Health advocacy plan for ncd PDF
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Running head: HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
Name of the Student
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HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
Name of the Student
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1HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) refers to those disease that are chronic in nature and
those diseases progress in an exponential nature until they are detected. This type of diseases
mainly causes sudden death as they are detected maximally at the end stage of the particular
disease (Ding et al., 2016). In India, NCD has a large impact in terms of morbidity and NCDs is
also a major cause of global disease burden. In India, mainly cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases are considered as NCDs (Muka et al., 2015). In
addition to this, several other risk factors high blood pressures, alcohol consumption, tobacco
consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, overweight, raised blood sugar are also
considered as NCDs. However, these factors are mainly the symptoms of the countable NCDs
and that is the reason they are also tagged as NCDs (Rahim et al., 2014). In India, NCDs are
associated with 60% of total deaths that is almost 5.87 million of total population (who.int,
2018). It is seen that, the prevalence of the NCD is highest in the lower socioeconomic countries
like India. To reduce the morbidity and mortality, the government has launched various
programs and policies (Islam et al., 2014). In this essay, the causal agents of the NCD and
various plans for reducing the prevalence of NCD in India, is highlighted.
According to a report of WHO, the described four NCD are accountable for the 82% of
death cases among the total deaths caused by NCD (). In South East Asia, India contributes
almost 2/3 of the total deaths due to NCD. As NCD has a global impact, WHO has launched an
Action Plan of Global Strategy for preventing the NCD (Wu et al., 2015). India is also an
important part of this plan and as a result, they also introduced several plans and policies to
reduce the NCDs. Under this plan, in general, various surveys have been executed in a national
level or sometime in a state wise manner and the main target of those plan is to counter the NCD
in direct or indirect ways (Rahim et al., 2014). In India, it is seen that, the burden of on NCD
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) refers to those disease that are chronic in nature and
those diseases progress in an exponential nature until they are detected. This type of diseases
mainly causes sudden death as they are detected maximally at the end stage of the particular
disease (Ding et al., 2016). In India, NCD has a large impact in terms of morbidity and NCDs is
also a major cause of global disease burden. In India, mainly cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases are considered as NCDs (Muka et al., 2015). In
addition to this, several other risk factors high blood pressures, alcohol consumption, tobacco
consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, overweight, raised blood sugar are also
considered as NCDs. However, these factors are mainly the symptoms of the countable NCDs
and that is the reason they are also tagged as NCDs (Rahim et al., 2014). In India, NCDs are
associated with 60% of total deaths that is almost 5.87 million of total population (who.int,
2018). It is seen that, the prevalence of the NCD is highest in the lower socioeconomic countries
like India. To reduce the morbidity and mortality, the government has launched various
programs and policies (Islam et al., 2014). In this essay, the causal agents of the NCD and
various plans for reducing the prevalence of NCD in India, is highlighted.
According to a report of WHO, the described four NCD are accountable for the 82% of
death cases among the total deaths caused by NCD (). In South East Asia, India contributes
almost 2/3 of the total deaths due to NCD. As NCD has a global impact, WHO has launched an
Action Plan of Global Strategy for preventing the NCD (Wu et al., 2015). India is also an
important part of this plan and as a result, they also introduced several plans and policies to
reduce the NCDs. Under this plan, in general, various surveys have been executed in a national
level or sometime in a state wise manner and the main target of those plan is to counter the NCD
in direct or indirect ways (Rahim et al., 2014). In India, it is seen that, the burden of on NCD
2HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
surpass the burden of Communicable diseases like TB, water or vector borne disease, HIV and
the NCD become the leading causative factors of death in that country (Agrawal, Patel &
Agarwal, 2016). According to a report of WHO, it is seen that, almost 1 out of 4 Indians are at
the risk zone of dying from a NCD and this may happen even the person at the age group of
below 70 years (who.int, 2018). The primary reasons for growing a NCD, are tobacco and
alcohol use, air pollution, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet as well. In 2014, almost 26%
that is almost 64 million people were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD), 13%
diagnosed were affected by COPD that is almost 39 million people, 7% were affected by the
cancer that is almost 2.8 million of people. In addition, diabetes were reported by 2% people and
12% reported about other type of NCDs (Ding et al., 2016). Along with this, NCD hugely affect
the economic condition of the India in between 2012-2030. It was estimated that, total cost
associated with the four NCD was almost $6.15 trillion in 2010 and a huge amount of Indian
population were drove into the poverty line due to the excessive costs of treatment and diagnosis
of the diseases (Low, Lee & Samy, 2015). According to the Social determinants of health, one of
the major factor is poverty and the NCD are associated with the poverty (Kontis et al., 2014).
