This article covers concepts of health and wellbeing, principles related to public health together with health prevention, protection and promotion. It also identifies social determinants associated to health and health inequalities, issues that impact health of a person as well as specific health risks.
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Understanding Health and Illness
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Contents Contents...........................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1 1. What is understanding about concept of health along with wellbeing as well as principles of public health and health promotion, prevention addition to protection.......................................1 2. Identification of social determinants of health along with inequalities in health....................3 3. What are issues which impact on health or wellbeing of a person..........................................5 4. What are the particular health risks related to case study. What possible advice addition to support a nurse can give for promoting health and wellbeing.....................................................6 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION The term health can be said to a state of complete social, physical and mental wellbeing with merely absence of any type of infirmity or disease(Hartmann-Kottek, 2022). Likewise, illness refers to ill health that is identified by an individual themselves as per self-reported physical or mental symptoms. The case study is based on Karim, who is a 35-year-old man having origin from Pakistan, has been living in London with family for past 3 years. Since relocating in UK, the family stayed in various hostels in distinct boroughs. The family depend on universal credit for supplementing income, no longer afford eating healthy meals and many a times, depends on take away for convenience as well as affordability. Karim because of the stress due to inability to provide family, low income, small accommodation and so on, started drinking heavily. Because of this, Karim experienced low mood, changes in behaviour, gained weight significantly, starts to snore and various other disease, including high blood pressure as well as high cholesterol. The summative assessment covers concepts of health and wellbeing, principles related to public health together with health prevention, protection and promotion. It also identifies social determinants associated to health and health inequalities, issues that impact health of a person as well as specific health risks. MAIN BODY 1. What is understanding about concept of health along with wellbeing as well as principles of public health and health promotion, prevention addition to protection In accordance toFelman (2020), health is said to a state in which a person is complete physical addition to emotional comfort (Felman, 2020). It is a positive concept which emphasise on personal along with social resources along with physical capacities. It reflects that health is a resource for supporting functioning of a person in wider society despite of end in itself. In context to case study, health for Karim and his family is significant for living life to fullest. When Karim leads a healthy lifestyle, their body remains healthy along with mind remains active and fresh. It is fundamental right for all and having good health assist in performing day to day routine smoothly. Davis (2019) says that concept of wellbeing is termed to an experience of happiness, prosperity together with health (Davis, 2019). It entails good mental health, sense of purpose, 1
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potential for stress management and high life satisfaction. It is determined by how life of a person stacks up against distinct value systems that are set in place for self. As per case study, the way Karim feel, in context to physically and mentally, is essence of living. Perceptions and ability of Karim for observing own feelings and thoughts are what makes them human along with separates against other individual. The sense of wellbeing is not necessarily tied to the among of money Karim earned or the kind of car they drive. Wellbeing improves productivity, morale, number of sickness absences and performance of a person. Health promotion is delineated to a process to enable population for enhancement of control over as well as to make improvisation in own health. Health promoting activity in order to promote health are important for enhancing quality of life for all people. In context to case study,healthpromotionactivitiessuchaspreventingexcessiveconsumptionofAlcohol, increasing access to healthy food and so on are important for Karim in order to improve quality of life of Karim and his family members.Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 is health promotion practice that create a faster system to deal with a backlog of cases.Mentioned below are some principles of health promotions: Principle of participative: As per the principle, people are required to take active part in decision making for own health(Hardey, 2022). In context to case study of Karim, it is role of nurse to empower Karim for exercising more control on decision making along with participate from initial stage to look after own health. With this principle, Karim is able to gain insights about own health problems and learn ways for overcoming them to gain good health. Principle of equitable: The principle ensures fairness of results for users of health service. With consideration toNMC future nurse standards, it is role of nurse to promote health of an individual with fairness of outcomes. As per the case study, application of principle of equitable can give high priority requirements for Karim to provide continuum of care as well as help Karim to understand factors that contribute in ill health. Health prevention could be said to an action which aimed for avoiding manifestation of disease. For Karim, health prevention includes practices for making improvisation in health through changing influences of social along with economic determinants on health. Principles of health prevention in context to Karim are as follows: Principle of avoiding risks: The principle states that wherever possible, an individual should avoid risks. In aspect to Karim, it is role of nurse to guide Karim for eliminating risks as 2
