McGovern, 2002).HISTORICAL OVERVIEWCrimes of hatred and prejudice towards individuals thought to "appear as something else" somehow, regardless of whether that be race, religion, sexuality, incapacity or even politically, have been a tragic certainty of social history around the world. Be that as it may, the term 'hate crime' did not so much enter western vocabulary until the late 1980s, turning into a method for portraying and understanding racial savagery that was happening in both America and Britain at the time (especially, the murder of Stephen Lawrence in London in 1993).In 1970's and 1980's, FBI investigated increased awareness about victims after the civil rights movement. In 1972, FBI established the Behavioral Science Unit to explore the connections among the victims, offenders, and group dynamics in society.A training center was established for the police officers to get the training at the FBI headquarters in Quantico, Virginia. The police officers started to discern the relationship between victims and offenders during the training at the training center at Virginia.The parents of deceased children also established organizations like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Parents of Murdered Children (POMC) to investigate the crimes.People are sometimes vulnerable to abuse, due to hate, by members of society like family members, tutors, clergy members, or trainers. Hate crime is a serious crime which may have short term and long term impact on the lives of the victims. Most of the people don't complain asoffenders often threaten them for severe punishment.There is a sharp increase in the number of hate crimes recorded by police in England and Wales after the EU referendum. In July 2016, police recorded a 41% increase in the hate crimes as
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compared to the last year. Hate crimes for the July to September quarter rose from 10,793 to 14,295 in 2015In 2008, 3.3 million cases were reported for hate crime in USA, 9% of sexual abuse cases, 16% of physical abuse cases, 7% of emotional abuse cases and 71% of child neglect cases (Troiano 2011).Hate Crime as Physical AbusePhysical abuse is an injury of all levels from bruiser to death as a result from parents, or from any adult responsible for the child's comfort (Lawler and Talbot 2012). It may result in response to hate crimes. In 1800's, it was commonly observed with children who work on building railways. Many people confront hate crimes and would die of hard labor and lethal chemicals or sometimes due to over work (Lawler and Talbot 2012).Emotional AbusePsychological or emotional abuse is the parents' behaviour which may degrade a child or may affect emotional development (Lawler and Talbot 2012). It's not always the behaviour or degrading the child, but isolation which may spoil her emotional development. Lack of parents' love, support and guidance is also considered as emotional abuse (Troiano 2011).Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is the worst abuse which affect the physical and mental development badly and cause serious issues (Lawler and Talbot 2012). It includes rape, prostitution, molestation, incest, child pornography and some other forms of sexual pleasures. It causes severe distress and anxiety in the child who is abused (Lawler and Talbot 2012) (Troiano 2011).NeglectSometimes hate crime arises due to the absence of care which may be physical neglect, emotional neglect, medical neglect, and educational neglect, rather than direct negligence (Lawler and Talbot 2012). If a child is not given enough food, basic amenities, clean and safe water, then it may be the cause of hate crime (Lawler and Talbot 2012).Effects of Hate AbuseThe impacts of hate crime may be short term and long term. Short term impacts on kids include bedwetting, thumb sucking and speech impediment (Kinard 1982). Such children look nervous,
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sad and aggressive at times (Kinard 1982). Some people who are victim of hate crime, are afraid of darkness, some have headache and some suffer from insomnia etc. (Troiano 2011). The hate crime has worst impacts in adolescence and adulthood where sometimes they face family issues (Troiano 2011).Hate crimes sometimes stop the people to have sexual relationships in their adulthood and they are scared of sex throughout their life. They don't like touching and intimacy sometimes and sometimes they become child abuser (Kinard 1982) (Troiano 2011).The mental and intellectual development of victims is slower than normal people. Therefore, they depict poor performance in studies and in professional life.Factors of Hate crimeThose people do hate crimes who are from:Families with violence or domestic violenceCommunity violencePhysical or mentally retarded peopleLow income familiesChronic illnessSuch people feel lonely in their life (Troiano 2011) (Lawler and Talbot 2012).VictimologyGathering victim reports or hate crimes is mishandled, is regularly hard as first there must be parental authorization and most damaging guardians don't wish to permit their youngster to standup to the group against the battering as Kinard expressed while attempting to finish his study on manhandled kids (Kinard 1982) (Troiano 2011) (Lawler and Talbot 2012). With respect to said most victims of tyke sex manhandle don't stand up for the blame and disgrace they have endured and the lawful system to getting remuneration for their mishandle and approving that the manhandle really happened is a mind boggling method which puts much weight on the tyke (Lawler and Talbot 2012) (Troiano 2011). As indicated by Troiano 10% of youngster sexual manhandle cases include a more unusual as a culprit which makes discovering equity and gettingthe kid to stand up about the mishandle they endured considerably harder as the abuser is an obscure element.Laws and LegislationsIn 1960's, National Opinion Research Center of University of Chicago performed the first victim crime survey that estimated the reported and non-reported crimes.
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