To reduce the effect of NCD in the lower socioeconomic population, various strategies
can be taken. Previously, a program named NPCDCS was taken in order to reduce the
prevalence of NCD in India by the government of India. The main goal of this program is
promotion of health, early diagnosis of NCD and to reduce the mortality and morbidity
(nhp.gov.in, 2018). Along with this, another major initiative that was taken is strengthening of
diagnosis program in the district hospitals and the major target of this program is the lower
socioeconomic population of the society (Sommer et al., 2015). In order to achieve the goal of
this strategy, various steps like interpersonal counselling program, population based
surpass the burden of Communicable diseases like TB, water or vector borne disease, HIV and
the NCD become the leading causative factors of death in that country (Agrawal, Patel &
Agarwal, 2016). According to a report of WHO, it is seen that, almost 1 out of 4 Indians are at
the risk zone of dying from a NCD and this may happen even the person at the age group of
below 70 years (who.int, 2018). The primary reasons for growing a NCD, are tobacco and
alcohol use, air pollution, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet as well. In 2014, almost 26%
that is almost 64 million people were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD), 13%
diagnosed were affected by COPD that is almost 39 million people, 7% were affected by the
cancer that is almost 2.8 million of people. In addition, diabetes were reported by 2% people and
12% reported about other type of NCDs (Ding et al., 2016). Along with this, NCD hugely affect
the economic condition of the India in between 2012-2030. It was estimated that, total cost
associated with the four NCD was almost $6.15 trillion in 2010 and a huge amount of Indian
population were drove into the poverty line due to the excessive costs of treatment and diagnosis
of the diseases (Low, Lee & Samy, 2015). According to the Social determinants of health, one of
the major factor is poverty and the NCD are associated with the poverty (Kontis et al., 2014).
To reduce the effect of NCD in the lower socioeconomic population, various strategies
can be taken. Previously, a program named NPCDCS was taken in order to reduce the
prevalence of NCD in India by the government of India. The main goal of this program is
promotion of health, early diagnosis of NCD and to reduce the mortality and morbidity
(nhp.gov.in, 2018). Along with this, another major initiative that was taken is strengthening of
diagnosis program in the district hospitals and the major target of this program is the lower
socioeconomic population of the society (Sommer et al., 2015). In order to achieve the goal of
this strategy, various steps like interpersonal counselling program, population based
3HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
interventions were used. In case of the former program, the main strategy, that was taken, was to
involve the local community in the practices (Rehm & Probst, 2018). In addition, the early
diagnosis of the disease is another major strategy for that program and also to observe the
mortality and morbidity rate of NCD (Batterham et al., 2016).
In India, it is seen that, the unhealthy diet practice, tobacco use and alcohol consumption
is major cause of NCD in India among the poor (Mendenhall et al., 2017). The risk factors that
are associated with the NCD are also associated with the poverty. It is quite evident that lack
proper education, lower awareness about the disease, practice of unhealthy diet, alcohol
consumption rate are very much high among the poor in India. Due to their poverty, the poor
people mainly does not education and thereby they don’t even proper education about their
health and health related diseases (Wu et al., 2015). So it can be a major part of the strategy plan
to give a proper education to the poor population of the society and along with this, there should
be a plan of giving health education to those people so that they can understand the importance
the NCD and also the effect of NCD among them. Only a proper health education can bring a
change in the scenario of the disease among the poor population of India. As a part of these
program, special health literacy program can be launched (Gibbons, Thorsteinsson & Loi, 2015).
Next, it is seen that, tobacco use is another key reason of NCD among the poor
population of society. Tobacco and alcohol use is another mal practice. The use of alcohol causes
huge amount of deaths every year. In several countries in South-East Asia, the alcohol use are
totally banned and some countries have written policies for preventing the use of alcohol
(Agrawal, Patel & Agarwal, 2016). In order to reduce the use of alcohol several measures can be
taken such as the marketing for the alcohol and related beverages should be restricted in radio,
television, hoardings. Along with this, more awareness program related to restricted use of
interventions were used. In case of the former program, the main strategy, that was taken, was to
involve the local community in the practices (Rehm & Probst, 2018). In addition, the early
diagnosis of the disease is another major strategy for that program and also to observe the
mortality and morbidity rate of NCD (Batterham et al., 2016).