well as get rid of health based problems (Health And Safety: The Principles Of Prevention, 2021). It is not possible for a person to avoid risks, however, must avoid those which should be so to prevent any illness. Principle of giving collective protective measures priority: The principle says that collective protective measures must be given priority over protective measures for an individual. In context to case study, collective measures for Karim and his family give greatest advantages for protecting health of all. It is role of nurses to consider the ways preventive measures work collectively and ensure they are compatible. Health protection is safeguarding individuals and populations by effective collaboration of professionals in determining, preventing together with mitigating impacts of disease and of threats associated to environment. Some of principles related to health protection that can be applied in situation of Karim are as follows: Principleofplanningandpreparedness:Theprincipleisallaboutscheduling emergenceandwellbeingmanagementtogetherwithaspectsofprotectionofemergency preparedness to protect health of a person. In case with Karim, principle of planning and preparedness guide nurses to adopt set of activities in public health. Principle ofidentification and correction: The principle protect health of a person throughencouragingpeopleforreportinghealthandsafetyhazardstohealthcarebased establishment. With this, health of Karim against certain diseases can be protected by a nurse by determining health issues and providing correct precautions. 2. Identification of social determinants of health along with inequalities in health Social determinants of health can be named to nonmedical factors which influence health based results(Molloy, Munro and Pope, 2021). In other words, these are said to circumstances wherein an individual born, grow, live, work and so on that shapes situations of day to day life. At same time, inequalities in health are unjust along with avoidable differences in health of people across population as well as between particular population groups. In case with Karim, understanding about social determinants of health and inequalities results in gaining insights to improve own health status so to predict negative results. These are unfair together with unavoidable differences in health status among communities or group of people. In context to case study, identified social determinants of heath along with inequalities of health in case with Karim underneath: 3
Neighbourhood and built environment: It is key determinant of health as well as inequalities of health in a geographical location. In UK, there are huge number of people that lives in boroughs with unsafe air or water and other risks. In case with Karim, neighbourhood and built environment causes inequalities of health. It is because of built environment impacts physical activities and inaccessible aspects results in poor health outcomes including high cholesterol,excessive consumption of Alcoholand inaccessible of food. Communityenvironment:ItisanalysedfromthecaseofKarimthatcommunity environment is determinant of health and inequalities in health. Interactions with individuals along with their family affects health of an individual. For Karim, environment of community contributes in inequalities of health as it was complex for the family to make connections and put down roots as when they do it, they are moved to another accommodation that impacts on their self-esteem and health care practices. Income along with its distribution: Income is considered as most significant social determinant of health as level of income shapes whole living situations, influences health based behaviours addition to affects psychological functioning(Turgay, Yılmaz and Akçiçek, 2018). Within UK, income distribution determines quality of people in form of food security, housing along with other necessary requisites of health. The greater the gap among demographic profile, the more differences in health inequalities. Low income predisposes an individual to material along with social deprivation. The more deprivation results in less probability for Karim and family to able to afford basic prerequisites of health, comprising, housing and other practices of healthcare. Deprivation causes social exclusion through making it complex to participate in educational,recreationalaswellasculturalpractices.IncasewithKarim,incomeand determinants affects health addition to limits willingness of the person for living daily life. Increasing income inequality for asylum troubles people. Health care services: High quality of healthcare services are key social determinants of health along with basic right of a person(Bonoti, Christidou and Spyrou, 2019). As per Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, purpose of heath care is to protect health of asylum while spreading health costs across wider society. In aspect to case of Karim and family, healthcare system is effective to protect them with lower incomes who fail to afford private healthcare insurance. Health and Social Care Act 2012 sets out essential requirements which provincial or territorial governments are require to meet with the help of public health care insurance plans. 4
