Personal-centered care for adults with type 2 diabetes

Running Head: PERSONAL-CENTERED CARE 1
Personal-centered care
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Professor
Institutional Affiliation

PERSONAL- CENTERED CARE 2
Introduction
Chronic illnesses are a threat to the wellbeing of individuals. It is essential for nurses and
other health practitioners to manage chronic diseases such as type two diabetes to prevent more
deaths. Nurses play an indispensable role in providing care for adult patients with diabetes type
2. Chronic diseases have been identified as the leading cause of death in the world. Type 2
diabetes causes both long terms and short-term effects. Early treatment and management will
promote the well-being of the community. Chronic conditions are related to economic costs
encompassing social and community values hence lasting effects reduction in quality of life and
lost opportunities. Person-centered care is essential since it helps the individuals to manage
themselves in regards to the diseases to improve the quality of life. It is important to note that
person-centered care provides a human face to the continuum of care including disease
prevention, treatment, care, and support services in regards to the needs and voices of
individuals. From a nursing perspective, there is a focus on the patient in a compassionate way
(Gluyas, n.d ). Recommendations need to be put in place to enhance nursing practice through
patient care.
Type 2 diabetes is a growing health issue yet it is a condition that is managed in primary
care by practice nurses. More resources are required to carry out the nursing responsibility for
individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nurses must encourage them to take their medications so that
the blood glucose level can be controlled. Adults with diabetes type 2 require critical care to
ensure their safety. Nurses ensure that the needs of the patient by listening and creating a
dialogue with a view of establishing a relationship in which the person is the principal partner
(Tourigny, 2016). This enhances the service efficiency and the effectiveness of the results.

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Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
Diabetes is a life-long sickness that affects the way the body handles glucose. It is
characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition that results from insulin’s insufficient
actions. The primary pathophysiological characteristics of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin
and increased insulin resistance. The reduced insulin secretion is a decrease in glucose
responsiveness that is observed before the onset of the disease clinically (Sankar, Veeramani,
Balasubramanian, Sivakumar & Kumar, 2017). The impaired insulin secretion is developmental,
and its progress encompasses glucose toxicity and lipo-toxicity. If untreated, they cause a
reduction in pancreatic B over time. The progression of the impairment of pancreatic B cell
function increasingly affects the long-term control of blood glucose. Sufferers at the early stages
after the sickness onset clearly shows an increase in postprandial blood glucose as an outcome of
increased insulin resistance and decreased initial phase secretion, the progression of the
deterioration of pancreatic B cell function subsequently causes permanent elevation of blood
glucose (Ferrannini& DeFronzo, 2015).
Insulin resistance is a condition where the insulin in the body does not exert adequate
action proportional to its blood concentration. The impairment of insulin action in vital target
organs like liver and muscles is a common pathophysiological characteristic of type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistance is developed and expands before disease onset. The research into molecular
mechanism for insulin action has clarified how the strength of the insulin is associated with
generic elements and environmental elements. Genetic factors that are known include not only
insulin receptor, and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 gene polymorphism that affects the
insulin signals directly but also polymorphisms of thrifty genes like the uncoupling protein

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(UCP) gene related to obesity and promotes insulin resistance. Gluocolipo-toxicity and
inflammatory mediators are also essential as the mechanisms for impaired insulin secretion and
insulin signal impairment ( Yki-Järvinen et al., 2014).
There is immediate attention that has put the focus on the involvement of adipocyte
bioactive substances in insulin resistance. While leptin, resistin and free fatty acids act to add
strength, adiponectin enhances resistance. Clinical tests to evaluate the insulin extent resistance
encompasses homeostasis model assessment for the resistance of insulin (HOMA-IR), insulin
sensitivity test (loading test), steady-state plasma glucose(SSPG), minimal model analysis and
insulin clamp technique.
How signs and symptoms affect adults
Adults living with type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable to different types of both long and
short-term complications that may lead to premature deaths. Many people who have diabetes
type 2 are mostly obese or overweight with central visceral adiposity. Thus the adipose tissue
plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Many complications are caused by
type 2 diabetes encompasses retinopathy (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Guide: Causes, Symptoms
and Treatment Options. (n.d). This means that people with diabetes mellitus have eye
abnormalities in the eyes associated with diabetes development. Individuals who had no eye
issues previously associated with the disease can develop eye problems over more time and time.
Therefore it is vital for individuals to control sugars and blood pressure and cholesterol to
prevent the development of eye infection (Harding, Shaw, Peeters, Cartensen, & Magliano,
2015).