In India, it is seen that, the unhealthy diet practice, tobacco use and alcohol consumption
is major cause of NCD in India among the poor (Mendenhall et al., 2017). The risk factors that
are associated with the NCD are also associated with the poverty. It is quite evident that lack
proper education, lower awareness about the disease, practice of unhealthy diet, alcohol
consumption rate are very much high among the poor in India. Due to their poverty, the poor
people mainly does not education and thereby they don’t even proper education about their
health and health related diseases (Wu et al., 2015). So it can be a major part of the strategy plan
to give a proper education to the poor population of the society and along with this, there should
be a plan of giving health education to those people so that they can understand the importance
the NCD and also the effect of NCD among them. Only a proper health education can bring a
change in the scenario of the disease among the poor population of India. As a part of these
program, special health literacy program can be launched (Gibbons, Thorsteinsson & Loi, 2015).
Next, it is seen that, tobacco use is another key reason of NCD among the poor
population of society. Tobacco and alcohol use is another mal practice. The use of alcohol causes
huge amount of deaths every year. In several countries in South-East Asia, the alcohol use are
totally banned and some countries have written policies for preventing the use of alcohol
(Agrawal, Patel & Agarwal, 2016). In order to reduce the use of alcohol several measures can be
taken such as the marketing for the alcohol and related beverages should be restricted in radio,
television, hoardings. Along with this, more awareness program related to restricted use of
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4HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
alcohol should be endorsed in the radios (Sommer et al., 2015). As in India, radio is one of the
important source of information and for the poor population of the society. India has a state
specific legislation related to the use of alcohol and those laws are not uniform in all the states.
In order to maintain the uniformity, there should be one law related to alcohol and it can reduce
the use of alcohol among the poor people in the whole country. This may improve the condition
of NCD in India (Wu et al., 2015). Taxes should be increased so that poor people cannot afford
such components and this will indirectly affect the prevalence of NCD in the poor people. In
addition, more awareness campaign should be arranged and through those programs the bad
effects of alcohol consumption, and its effect on the onset of NCD should be told to the poor
community. This may improve the condition too for that particular population (Islam et al.,
2014). In case of the people who are already addicted to alcohol, then the main duty is to provide
a proper treatment. Due to their economic condition, they cannot afford the treatment and even
they have no knowledge about the treatment of the alcohol addiction. To address this issue, those
people should be given free treatment and counselling session by professionals. Again, in those
sessions, they should be given knowledge on harmful effects of alcohol consumption and
diseases related to that malpractice (Low, Lee & Samy, 2015). The proper implementation
strategies should be followed in and short term goals should be set in. Along with this, the people
who are free from alcohol addiction after having treatment, they should be involved in raising
awareness among the people and that may be much more effective as they can share their own
experience (Islam et al., 2014). The use of tobacco and alcohol are directly associated with NCD
like cancer and COPD. To reduce the use of tobacco in India, various initiative has been taken.
However, more monitoring and strict laws are needed in case of monitoring the tobacco use
among the adolescent. Along with this, the rate of penalty should be enhanced in case of
alcohol should be endorsed in the radios (Sommer et al., 2015). As in India, radio is one of the
important source of information and for the poor population of the society. India has a state
specific legislation related to the use of alcohol and those laws are not uniform in all the states.
In order to maintain the uniformity, there should be one law related to alcohol and it can reduce
the use of alcohol among the poor people in the whole country. This may improve the condition
of NCD in India (Wu et al., 2015). Taxes should be increased so that poor people cannot afford
such components and this will indirectly affect the prevalence of NCD in the poor people. In
addition, more awareness campaign should be arranged and through those programs the bad
effects of alcohol consumption, and its effect on the onset of NCD should be told to the poor
community. This may improve the condition too for that particular population (Islam et al.,
2014). In case of the people who are already addicted to alcohol, then the main duty is to provide
a proper treatment. Due to their economic condition, they cannot afford the treatment and even
they have no knowledge about the treatment of the alcohol addiction. To address this issue, those
people should be given free treatment and counselling session by professionals. Again, in those
sessions, they should be given knowledge on harmful effects of alcohol consumption and
diseases related to that malpractice (Low, Lee & Samy, 2015). The proper implementation
strategies should be followed in and short term goals should be set in. Along with this, the people
who are free from alcohol addiction after having treatment, they should be involved in raising
awareness among the people and that may be much more effective as they can share their own
experience (Islam et al., 2014). The use of tobacco and alcohol are directly associated with NCD
like cancer and COPD. To reduce the use of tobacco in India, various initiative has been taken.
