Health and Disease

This study explores the main health issues of cardiovascular disease and obesity in the United Kingdom. It discusses the health system, government policies, and measures taken to address these diseases. The study also highlights the decrease in mortality rates and the importance of following a healthy and balanced diet. Find study material and assignments on health and disease at Desklib.

Health and Disease

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1........................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2........................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Health is defined as state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not
simply the absence of infirmity or disease. Health reflects the functional and metabolic efficiency
in the individuals. If any organ or system of organ doesn't function properly, giving rise to
symptoms and signs of not well, then it is told that the health state is not good and individual is
suffering from any disease.
Cardiovascular Disease refers to condition which is involved in blocked or narrowed
blood vessels which can lead chest pain (Angina), heart attack or stroke. Obesity is medical
condition where excess of fat has been accumulated in the body upto the extent that have an
adverse effect on health. In the above study it is stated that evaluation of main health issues that
are cardiovascular disease and obesity in United Kingdom. In the further study is carried forward
by discussing the health system in the United Kingdom. The report ends with the prediction of
future health system of population in UK.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
The main health issues which are to be taken for the study are Cardiovascular disease and
obesity of the United Kingdom. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of disability among
individuals and premature death. This includes all circulatory and heart disease which consist of
different forms that can be coronary heart disease, heart attack, angina, hypertension, congenital
heart disease, vascular dementia and stroke. Obesity means having much body fat. Weight can
come from bone, muscles, fat and body water.
Obesity is the leading preventable cause of death globally, with raise of rate in children
and adults. In 2015, 12% of adults (600 million) and 100 million of children are obese within
195 countries. It is more common among women than man. It is the most serious public health
problem in 21 century(Stewart and Chinnery, 2015).
Whereas Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the cause of death worldwide. It is resulted in 32.1%
of deaths (17.9 million) in 2015, which is high from 1990 that is 25.8% (12.3 million). There is
80% of deaths in males and 75% of death in females due to CVD. The most of the older adults
are affected by Cardiovascular disease. In United Kingdom the 11% of individual between the

age of 20 and 40, while 37% of individual between 40 and 60 and 71% of people between 60 and
80 are affected by CVD(Derks and Tomasi, 2015).
In 2016, government of UK has launched their first plan “Action on cardiovascular
disease”. Then the prevention of CVD has collected momentum along with NHS Prevention
Board forming it as a priority and the NHS England committing for further action in their Next
steps on the NHS for five year forward view. They had also launched the app – “Be Food Smart”
which is helpful for shopper in identifying fat, salt and sugar in their food which is purchased by
them. They had also started a Smoke-free NHS campaign for making the hospitals healthier. And
partnered with British Heart Foundation (BHF) for supporting the clinical leadership. Ensuring
to convey messages to the general public regarding the treatment and prevention of the CVD and
obesity.
TASK 2
Over the 20 century second half there was marked decline in mortality due to CVD in
Wales and England. CHD was made a priority of government in 1999, along with introduction of
national Service Framework for CHD in 2000. The main goal is for reducing death from CVD
and illness related under 75s by 40% till the year 2010 should be reached the schedule. Between
2000 and 2010 the age-standardised the mortality rate in Wales and England has been decreased
in males by 40% and for females by 38% respectively.
The prevalence of obesity has been changed slightly during the 1960s and 1970s, but has
been raised over ensuing decades – from 13.4% in the year 1980 to 34.3% in 2008 among adults
and in the same period it is 5% to 17% in children. The ratio of obesity has been decreased
during 1976-1980 and 2007-2008, and approximately 6% of adults in UK now has a BMI of 40
kg/m2 or higher than that(Hunter and Jones, 2015).
The CVD prevention programme has been introduced by the NHS with the intervention
for optimizing care by maximizing treatment and diagnosis. The increasing early detection of
CVD for helping pateints to live longer and healthier lives. They aims to work for people on
rotuine basis and knowing their 'ABC' numbers that is – AF, blood pressure and cholesterol. The
NHS health check fro rapid treatment to the patients. New National CVD prevention audit of
primary care known as 'CVDPrevent' has been introduced by NHS. The routinely recorded GP
data and making it easy for practices. Primary care networks are also developed by NHS for

