Analyzing Health Promotion and Public Health

The assignment requires you to analyze and summarize a set of research papers on health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness. The papers cover various topics such as workplace health promotion programs, health education and behavior, professional nursing practice, public health policy, adolescent health risk behavior, and geographic information systems for health promotion. You are expected to provide specific details about the assignment, including a summary of the research papers, references, and any relevant illustrations or images.

HEALTH PROMOTION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influence on health.....................................................................1
1.2 Relevance of governmental sources in reporting on inequalities in health...........................2
1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare........................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Link between government strategies and models of health promotion.................................4
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotions.......................5
2.3 Role of routines in promoting healthy living........................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Health beliefs related to theories of health behaviour...........................................................6
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion...................7
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to public................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1. Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives...........................................8
4.2. Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies.........10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
In recent times Health promotion is increasing because health related problems and issues
are becoming major concern. Main motive of these health promotion by governmental agencies
is to make people aware and develop a healthy behaviour in individual (Abraham and et. al.,
2011). These are provided through giving appropriate knowledge and information by conducting
campaigns and seminars. Although regulatory bodies are doing their best in providing better
facilities to people but still a huge differences can be seen in health status of persons. Present
report is based on understanding the socio-economic influence on health. Other than this, model
of health promotion is explained for better understanding. In addition to this, factors are also
included which can influence health promotions. Lastly, planning of health promotion campaign
is included in this assignment.
TASK 1
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influence on health
Health inequalities can be seen in the society because of unequal statuses that are present
in the society. Thus, key factor that are influencing health are income, education, employment
etc., main element that should be consider are socio-economic factor as per the given case
scenario, a young person named Ramon died because of cold and health issues in spite of
medical facilities that are provided by government. As per the given scenario, it has been
analysed that if Ramon was given correct treatment right on time than he would have survived.
Here matter of knowledge about health and social came into being. Therefore some of the main
reason behind such issues are stated below:
Long term unemployment: According to current market scenario, living a life has
become expensive. Now a days' person having appropriate income and improved social status
can directly linked with good health (Arnold and Boggs, 2015). For example: There might be a
possibility that Roman was unemployed for a longer period of time because of which he was not
having sufficient amount of money. As a result proper treatment was not given on time and he
finally died.
Access to Education: Employment and education can be linked with health status,
because of improper education can lead to unemployment and than to poor health and low
confidence. For example: Ramon was not having adequate knowledge because of which he was
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job less and residing near some corner of street. If he would have proper education than life
would have been something else.
Income: With the change in course of time and increase in expenditure, people who are
facing health issues then they fail in fulfilling their medical needs. As per the case scenario,
because of insufficient money Ramon is not able to take medical treatment thus he end up the
life.
Access to health care facilities: As government formulate various policies for people but
due to less awareness, people are not able avail facilities that provide by regulated bodies for
betterment of citizens (Ashbullby and et. al., 2013).
Economic recession: Changes in economic policy can hamper individual as they cannot
have adequate money to spent for taking care of health related issues and problems.
Thus, it can be said that socio-economic factor has a great influence on health of an
individual and other person as well.
1.2 Relevance of governmental sources in reporting on inequalities in health
Government of United Kingdom has developed national as well as local agencies who are
taking care of people, as they are conducting surveys and making reports which consist of health
related details and status of people who are living in United Kingdom. For example: Health and
lifestyle surveys (HALS) was conducted in order to know health related problems facing by
people of a particular area. In addition to this, providing information related to health issues and
problems to person is being carried out. Moreover, through this survey questions were asked that
were related to socio-economic factors so as to identify inequalities done in health. Like through
this survey socio-demographic background of people along with their dietary habits whether they
are living a healthy life or not. Therefore, survey helped government in realising the factors that
are creating health related problem like employment, social status, income status, environment
facilities provided to an individual etc., Therefore, behaviour of individual and living standards
is bringing inequality in health (Barry, Battel-Kirk and Dempsey, 2012).