However, more monitoring and strict laws are needed in case of monitoring the tobacco use
among the adolescent. Along with this, the rate of penalty should be enhanced in case of
5HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
smoking in a public place. Although there is a policy, but that should be revised and followed
more strictly. Hoardings and banner can be used in order to enhance the awareness among the
people. Announcement program can be executed by the local authorities and that may raise the
awareness among the poor people (Batterham et al., 2016).
Lack of healthy diet is another major problem for poor population in India and an
improper diet is associated with the onset of NCD. It is evident that, unhealthy diet such as lack
of fruit, vegetables, salt, sugar, fat, protein in the diet chart of a person can induce the NCD. As
those food components are directly associated with the health condition of the person, the lack of
those elements can induce the disease (Ross et al., 2014). The fact is that poor population in
India, does not have such kind of healthy diet that contains all the essential elements for the
health and the lower economic condition restrict them to access a healthy food habit that is
consumption of healthy food materials. Moreover, those healthy foods should be consumed in a
proper amount (Hawkes & Popkin, 2015). In this regard, they should be given proper knowledge
about the food practices that can give them benefit regarding the healthy practice of diet. In this
awareness program they should be given proper training about the food consumption procedure
and the importance of various food product (Ross et al., 2014). Along with this, subsidy should
be given in food products and if possible some essential food products should be given in
absolutely low price or no price. This step will help them to access all the essential food
products. Not only that, even after launching subsidy program, a committee be formed in order to
monitor the launched program whether it is correctly functioning or not (Hawkes & Popkin,
2015). In addition to that, another program can be started in which the food product will directly
be delivered to the home of the consumer (Ross et al., 2014). This may increase the rate
smoking in a public place. Although there is a policy, but that should be revised and followed
more strictly. Hoardings and banner can be used in order to enhance the awareness among the
people. Announcement program can be executed by the local authorities and that may raise the
awareness among the poor people (Batterham et al., 2016).
Lack of healthy diet is another major problem for poor population in India and an
improper diet is associated with the onset of NCD. It is evident that, unhealthy diet such as lack
of fruit, vegetables, salt, sugar, fat, protein in the diet chart of a person can induce the NCD. As
those food components are directly associated with the health condition of the person, the lack of
those elements can induce the disease (Ross et al., 2014). The fact is that poor population in
India, does not have such kind of healthy diet that contains all the essential elements for the
health and the lower economic condition restrict them to access a healthy food habit that is
consumption of healthy food materials. Moreover, those healthy foods should be consumed in a
proper amount (Hawkes & Popkin, 2015). In this regard, they should be given proper knowledge
about the food practices that can give them benefit regarding the healthy practice of diet. In this
awareness program they should be given proper training about the food consumption procedure
and the importance of various food product (Ross et al., 2014). Along with this, subsidy should
be given in food products and if possible some essential food products should be given in
absolutely low price or no price. This step will help them to access all the essential food
products. Not only that, even after launching subsidy program, a committee be formed in order to
monitor the launched program whether it is correctly functioning or not (Hawkes & Popkin,
2015). In addition to that, another program can be started in which the food product will directly
be delivered to the home of the consumer (Ross et al., 2014). This may increase the rate
6HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
consumption of healthy food among the poor people as poverty is one of the main cause of not
consuming the healthy foods.
Moreover, the poor people have no proper knowledge about the NCD. In order to
enhance knowledge about the non-communicable diseases among the poor people local work
force can be used and frequent awareness program should be conducted such as one program in
each month or if possible two awareness program in a month (Gibbons, Thorsteinsson & Loi,
2015). Pictorial representation of the symptoms, consequences of the NCD can be represented to
them so that they can easily understand. In those awareness program short documented video can
be showed in order to educate them about the disease and this will create interest about the
awareness program and they will attend those awareness program in their own interest. In those
programs, the message should be conveyed that, cancer, CVD are curable diseases and there are
social stigmas about those diseases among the poor population of the society (Batterham et al.,
2016).
People who have already diagnosed with the NCD, they should be given free treatment
and free of medication in the local government hospital. However, if the disease condition is
quite serious, there should be referrals and those cost should be afforded by the government
(Muka et al., 2015). In case of treatment of cancer or cardiovascular diseases, the hospitalization
cost of the patient should be minimized and for other two diseases like diabetes and COPD
generally hospitalization is not required. Frequent, health check- up camps should be arranged by
the local authorities and this will help in early detection of the disease and that may cause
reduction in the mortality by those diseases (Rahim et al., 2014).