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For asylum and other population, clinicians are put at centre of commissioning, empower patients, frees up providers for innovation and gives new emphasis for public health. However, there are certain barriers including lack of availability, limited language coverage and high cost that causes inaccessibility of healthcare services for Karim that results in unmet health needs, inability to get preventive services and so on against citizens of the country that causes inequalities in health. Living conditions: It has been determined that healthy homes promotes good mental along with physical health(Gray, Temel and El-Jawahri, 2021). For an individual, good health depends on having homes which are safe as well as free against physical hazards. On other hand, poor quality together with inadequate housing contributes in various health problems including injuries, chronic disease, etc. In case with Karim, living away from ancestors and at high rise buildingstreet,temporaryaccommodationandinlesstimeperiod,movingtoanother accommodation contributes in health inequalities. 3. What are issues which impact on health or wellbeing of a person Health issues are ailment or environmental conditions which poses higher risks of health of an individual(Chase, Rezaie and Zada, 2019). In context to people seeking asylum in UK, there are various issue that impacts on their wellbeing and health. As asylum as so uninsured, out of pocket healthcare costs are more than paid by uninsured, making them less pay for care they need causes issues in health. Within UK, frequent health issues include accidental injuries, diabetes and hypertension, cardiovascular events, etc. In case with Karim, there are various issues that impact on health and wellbeing. Mentioned are some of them below: Low income: It is well known that people with higher income are healthier that impacts positively on their health(Bradbury, 2020). In case with Karim, low income is an issue that affects health as it influences health in direct manner by goods and services which Karim purchase support and damage their health. Within UK, income and determinants influences health of people through generating chronic stress because of enhanced social comparisons, destabilise institutions and erode of social cohesion which plays role in protecting wellbeing. Issue of low income is highly associated to mortality across income distribution as well as income- associated health disparitiesthat appears to growing over time. In case of Karim, it restricts resources used to avoid risks and adopt healthy behaviors. It also affects surrounding wherein an individual live including physical parts of places, infrastructure, services, reputation 5
of communities and culture that have independent effect of outcomes of health of Karim and his family. Uncertain living conditions: Living conditions of an individual are associated to wider kinds of health implications(Namer and Razum, 2018). The quality of home has substantial impact on wellbeing and health of a person. In case with Karim, living in one-bedroom flat on 8th floor at high rise building on busy street causes serious health issues including pains in body, feeling tired and so on. Moreover, temporary accommodation by local authority of UK also impacts on health. The uncertainty of their situation, often combined with poor living conditions, impacts both physically and mentally on homeless individuals and families. It enhances risk of mental health situations, violence as well as substance use, among other things. Barriers in accessing healthcare services: For people in a geographical location, barriers in accessing healthcare services causes potential health impacts, such as increased burden, poor management of chronic disease and so on. For instance, People without medical insurance in UK are more likely to lack a usual source of medical care, such as a PCP, and are more likely to skip routinemedicalcaredue tocosts,increasingtheirrisk forseriousanddisablinghealth conditions. In case with Karim, issue of barriers in accessing services related to healthcare impacts on health as they forego preventive care addition to seek health care at more advanced stages of disease. Potential of an individual for accessing health services has a profound effect on every aspect of their wellbeing. Socio-Economic status: It is class or social standing of people or group.Socioeconomic status encompasses not just income but also educational attainment, financial security, and subjective perceptions of social status and social class. Socioeconomic status, whether assessed by income, education, or occupation, is linked to a wide range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes and other diseases. It is measured as combination of income, occupation and other factors. Examination of status of socioeconomic of an individual, it reveals inequalities in access to resources along with issues concerned with power, control and privilege. In case with Karim, low socioeconomic status as Karim’s low income and lower education achievement affects functioning that comprises of physical and mental health. All these factors affects potentials of Karim to make healthy choices, manage stresslevel,affordmedicalcareandhousing.Socioeconomicfactorsarenotcommonly deliberated at the time it comes to health, nevertheless approaches to improve these factors can 6