Black report: A formal report which showed men of class 5 (Unskilled) carried twice as the death
rate then men who were coming in class 1 (Skilled individuals). In Black report, which clearly
showed the differences were there among men and people who were smoking in class 1 reduced
number in much faster ways than the men that came in class 5. This difference clearly shows that
how much good knowledge can impact on life of a person. After that, there were many
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campaigns which was made by NHS and other health care agencies of government of United
Kingdom that has helped reducing smokers from England.
Illustration 1: The extent of health inequalities
(Sources: The extent of health inequalities, 2009)
With the help of above mentioned graph, it can be said that in England and in Wales as
well people who were less skilled smokes cigarettes more as compared to rich people that came
in class 1 as given in black report.
Acheson Report, 1998: This report was also a formal document that showed inequalities
among individuals depending upon different groups like socio economic, ethnic and gender
group. Differences were showed here with the help of rates between those at the top and bottom
of the social scale has widened.
In addition to this, another survey was conducted by The Health Survey for England
(HSFE) which was carried out so as to make strategies and formulating policies that can further
help government in improving health conditions of people. This survey was conducted on
approximately on 8,000 adults and 2,000 children this helped them in knowing changes that is
going through health and lifestyle.
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Marmot Report 2010, this was conducted in order to know inequality which is happening
in the society. Further it is based on six policy in which how to improve health is discussed by
proving basic nutrition to child since childhood.
Illustration 2: % of patients who suffered from coronary heart disease
With the help of above graph, it has also been interpreted that number of smokers got
increased which raised death numbers as well and brought inequality among different classes as
given in black report. It raised coronary heart diseases which impacted on death numbers as well.
Henceforth, above mentioned surveys that are conducted by regulatory bodies and local
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authorities helped Government of a state in delivering best health care facilities to its citizen
which has gradually increased quality of life and improved living standard of people as well
(Baxter and et. al., 2014). In context with case scenario, if Ramon was given proper knowledge
than he would be alive.
1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare
There are different kinds of barriers that are creating problem in providing better health,
in the year around 1998, am inquiry has conducted and was done by Donald Acheson in order to
know health related performance and based on this there are some of the characteristics that are
related to socio-economic factors are given below:
Poverty: It is concern as a biggest reason which create problem in healthcare, this can be
linked with education for example if a person is not having appropriate knowledge than he/she
may suffer in getting a suitable job which is gradually increasing the rate of unemployment. For
example: as per a study it has been identified that poor people are more addicted to smoking and
drinking rather than having healthy food and this is because of of low cost of tobacco and
alcohol. To reduce this governmental can increases taxes that are application in tobacco and
alcohol and in relation to food items so that it consumption of things can be decreased and
people can live a healthy life in return.
Income differences: With the change in course of time company level of job are
increasing and firm required new and skilled employees who are effective in performing their
work in a better manner. This is the biggest reason why income inequality can be seen which is
binding people in providing nutritional food to their children (Blais and et. al., 2015). Therefore,
social status is getting deteriorating and people and they are not being able to avail good health
care facilities as per their choices. Government of United Kingdom conduct various campaigns
where poor people can get themselves treated at free of cost but because of improper knowledge
people are dying in large number because of health issues.
Adequate knowledge about nutrition and mental capacity: According to the surveys
conducted by Governmental organisation it has been analysed that in remote areas of a country
because of lack of facilities related to travel proper health care facilities are not provided. Other
than this, people are not aware of getting proper education and information related to nutrition
requirements. For example: As per the case scenario, if Ramon was having appropriate
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knowledge about nutrition than instead of living in a poor condition he would have chosen to eat
healthy food.
There are some other barriers to access the healthcare mention below:
Physical barriers- It has an affect on the persons which are accessing the health care. It
can only because of the minimum lifts, stairs issue, lift is not control in proper manner and also
the adapted toilets. All these are the physical barriers which people face in health care
organisation and it develop the negative impact in mind of people.
Financial barriers- IT is a main issue which many people face. The health care
organisation charge the fees from people to patients regarding provide the services to them. On
the other hand, some people have lack money to pay for transportation. So, it creates barrier to
access the healthcare.
Geographical barriers- Those people which are living in the rural areas they can unable
to take medical or health care services limited. In the rural areas, there is lack of transportation
facilities available.