Lastly, it can be concluded that, India is greatly affected by the prevalence of the NCD
and it crosses the prevalence rate of communicable diseases. There is a proper requirement of a
consumption of healthy food among the poor people as poverty is one of the main cause of not
consuming the healthy foods.
Moreover, the poor people have no proper knowledge about the NCD. In order to
enhance knowledge about the non-communicable diseases among the poor people local work
force can be used and frequent awareness program should be conducted such as one program in
each month or if possible two awareness program in a month (Gibbons, Thorsteinsson & Loi,
2015). Pictorial representation of the symptoms, consequences of the NCD can be represented to
them so that they can easily understand. In those awareness program short documented video can
be showed in order to educate them about the disease and this will create interest about the
awareness program and they will attend those awareness program in their own interest. In those
programs, the message should be conveyed that, cancer, CVD are curable diseases and there are
social stigmas about those diseases among the poor population of the society (Batterham et al.,
2016).
People who have already diagnosed with the NCD, they should be given free treatment
and free of medication in the local government hospital. However, if the disease condition is
quite serious, there should be referrals and those cost should be afforded by the government
(Muka et al., 2015). In case of treatment of cancer or cardiovascular diseases, the hospitalization
cost of the patient should be minimized and for other two diseases like diabetes and COPD
generally hospitalization is not required. Frequent, health check- up camps should be arranged by
the local authorities and this will help in early detection of the disease and that may cause
reduction in the mortality by those diseases (Rahim et al., 2014).
Lastly, it can be concluded that, India is greatly affected by the prevalence of the NCD
and it crosses the prevalence rate of communicable diseases. There is a proper requirement of a
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7HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
proper health advocacy plan in order to reduce the prevalence rate of NCD in India. Along with
this, during the development plan, the poor population of the society should be considered
primarily. In this essay, the SDH goal is the poverty and that is the reason, poor population of the
society are center of all the programs that are proposed in this plan.
proper health advocacy plan in order to reduce the prevalence rate of NCD in India. Along with
this, during the development plan, the poor population of the society should be considered
primarily. In this essay, the SDH goal is the poverty and that is the reason, poor population of the
society are center of all the programs that are proposed in this plan.
8HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
References
Agrawal, G., Patel, S. K., & Agarwal, A. K. (2016). Lifestyle health risk factors and multiple
non-communicable diseases among the adult population in India: a cross-sectional
study. Journal of Public Health, 24(4), 317-324.
Batterham, R. W., Hawkins, M., Collins, P. A., Buchbinder, R., & Osborne, R. H. (2016). Health
literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health
inequalities. Public health, 132, 3-12.
Ding, D., Lawson, K. D., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Finkelstein, E. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Van
Mechelen, W., ... & Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. (2016). The
economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable
diseases. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1311-1324.
Gibbons, R. J., Thorsteinsson, E. B., & Loi, N. M. (2015). Beliefs and attitudes towards mental
illness: an examination of the sex differences in mental health literacy in a community
sample. PeerJ, 3, e1004.
Hawkes, C., & Popkin, B. M. (2015). Can the sustainable development goals reduce the burden
of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases without truly addressing major food
system reforms?. BMC medicine, 13(1), 143.
Islam, S. M. S., Purnat, T. D., Phuong, N. T. A., Mwingira, U., Schacht, K., & Fröschl, G.
(2014). Non‐Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in developing countries: a symposium
report. Globalization and health, 10(1), 81.
References
Agrawal, G., Patel, S. K., & Agarwal, A. K. (2016). Lifestyle health risk factors and multiple
non-communicable diseases among the adult population in India: a cross-sectional
study. Journal of Public Health, 24(4), 317-324.
Batterham, R. W., Hawkins, M., Collins, P. A., Buchbinder, R., & Osborne, R. H. (2016). Health
literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health
inequalities. Public health, 132, 3-12.
Ding, D., Lawson, K. D., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Finkelstein, E. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Van
Mechelen, W., ... & Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. (2016). The
economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable
diseases. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1311-1324.
Gibbons, R. J., Thorsteinsson, E. B., & Loi, N. M. (2015). Beliefs and attitudes towards mental
illness: an examination of the sex differences in mental health literacy in a community
sample. PeerJ, 3, e1004.
Hawkes, C., & Popkin, B. M. (2015). Can the sustainable development goals reduce the burden
of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases without truly addressing major food
system reforms?. BMC medicine, 13(1), 143.
