Designing an Intervention Mapping Approach for Breast Cancer Survivors

The provided content includes a range of studies and articles related to health research, particularly in the context of breast cancer. The studies examine various factors influencing exercise adherence in women with breast cancer, the feasibility and acceptability of referring breast cancer survivors to general population telephone-delivered programs, and the development of tailored print interventions for promoting physical activity among post-treatment breast cancer survivors. Additionally, there are articles discussing the theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion, as well as scaling up physical activity interventions worldwide.

Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
Health Promotion for Breast Cancer
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is the most common form of the diagnosed cancer in the states of
Australia in the year 2013. It has also been one of the most diagnosed diseases in Australia. It
has been estimated that it will become one of the most common form of diagnosed cancer in
the year of 2017 both among the males and among females. This has occurred because that
there are incidence of the prostate cancer, which is the most common form of cancer, has been
expected to decline a very higher magnitude (Lawler et al., 2017).
Moreover, this essay focuses on health promotion of the disease of cancer. The health
promotion makes the people aware about the growing number of this disease in their country.
Therefore, the target group set for this promotion in the teenaged girl students of the Charles
Darwin University. These students are used for having the proper campaigning of the health
promotion that are being organized to aware the people about the problems they are facing
due to the breast cancer.
In the year 2013, there has been cases that there has been 16,045 new amount of cases that
have been diagnosed with breast cancer in the country of Australia where 142 males and 15902
females are diagnosed with the disease. In the year 2017, it was recorded that 17,730 new form
of cases of the breast cancer have been diagnosed in Australia where 144 were males and
17,586 were females.
In the year 2013, the age standardized rate of the incidence was 64 cases per 100,000 persons
out of which 1.1 percent was the male gender and 123 were for females.

2
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
In the year 2017, it was observed that the risk for the individuals being diagnosed with the
problem of breast cancer at their 84th Birthday and that would be 1 out of 14 cases (Sharma,
2016).
The numbers of the new cases with breast cancer were diagnosed to have increased from 5371
in the year 1982 to 16045 in the year 2013 (Matsoso & Fryatt, 2013). It has been observed in
the same period, the age standardized form of the rate of incidence have risen from the level of
44 cases per 100000persons to the rate of 64 cases per 100000 in the year 2013 (Biswas et al.,
2015).
It has been also observed in recent times that the death has been occurring at a huge level due
to breast cancer (Biswas et al., 2015). However, in the year of 2014, Australia became the
fourth leading nation where breast cancer became the important factor death. During the year
2014, the second most common form of death is observed to be from cancer amongst the
female population. It has been estimated that it will always remain the most common form of
death that can cause cancer in the year 2017.
Moreover, it was also observed that 2844 deaths are caused due to breast cancer for females
and in the year of 2017, 3114 deaths were recorded due to breast cancer in females.
However, it has been observed most of the people who are residing in Australia are going
through the problem of breast cancer from a very long time. Therefore, it is very important for
the people to be aware of the disease and implement the basic lifestyle changes that are
needed to prevent the disease (Black et al., 2015).

3
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
The health promotions are a very basic form of promotion to aware the people about their
ailing issue that has been a relevant factor in today’s world (Matsoso & Fryatt, 2013). There has
been a global form of acceptance in the heath and the social well being that are being
determined by the multiple factors that are being outside the systems of the health that can
include the socio economic conditions, learning the different aspects of the environment, the
patterns of the family, the cultural and the social form of the fabrics of the societies, the
changes in the socio economical societies. It also includes the commercialization and trade of
the changes in the global environment (Sharma, 2016).
Promotion of the health can be effectively addressed by adopting a holistic approach that are
done for empowering the individuals and the communities. It is done by taking the actions of
the health by fostering the leadership in the domain of public health and promoting the
intersectoral actions for building the health policies for all the sectors and for creating the
sustainable form of the health systems. Although, it is not a new form of concept, the
promotion of the health has been receiving a impetus manner of the following Alma Ata
declaration. There have been huge efforts that can be taken on encompassing the actions of
the health at the community levels, strengthening the systems of the health and having the
partnership of the multi sectors that can be directed from the specific conditions of the health.
This phenomenon should include the approach that is setting based and should promote the
needs that to be built for all the policies and it should be utilized in an efficient manner that will
lead for having a positive outcome to the health in the specific form of the settings that includes
the schools, workplaces, hospitals and the areas of residence. The promotion of the health