Location: It is being found that people were living in different villages that were far
away from urban areas where campaigns held. This made government of UK less effective
because they were not aware of what initiatives has been taken by parliament which impacted
upon their health of individuals.
Disability: This is being considered as another barrier which impacted upon health and
became a barrier for people who were going different sections. On the other hand, it was also
required for them to look into different aspects and become as a barrier for them.
Culture: People in United Kingdom are having different perceptions and are following
various cultures as well. Parliament has to deal with them because they had different health
issues. Campaign were made for western people but there were others as well who were
following other culture which carried as a barrier for them.
TASK 2
2.1 Link between government strategies and models of health promotion
It has been analysed that parliament of United Kingdom, has taken ample number of
initiatives like they have made anti smoking campaigns and different policies like no selling
cigarettes underage and many more (Carter, 2015). Some of strategies and laws that has been
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made by government of UK are The Health Act, 2009 and Tobacco advertising & promotion act,
2002 that has helped them in reducing number of smokers in public areas. Some of promotion of
anti-smoking strategies that has been made by government are:
 Legislative measures:-
◦ Tobacco advertising and promotion act, 2002, is being made which banned both
direct and indirect promotion of products that are related to tobacco.
◦ The Health Act, 2009, another law that has been made by the government of United
Kingdom which restricted all the future advertising related to promotion of tobacco.
 Financing Anti smoking campaign:-
◦ Educating along with encourage people to make alterations in their behaviour is being
considered as one of the crucial aspect that needs to be made. Making people aware
of the health dangers of smoking is a campaign-smoking that has been made by the
company (Clavier and de Leeuw, 2013).
 Taxation and Fiscal measures:-
◦ Enhancement in tax policies was another approach that related to tobacco company
may lead in enhancement in cigarette prices.
Some of health promotion model are given below:
Health promotion model:-
This sort of model includes various things. In order to promote health, and reduce number
of smokers government have used this model which includes:
 Radical humanist:- It includes number of holistic view of health through which smokers
can be reduced to zero.
 Structuralist:- Need to challenge inequity and radically transform society.
 Humanist:- Aims to keep developing health.
 Traditional:- Changing behaviour of people.
Modes of Intervention:-
This sort model was included Health persuasion techniques, Legislative action for health,
Personal counselling for health and Community development for health so that may aid different
agencies in promoting health among smokers (DiClemente, Hansen and Ponton, 2013).
TANNAHILL’S MODEL OF HEALTH PROMOTION:- This sort of model includes:
 Preventive services
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 Preventive health protection and education
 Health education for preventive health protection
 Positive health protection
 Health education aimed at positive health protection
Through this, company may easily promote health among smokers in United Kingdom.
Becker (1974) model is effective model which is relate with motivating people to include healthy
actions with the purpose of reducing negative health issues. Along with this, it can be linked to
government strategies which implement to encourage people to stop smoking like Tabacco
advertisement and promotion act (2012). The main aim of this is to provide awareness to society
towards the dangers of smoking tobacco. This will help in improving their health.
In addition of this, Beattie model (1991) is relate with interventions to discourage society
form smoking. As the government strategy having aim to protect people from smoking by using
the Health Act (2006). In this, government also conduct smoke free campaigns to encourage
society to change their behaviour and stop smoking. As this is relate with Tones and Tilford
Model (1994) which help in promoting the social changes to improve public health.
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotions
Health is considered as the most important part for every human being. It is necessary for
government of every country to aware the citizen about the certain health issues caused by the
tobacco and smoking. For spreading its awareness, Health trainer of government is continuously
encouraging the smokers to quit the bad habit and also refers them to proper specialist who will
guide them the certain ways to leave it. In addition to this various group therapies are conducted
for the person to aware them about its negative impact (Duckett and Willcox, 2015). For making
the country free from tobacco and smoking government officers are creating supporting
environment for the patient to motivate him in quitting it. It will help the patient and also provide
example to the surrounded smokers to leave this. Apart from this, behaviour counselling sessions
are conducted for the patient which will help them in understanding the side affect of smoking on
the behaviour. It will also increase their awareness other behaviour issues of the customer and
also guides them the ways to change them.