Islam, S. M. S., Purnat, T. D., Phuong, N. T. A., Mwingira, U., Schacht, K., & Fröschl, G.
(2014). Non‐Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in developing countries: a symposium
report. Globalization and health, 10(1), 81.
9HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., ... & Ezzati, M.
(2014). Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25× 25 non-communicable
disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. The Lancet, 384(9941), 427-437.
Low, W. Y., Lee, Y. K., & Samy, A. L. (2015). Non-communicable diseases in the Asia-Pacific
region: prevalence, risk factors and community-based prevention. International journal
of occupational medicine and environmental health, 1-7.
Mendenhall, E., Kohrt, B. A., Norris, S. A., Ndetei, D., & Prabhakaran, D. (2017). Non-
communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income
populations. The Lancet, 389(10072), 951-963.
Muka, T., Imo, D., Jaspers, L., Colpani, V., Chaker, L., van der Lee, S. J., ... & Pazoki, R.
(2015). The global impact of non-communicable diseases on healthcare spending and
national income: a systematic review. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(4), 251-
277.
nhp.gov.in (2018). National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and
Stroke (NPCDCS) | National Health Portal Of India. Retrieved from
http://nhp.gov.in/national-programme-for-prevention-and-control-of-c_pg
Rahim, H. F. A., Sibai, A., Khader, Y., Hwalla, N., Fadhil, I., Alsiyabi, H., ... & Husseini, A.
(2014). Non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. The Lancet, 383(9914), 356-367.
Rehm, J., & Probst, C. (2018). Decreases of Life Expectancy Despite Decreases in Non-
Communicable Disease Mortality: The Role of Substance Use and Socioeconomic
Status. European addiction research, 24(2), 53-59.
Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., ... & Ezzati, M.
(2014). Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25× 25 non-communicable
disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. The Lancet, 384(9941), 427-437.
Low, W. Y., Lee, Y. K., & Samy, A. L. (2015). Non-communicable diseases in the Asia-Pacific
region: prevalence, risk factors and community-based prevention. International journal
of occupational medicine and environmental health, 1-7.
Mendenhall, E., Kohrt, B. A., Norris, S. A., Ndetei, D., & Prabhakaran, D. (2017). Non-
communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income
populations. The Lancet, 389(10072), 951-963.
Muka, T., Imo, D., Jaspers, L., Colpani, V., Chaker, L., van der Lee, S. J., ... & Pazoki, R.
(2015). The global impact of non-communicable diseases on healthcare spending and
national income: a systematic review. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(4), 251-
277.
nhp.gov.in (2018). National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and
Stroke (NPCDCS) | National Health Portal Of India. Retrieved from
http://nhp.gov.in/national-programme-for-prevention-and-control-of-c_pg
Rahim, H. F. A., Sibai, A., Khader, Y., Hwalla, N., Fadhil, I., Alsiyabi, H., ... & Husseini, A.
(2014). Non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. The Lancet, 383(9914), 356-367.
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10HEALTH ADVOCACY PLAN FOR NCD
Ross, A. C., Caballero, B., Cousins, R. J., Tucker, K. L., & Ziegler, T. R. (2014). Modern
nutrition in health and disease(No. Ed. 11). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Wu, F., Guo, Y., Chatterji, S., Zheng, Y., Naidoo, N., Jiang, Y., ... & Manrique-Espinoza, B.
(2015). Common risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among older adults
in China, Ghana, Mexico, India, Russia and South Africa: the study on global AGEing
and adult health (SAGE) wave 1. BMC public health, 15(1), 88.
Ross, A. C., Caballero, B., Cousins, R. J., Tucker, K. L., & Ziegler, T. R. (2014). Modern
nutrition in health and disease(No. Ed. 11). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sommer, I., Griebler, U., Mahlknecht, P., Thaler, K., Bouskill, K., Gartlehner, G., & Mendis, S.
(2015). Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases and their risk factors:
an overview of systematic reviews. BMC public health, 15(1), 914.
who.int (2018). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from
http://www.searo.who.int/india/topics/noncommunicable_diseases/en/
Wu, F., Guo, Y., Chatterji, S., Zheng, Y., Naidoo, N., Jiang, Y., ... & Manrique-Espinoza, B.
(2015). Common risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among older adults
in China, Ghana, Mexico, India, Russia and South Africa: the study on global AGEing
and adult health (SAGE) wave 1. BMC public health, 15(1), 88.
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