have an even greater impact on health of an individual over time against those who are traditionallyassociatedwithhealthimprovement,entailingstrategiestoimprovehealth behaviours. Furthermore, in case with Karim, inequities in distribution of health, resource distribution along with quality of life impacts on health adversely. 4. What are the particular health risks related to case study. What possible advice addition to support a nurse can give for promoting health and wellbeing Health risks is said to any chance or likelihood about something that is going to harm health of a person. With understanding of health risk, a healthcare practitioner, for example, nurse, keep an individual informed about finding ways for preventing and improving health based issues (Huda, 2021). Risks are all around health of an individual. With knowledge about health risk and advantages of medical treatment can assist a person and healthcare practitioner to make informed decisions. In case with Karim, mentioned below are particular risks associated to the health: Substance abuse: It is related to consumption of drugs and alcohol. In case with Karim, substance abuse in form of addiction to drink and smoke is health risks. It affects multiple aspects of physical and psychological health of Karim. With repeated drinking and smoke, there are possibilities of changes in weight as well as appetite of the person. It also enhances strain on the liver that puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure. Furthermore, chronic usage of alcohol and smoke, it can result in both short- and long-term changes in the brain leading to mental health issues. Mental health issues: Stressful and uncertain living situation is health risk related to people seeking asylum(d’Abreu, Castro-Olivo and Ura, 2019). In case with Karim, uncertain living situation, low income and so on aspects causes mental illness and other mood disorders comprising anxiety on rise, paranoia, depression, aggression, hallucinations and so on. Many who suffer from addiction are also diagnosed with a mental disorder. Poor mental health lead to poor physical health or harmful behaviors. ForKarim, health risk of mental illness can lead to disability. People with mental health issues are less likely to have access to adequate health care. Nurse performs significant role in prevention, promotion, protecting and improving health of a person along with wider community. It is responsibility of nurse to recognise symptoms of patients, take measures within scope of practice in order to administer medications, collaboratingwithotherhealthcareprofessionalsforoptimisingcomfortofpatientand understand families as well as provide measures for alleviating symptoms. In case of Karim, 7
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nurse needs various skills and adequate knowledge for providing supporting. In this aspect, nurses require knowledge about ways to implement preventive care tactics, diagnosis and issuing prescriptions, work independently and know how to handle asylum. At same time, skill sets requiredbyanursetosupportKarimaretimemanagement,networking,organisation, communicationandempathy(Thompson,2018).IncasewithKarim,thenurserequires communication skill so to exchange information about all aspects related to health. Strong written addition to verbal skills are central for improvisation of outcomes of health, fostering relationship with patients and families together with navigating complex scenarios.The time nurses spend with patients also provides them with unique insights into their patients’ wants and needs, health habits, and concerns, thus making them importantadvocatesin their care. Advocacy to patient is major working of nurse for Karim as it means assisting coordinating care with other provider’s office addition to ensuring that Karim has been provided informed consent to deal with health issues.Moreover, time management skill required by nurse so to organise along with prioritise care for Karim. Nurses who develop techniques to better manage their time can achieve balance in the face of time limitations. Mentioned below are some supportive advises that nurses can give to Karim for health promotion interventions that will prevent, protect, promote and improve the health of the individual: Avoid consumption of alcohol and cigarette: The nurse can advise Karim for avoiding drinking and smoking as they might make Karim to feel better in shorter time period, but, have negative effects on physical and mental health as well as illness. Develop good mental practice: The nurse can provide supportive advice to Karim for making attempts to emphasis on positive emotions as well as events despite of negative ones. With this, Karim can produce flourishing that are worth cultivating to psychological growth and improved well-being over time. Seek help from others: The nurse can advise Karim to talk with family members and other community people in order to feel less stressed. It is analysed that getting help from others in difficult situations have greater chances of reducing burden that is felt by an individual. CONCLUSION For a person, it is important to understand health and illness as with this, people are able to inform potentiality for self-care addition to manage own health that can subsequently decline 8
certain burden on services associated to healthcare.Healthful lifestyle of an individual provides a means for leading full life with meaning as well as purpose. Wellbeing comprises various positive things, such as feeling socially connected, purposeful addition to happy. With strong along with well adapted sense of wellbeing, an individual is able to overcome complexities addition to attain goals in life. Social determinants of health along with inequalities in health comprises of community environment, income along with its distribution, health care services, living conditions as well as neighbourhood and built environment. Issues which impact on health or wellbeing of a person are low income, uncertain living conditions and barriers in accessing healthcare services. 9
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