Government have opted several promotional methods like campaigns for no smoke, TV
ads , Radio jingles, newspaper advertisement, poster and banner advertisement on cars etc. This
will spread the awareness maximum number of people and let them understand their side effects.
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In this context, for meeting government strategies, it is important role of health advisers
to evaluate the circumstance of individual who are smoker and also implement the stratg9es as
per their nature. With the help of this, advisor provide them advice and health education to stop
smoking and at the same time also take feedback from them to reduce the smoking. Along with
this, range of treatment also offered to individual who wants to stop smoking. By this health
adviser can easily meet government strategies in effective manner.
2.3 Role of routines in promoting healthy living
Routine can be carried out on a regular basis impacting the life of an individual in an
significant manner (Hawk and et. al., 2012). Therefore it is promoted to possess a healthy
lifestyle which assures that body, mind and spirit of a person is being taken care. Some of
suggestive routines which are bound to promote healthy lifestyle are hygiene practices, healthy
eating habits and physical exercises. A brief mention of the various routines are provided below.
Hygiene practices: It is essential to involve practices of hygiene in day to day life of an
individual. The primary benefit which can be availed is that it leads to minimum infection and
improved immunity of an individual. Smoking possess a major hindrance of ideal hygiene of a
person as it causes noticeable impact on oral hygiene and odour which can be addressed by
mouth washes and deodorants.
Exercises: It can be considered as one of the crucial segment of routine which is known
to eliminate stress and enhance overall physical appearance of a person. The exercises are known
to eliminate major health risks which are being manifested by the habit of smoking such as heart
diseases, diabetes and depression.
Healthy eating: They can be considered as another routine which promotes the health of
an individual. The healthy eating enhance immunity of a person due to fulfill nutritional
requirement of the body. It is essential to embed healthy eating habits in the routine so that
presence of nicotine can be effectively dealt with (Hyden and Cohall, 2011).
Relaxation: There has been a direct connection between mental disorders and smoking.
Therefore it is essential for a person to relax, exercise and meditate so that it leads to minimal
consumption of cigarettes.
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TASK 3
3.1 Health beliefs related to theories of health behaviour
Health Belief Model: This concept was developed by Janz and Becker in 1984 which
define information about individual perceptions and modifying factors which are demographic
variables that are age, race, ethnicity, race and other. It is necessary that likelihood of people are
acknowledge by organisation to make appropriate actions and make system function to prevent
from barriers.
The health belief model is predict the health related behaviour for the purpose of
promotion of health services. It suggest that individuals belief in context with the perceived
advantages, health problems which are connected in promote the health behaviour. On the other
hand change behaviour is concept that encourage the changing attitude of person in context to
adopt the healthy lifestyles and all these modifications can impacted through motivation. Culture,
barriers, beliefs etc. People will modify the health behaviour based on factors range by consider
health models that able the health promoters to determine the limited factors.
Social cognitive theory: This is another model which was propounded by Bandura in
2004 which define that self efficiency, goals and behaviour are various tactics which have
interconnection with each other (Koletzko and et. al., 2014). Physical, social and self-evaluation
are various outcomes which are determined to make appropriate decisions.
Trans-theoretical model: This theory was developed by Prochaska and Diclemente in
1983. this includes steps which are pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and
maintenance which are conducted for systematic conduction of activities.
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion
There are various kinds of health promotion strategies which are carrying out by relevant
organisation to improve standards of well being of citizens living in a country. In this field, local
medical professionals and government are taking more effective as well as efficient steps to
provide support to people of nation to make them healthy. The practices of providing an
appropriate information about several prevention techniques of diaereses may help individuals to
remain well being in proper manner (Kratzke and Cox, 2012). But there are several conflicts
have taken place with local industries in health promotion which impacts negatively on
campaign and reduce their positive results on society. Thus, all these issues are usually created
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by certain local companies who manufactures such products which effects health of person
negatively and continuous taking these goods may leads to certain crucial diseases in people.
Few of these industries are explained further-
Alcohol producing industries: This can be described as such firms that manufacture
different types of alcohol and supply it in market due to which several health issues are created
in country. It includes a critical problem of destroying youth of nation which impacts negatively
on future. Health promotion events make people aware about certain harmful effects of drinking
alcohol that reduce sales and profitability of their business so that they generate issues in social
events in nation (Lerner and et. al., 2013).
