Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health

Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION
Master Course
Health Promotion
DIABETIES
2020

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Health Problem.......................................................................................................................2
Socio-Economic Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes............................................................4
Use of Planning Framework...................................................................................................6
Reference Framework for Diabetes....................................................................................6
Aim and Objective of the Programme................................................................................9
Health Need Assessment......................................................................................................10
Lifestyle Assessment........................................................................................................10
Glucose Control................................................................................................................11
Blood Glucose Self-monitoring........................................................................................11
Model of Health Promotion, strategies, and activities.........................................................12
The Health Belief Model..................................................................................................12
Health Communication Strategy.......................................................................................13
Health Promotion Activities.............................................................................................14
Evaluation.............................................................................................................................15
Conclusion................................................................................................................................15
References................................................................................................................................17

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Introduction
The intent of this report is to discuss about health promotion and its importance. Along with
this, the report is also highlighting a health problem that is present in the Hong Kong market
i.e. the rising rates of diabetes. The report is comprised of a detailed investigation of the
health issue and the programme that can be used for its prevention.
Health promotion is said to be a behavioural social science that is designed from the medical
sciences, physical, and psychological sciences for the promotion of health and preventing
disease, premature death, and disability by providing education through voluntary behaviour
change activities. Health promotion is considered to be the development of an institutional,
systematic, individual, community, and group strategies for the enhancement of health skills,
behaviour, knowledge, and attitudes (Golden and Earp, 2012). The health promotion aim is to
absolutely affect the individuals and community’s health behaviour and the working and
living situations that impact their health. Health promotion is important because it enhances
the health condition of communities, nations, states, families, and individuals (Salazar,
Crosby and DiClemente, 2015). It also focusses on improving the life quality of people and
decreases the chances of premature deaths. In addition to this, health promotion also
concentrates on prevention which decreases the costs that employers, insurance companies,
individuals, stated, nation, communities, and medical facilities would spend on the medical
treatment (Raczynski and DiClemente, 2013). The three main health promotion elements are
good governance for health, health cities, and health literacy.
Health Problem
Diabetes is said to be the most common chronic diseases, and there are millions of people
who are diagnosed with this disease across the world (Holt, Cockram, Flyvbjerg and
Goldstein, 2011). Diabetes is presently a growing issue in Hong Kong. Certainly, it lay a
major pressure on the public healthcare system and health costs individually because of the

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complications it raises. Glucose or blood sugar is said to be the ingredient that is required for
the energy by the human body and fuel for the brain (Ahmad, 2013). Insulin, discharged by
the pancreas, called to be a hormone that helps in maintaining the level of optimal glucose by
enabling the use as well as storage of glucose in the human body. Diabetes or Diabetes
Mellitus is a disease or a group of malfunctions, which increases with the increasing level of
glucose in the body (Chan, Kong and Chan, 2005). The different types of Diabetes are:
Type 1: This type of diabetes generally begins in childhood and is inherited genetically.
Children stay at a higher risk of diabetes if any of the members of the family are diagnosed
with it (Rockefeller, 2015). Type 1 diabetes is because of the deficient production of insulin
in the body, due to which patients have to vaccinate insulin on daily basis in order to confirm
that their body can manage the level of blood glucose (Ng, Cheung and Yau, 2018).
Type 2: This type of diabetes is the most common one in adults and is majorly caused by an
individual’s unhealthy lifestyles. This is because the cell in the body do not react or are less
receptive to insulin, which results in an increased blood glucose level (Sorensen, Haugen and
Maggini, 2015).
In the year 2017, around 425 million of people which is around 8.8% of the population of an
adult, diagnosed from diabetes across the world. Diabetes equally influences women and men
and augments the chances of early death (Li, 2019).
Diabetes is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Hong Kong. It has been listed in the
10 death causes in the country which is killing over 400 people on a yearly basis. As per the
recent study conducted by Li, (2019), it has been identified that patients diagnosed with
diabetes in Hong Kong are young as 3 years old. It is a fact that one out of every tenth
individual is diagnosed with diabetes in Hong Kong from which over 1/5 lie in the age group
of below 40 years. It is been predicted that all the adults with diabetes in the country will

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increase in number from 700,000 currently to reach a score in millions by the year 2030 (Li,
2019).
Socio-Economic Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes
The factors in the social as well as physical environment influence health. These elements
communally called to be the health social determinants that can be viewed as the influencer
and predictors of the outcomes of health at different levels like individual and population
(Hill, Nielson and Fox, 2013). As demonstrated by the accumulated domestic and
international research, social determinants (like housing, access to nutritious food, and
income) are said to be the main cause of the development of Type 2 diabetes. Besides this,
the cases and occurrence of this disease seem to be socially aggraded, because people with
low education and income are more likely to be diagnosed with this disease in comparison to
other individuals with advance facilities. If the part of the social determinants is not properly
highlighted in the management of the chronic condition, they will endure being the main
blockade to the improvement of the health of the population in Hong Kong.
Furthermore, Type 2 Diabetes is called to be the part of the cyclical procedure which results
from and contributes to the negative outcomes. Material deprivation, as well as poverty, is
determined as the absence of resources in meeting the basics for health, which perform a
major role (Li, McBurnie and Simon, 2016). An individual with limited resources faces a
number of challenges in meeting the basic requirements which leads to chronic stress,
stimulating biological and psychological responses (Miller, 2016). Chronic stress can result
in the augmented anxiety, low energy, motivation, high depression, and low self-esteem,
which intensify the probability of the behaviour that is self-destructive like intake of
excessive alcohol, intake of unhealthy food, and tobacco. Along with this, the lifestyle of an
individual also leads to diabetes (Hill, Nielson and Fox, 2013). Some of these factors are
physical activity levels, access to health care services, and dietary choices.

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Source [(Hill, Nielson and Fox, 2013)]
Target Group
Depending on the data presented by Tsang, (2013), it has been noticed that even a 3-year kid
is also under risk or is diagnosed with diabetes in Hong Kong. As per the survey conducted
by Department of health in the year 2015, it has been observed 3.8% of the non-
institutionalized persons that lie under the age group of 15-84 (out of which 3.2% for females
and 4.6% for males) self-reported to be diagnosed with diabetes as checked by the doctors
and another 4.5% were not diagnosed but tested to have diabetes at the time of examination
(Centre for Health Protection, 2018). All these people are diagnosed with diabetes and will be
considered as a target group that will be the priority of the selected framework and model.