4
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
needs to build the policies that can be utilized efficiently for leading a positive form of the
outcomes of the health (Short et al., 2015).
Therefore, to have a promotion in the province of Darwin, it is necessary to have a proper plan
that can be implemented for gaining a large amount of benefit with making the people aware
about the various causes of the disease. A slogan like “Save the Women” must be formed to
start the promotion of the breast cancer. However, it has been seen that the teenagers in
Darwin are not aware of the disease. They are not at all aware about the symptoms and the
fatal causes of the disease. Therefore, to avoid the occurrence of the disease, the main tool that
are needed for stopping the disease is to change the lifestyle of the people. However, the
genetic factor cannot be controlled but the lifestyle modifications are the factors that can be
changed and hence modified. Therefore, by promoting about the various lifestyles strategies
that can be adopted to decrease the level of occurrence of the disease, the plan can be made
successful.
One of the promising approaches that can be tailored for the barriers and the increase in the
rates of the screening of the mammography is the use of the peer health educators who hail
from the same cultural background and there can be the same cultures of the community of
the target immigrant (Short et al., 2015). However, there have been the evidences from the
North Carolina Breast Screening Program is the use of the peer health educators for the same
culture that can be one of the target immigrant of the community. Their study have derived
that the black women often felt the support that are been received from the lay health advisors
that are been encouraged them to do so. In a more systematic form of the study, it was

5
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
demonstrated that there are effects of the peer health educators in the who have matched the
ethnicity of the target population for the statistically significant form of the improvements in
the screening of the mammography.
The usage of the peer educators is a form of the individual directed interventions. However,
whenever the approach has been combined with the strategies that are access enhancing
strategies that are used includes the bilingual form of the small media, arrangements of the
appointments, individual form of the appointments, the individual form of the reminders,
transportations and the screening uptake that are more effective than the individual form of
strategies that are directed alone. The cancer screening approaches in the Asian population can
be improved through the utilization of the multiple strategies that are that re been included for
the peer health educators (Matsoso & Fryatt, 2013). In another form of the study, the Latinos
enrolled in the promotion of the cardiovascular promotion programs for using the lay health
advisors for reporting the increased form of awareness and motivation for incorporating and
motivating the positive form of health practices like taking healthier form of food, taking
precautions, consulting the doctor if there are any form of swelling or irritation in the breasts
etc.
The peer health educators are a form of outreach strategy that is very common amongst the
diverse form of the ethnocultural groups (Reis et al., 2016). However, there are very less
amount of studies to support the experiences of the women of Australia with the peer health
educator program that have been utilized in the multiple forms of the strategies ( Reis et al.,
2016). The purposes of this essay to aware the population about the alarming rise in the breast

6
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
cancer in women. However, the essay also foresees that whether the women are getting any
help from the peer group educators are beneficial for the ailing women or not (Reis et al.,
2016). Nevertheless, the health promotions are majorly done for reaching the audiences
through the multicultural and the community events, the appropriate form of the media, the
intermittent form of the health sessions of the women and the healthy lifestyle adaptations of
the women and also through the services for the cancer screening. Peer health educators also
supported immigrant women to access other health care and community services unrelated to
screening. Public health nurses (PHNs) and four peer health educators on a chronic disease
prevention team collaborated with cancer screening services and women’s health services to
facilitate access for immigrant women.
From the various studies it has been found that the campaign in the Western Australia is a
successful form of tackling the various promotions that are done for promoting the unproven
form of the technologies of breast imaging that are used for detecting the breast cancer. For
reflecting the campaign, it was found that there is evidence of five composite factors that have
contributed to their success (Sharma, 2016). These generally includes, being opportunist,
collating the evidences, the usage of the existing form of the regulatory channels, the
engagement of the media and finding the right mix of the professional skills and the
campaigning team. However, the Cancer Council of the Western Australia have been focused
on staying appraised on the developments in the unproven form of the imagery of the industry
of breast cancer. This effectively monitors the activity of the industry on the different websites
and on the social network sites (Sharma, 2016).

7
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
The Cancer Council of the Western Australia has also advocated that the campaign have
conducted against the backdrop of the constant interaction with the media. This has effectively
promoted the customer message that the women should not rely upon for the unproven form
of the commercial breast imaging technologies for detecting the breast cancer (Reis et al.,
2016).
However, it has been found that communication is very difficult tasks, as the climate tends to
intensify the scientific form of debates about the merits of the screening for mammographic
breast cancer. The campaign however, emphasizes despite their limitations of the
mammography that remains in the standards of gold (Green & Thorogood, 2013).
Nevertheless, it can be hoped that the Cancer Council of the Australian experience that will
provide the useful model that can advocate who are the concerned person for the unsafe form
of the consumer products, that have unproven the medical devices or for misleading the health
information and advertising.
Therefore, the essay summarizes that how the healthcare promotion can be done and how they
can be beneficial for the population of Australia.
References