systematically identification of people whose treatment can be improved and thus risk can
reduced.
The Childhood obesity plan has outlined the plan for soft drinks industry to be levied
within the UK by the government. According to the National Diet and Nutrition Survey the
sugary softy drinks render 26% of total sugar intake of 11-18 years old in England. The revenue
collected from levy will further invested in the programme for reducing obesity and enhancing
physical activity and balance diets for adults and school going children. Sugar reduction
programme has also been introduced by the government which is led by PHE for removing sugar
from products which children eat the most. The programme will be applied to all sectors of the
industry that are manufacturer, retailers and out-of home sectors and all drink & food which
contribute in the food products which is mostly intake by children. Their main aim is to reduce
sugar intake at least 20% by the year 2020, thus including 5% of reduction in 1 year. National
marketing campaigns which is used at local level for encouraging individuals for improving their
lifestyle behaviour(Fung, Olson and Hsiao, 2017).
TASK 3
There are around 7.4 million individuals who are living with severe circulatory and heart
disease in the UK according to the data of 2019. An growing population survivals rate from
circulatory events and heart could see that these number can rise further. More than twice of
people are suffering from CVD then with Alzheimer and cancer disease. The CVD causes 28%
ODF death in the quarter in UK which is 170,000 death each year which is average 460 people
die each day due to these disease. More than 45,000 individuals under age of 75 die due to this
disease each year in UK. The annual number of deaths due to CVD has been decreased by
around half in the United Kingdom. In 2009 , there were half of the all deaths are due to CVD in
UK that is 320,000 deaths per year. There is decrease in the rate of deaths due to CVD in the
people of UK. This shows that the government policies and strategies are significantly working
and is successful in developing the awareness among the people. The people are more cared and
aware about these diseases and following health diet so that they can be cured themselves to get
in touch with these disease. The targets and aim set by government of UK and NHS for
decreasing the rate of CVD among the citizens of UK has been achieved significantly(Liew,
Girard and Turnquist, 2016).

According to the statistics 2019, 28.7% of adults in England are obese. Further 35.6% of
people are overweight not obese. It is observed that people aged 65 to 74 are likely to obese or
overweight and it is more in men than as compare to woman that is 67.2% in men and 61.5% in
women. Whereas child obesity in children is 9.5% for the age 4-5 years and 12.8% further. The
proportion of Body Mass Index has been decreased within 1993 and 2013, which 41% to 31%
among men and from 49% to 41% among women. There is little but change in the proportion
over the period. There is remarkable increase in proportion of children which are obese. There is
very slight change in this proceeding year but obesity has been become a major problem now a
days and various measures are taken by government to overcome such health issue effectively
and ensuring peoples to follow the healthy and balanced diet and be health concious(Lynch and
Pedersen, 2016).
CONCLUSION
From the above study it is concluded that cardiovascular disease and obesity are major
health issues which are faced by the people UK. This disease has been cause to the death of
many people per year. Various policies and measures are taken by NHS and government of
United Kingdom for curing these diseases. These policies are very helpful for government in
raising the awareness among the people and specific check-up and treatments are provided to the
individuals. Thus the mortality rate has been decreased and the people are following healthy and
balanced diet. And now s days people of United Kingdom are more health concious.

REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Lynch, S. V. and Pedersen, O., 2016. The human intestinal microbiome in health and
disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 375(24). pp.2369-2379.
Liew, F. Y., Girard, J. P. and Turnquist, H. R., 2016. Interleukin-33 in health and disease. Nature
Reviews Immunology. 16(11). p.676.
Fung, T. C., Olson, C. A. and Hsiao, E. Y., 2017. Interactions between the microbiota, immune
and nervous systems in health and disease. Nature neuroscience. 20(2). p.145.
Hunter, C. A. and Jones, S. A., 2015. IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nature
immunology. 16(5). p.448.
Derks, J. and Tomasi, C., 2015. Peri‐implant health and disease. A systematic review of current
epidemiology. Journal of clinical periodontology. 42. pp.S158-S171.
Stewart, J. B. and Chinnery, P. F., 2015. The dynamics of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy:
implications for human health and disease. Nature Reviews Genetics. 16(9). pp.530-542.