Tobacco industries: This can be explained about various kinds of local companies which
has core business of manufacturing tobacco that is taken many people of country which may
leads to mouth cancer and other relevant problems. Health promotions which are related to use of
tobacco which creates issue for these forms and reduce their productivity on regular basis.
Relevant events about tobacco use will provide support to people and they come to about
dangerous results of eating the same product will results into decrease in saloes of tobacco
products in country.
Food factories: The food factories are also responsible for creating several conflicts in
health related events because junk food or other street eatable items which also impact negatively
on heath of people. Health and safety campaigns will make people aware about harmful effects
of having fast food from market area generate certain body problems (Li and Lindsey, 2013).
For example, diabetes is kind of health issue which can be controlled by taking regular
precautions and required balanced diet per day, a person having this problem can only survive
properly when they maintain their sugar level by taking suitable steps in on daily basis because it
will creates very critical position. There are various kinds of campaigns which are conducted to
make people aware about this problem and advice them to avoid junk food or eatable items of
street because they contains more harmful elements which may lead to diabetes.
Health promoters organise more effective events or campaigns to make people aware
about various health issues and suggest methods to prevent them including to ignore fast food. In
this case, food industry creates problem and criticise for such programs because number of
customers get reduced after these efficient events of health promotion.
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These health promoting campaigns impacts negatively on brand image of companies
which rapidly decrease the sales and profitability of tobacco, alcohol and food industry. Hence,
due to reducing customer count of these organisations, several conflicts may takes place between
government authorities, health promoters and relevant industries.
The above mentioned industries create potential issues and criticise about government
agencies and companies will generate potential problems. Thus, it impacts on outcomes of health
promotion campaigns because it also remain in minds of citizens that makes reulst of these
events less effective.
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to public
There are different types of disease which are dangerous for health of people living in
country an it is necessary to provide an appropriate information about these problems. It is
necessary to convey proper knowledge about more effective as well as efficient prevention
techniques to citizens of nation which provide support to gain well being future successfully
(Ljungblad and et. al., 2014).
Importance: Providing relevant health related information to public has an important
role to improve standards of well being of people which can be achieved by making people
aware about dangerous health issues along with their prevention methods properly. Social media
marketing can used as medium to promote health care in country and make them aware for
certain critical problems.
Health promotions are helpful to people of country to gain an appropriate information
about diabetes including its causes as well as preventive methods. Thus, prevention techniques
includes the criteria of avoiding tobacco, alcohol and fast food of market which and take healthy
balanced diet on regular basis. Diabetic patient can only survive in comfortable manner by taking
proper diet regularly and strictly ignore extra food habits or Street eatable times.
TASK 4
4.1. Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives
Covered in Poster
4.2. Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies
Health care promotional campaign are conducted by UK Government and other social
agencies of this nation like NHS for bringing awareness among residents about issues. As today
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mostly people are suffering from harmful diseases which is caused due to increasing rate of
smokers. Smoking fumes not only affected active smokers but passive also who live around
them. Therefore, main motive behind promotional project of healthcare institutions is to bring
awareness in public about causes of smoking and to quit the same.
In improvising wellness of residents, it has been observed that health promotional
campaigns are played an important role. In addition to this, it has been located also that there are
many benefits of conducting a health promotion program that are- bringing awareness among
people about various diseases caused by smoking along with different approaches to get rid from
that also. These approaches are included meditation, yoga, jogging and different kinds of
exercises which helps in reducing stress level. Along with this, by doing such type of exercises,
patients can get rid from addiction of smoking as well as can keep themselves healthy too. Thus,
it has concluded that health promotional activities have created an effective environment which
support citizens in taking measures for maintaining their health.
CONCLUSION
The above report had concluded that health promotion is an essential concept which can
be done by effective campaigns to make people aware about various dangerous disease and
improve standards of well being of country. It includes roles of professionals in meeting
government targets for health promotion. The importance of providing essential information
which helps to reduce diseases in society. It also discussed about benefits gained by organising
health care events or campaigns.
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Online
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<http://family-care-center.com/december-national-quit-smoking-month/>
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