8
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
Biswas, A., Oh, P. I., Faulkner, G. E., Bajaj, R. R., Silver, M. A., Mitchell, M. S., & Alter, D. A.
(2015). Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and
hospitalization in adultsa systematic review and meta-analysissedentary time and
disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization. Annals of internal medicine, 162(2),
123-132.
Black, K. Z., Johnson, L. S., Samuel-Hodge, C. D., Gupta, L., Sundaresan, A., & Nicholson, W. K.
(2017). Perceived barriers and preferred components for physical activity interventions
in African-American survivors of breast or endometrial cancer with type 2 diabetes: the
SUCCESS framework. Supportive Care in Cancer, 1-10.
Brown, M. L., Klabunde, C. N., Cronin, K. A., White, M. C., Richardson, L. C., & McNeel, T. S.
(2014). Peer Reviewed: Challenges in Meeting Healthy People 2020 Objectives for
Cancer-Related Preventive Services, National Health Interview Survey, 2008 and
2010. Preventing chronic disease, 11.
Caperchione, C. M., Sabiston, C. M., Clark, M. I., Bottorff, J. L., Toxopeus, R., Campbell, K. L., ... &
Gotay, C. (2016). Innovative approach for increasing physical activity among breast
cancer survivors: protocol for Project MOVE, a quasi-experimental study. BMJ
open, 6(8), e012533.
Eakin, E. G., Hayes, S. C., Haas, M. R., Reeves, M. M., Vardy, J. L., Boyle, F., ... & Koczwara, B.
(2015). Healthy Living after Cancer: a dissemination and implementation study

9
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
evaluating a telephone-delivered healthy lifestyle program for cancer survivors. BMC
cancer, 15(1), 992.
Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health
promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2013). Qualitative methods for health research. Sage.
Husebø, A. M. L., Karlsen, B., Allan, H., Søreide, J. A., & Bru, E. (2015). Factors perceived to
influence exercise adherence in women with breast cancer participating in an exercise
programme during adjuvant chemotherapy: a focus group study. Journal of clinical
nursing, 24(3-4), 500-510.
Lawler, S., Maher, G., Brennan, M., Goode, A., Reeves, M. M., & Eakin, E. (2017). Get Healthy
after Breast Cancer-examining the feasibility, acceptability and outcomes of referring
breast cancer survivors to a general population telephone-delivered program targeting
physical activity, healthy diet and weight loss. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(6), 1953-
1962.
Maneze, D., DiGiacomo, M., Salamonson, Y., Descallar, J., & Davidson, P. M. (2015). Facilitators
and barriers to health-seeking behaviours among Filipino migrants: inductive analysis to
inform health promotion. BioMed research international, 2015.
Matsoso, M. P., & Fryatt, R. (2013). National Health Insurance: the first 18 months. SAMJ: South
African Medical Journal, 103(3), 154-155.

10
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
Peate, M., Smith, S. K., Pye, V., Hucker, A., Stern, C., Stafford, L., ... & Hickey, M. (2017).
Assessing the usefulness and acceptability of a low health literacy online decision aid
about reproductive choices for younger women with breast cancer: the aLLIAnCE pilot
study protocol. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 3(1), 31.
Reeves, M., Winkler, E., Mccarthy, N., Lawler, S., Terranova, C., Hayes, S., ... & Eakin, E. (2017).
The Living Well after Breast Cancer™ Pilot Trial: A weight loss intervention for women
following treatment for breast cancer. Asia
‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13(3),
125-136.
Reis, R. S., Salvo, D., Ogilvie, D., Lambert, E. V., Goenka, S., Brownson, R. C., & Lancet Physical
Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. (2016). Scaling up physical activity interventions
worldwide: stepping up to larger and smarter approaches to get people moving. The
Lancet, 388(10051), 1337-1348.
Sharma, M. (2016). Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
Short, C. E., James, E. L., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2013). Theory-and evidence-based development
and process evaluation of the Move More for Life program: a tailored-print intervention
designed to promote physical activity among post-treatment breast cancer
survivors. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 124.
Short, C. E., James, E. L., Girgis, A., D'souza, M. I., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2015). Main outcomes of
the Move More for Life Trial: a randomised controlled trial examining the effects of

11
HEALTH PROMOTION FOR BREAST CANCER
tailored‐print and targeted‐print materials for promoting physical activity among post‐
treatment breast cancer survivors. Psycho
‐Oncology, 24(7), 771-778.
Short, C. E., James, E. L., Girgis, A., D'souza, M. I., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2015). Main outcomes of
the Move More for Life Trial: a randomised controlled trial examining the effects of
tailored‐print and targeted‐print materials for promoting physical activity among post‐
treatment breast cancer survivors. Psycho
‐Oncology, 24(7), 771-778.
Short, C. E., Rebar, A., James, E. L., Duncan, M. J., Courneya, K. S., Plotnikoff, R. C., ... &
Vandelanotte, C. (2017). How do different delivery schedules of tailored web-based
physical activity advice for breast cancer survivors influence intervention use and
efficacy?. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 11(1), 80-91.