Health Promotion Project

This project explores the multifaceted aspects of health promotion, analyzing the influence of socioeconomic factors on health inequalities, the role of government strategies and models, and the importance of routines and health beliefs in promoting healthy living. It also examines potential conflicts between local industry and health promotion initiatives.

Health Promotion

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influences on health....................................................................3
1.2 Relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health..............................4
1.3 Reasons for barriers ..............................................................................................................5
M 1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions..................................................6
D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions...........................7
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Links between government strategies & models of health promotion..................................7
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion .........................8
2.3 Role of routines in promoting healthy living ........................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour...........................................................11
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion..................12
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information .............................................13
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Covered in ppt .....................................................................................................................14
4.2 Covered in ppt .....................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
To promote the health is important so that an individual can fit and healthy in its life. It
offers solutions to various health problems which are facing by society. There are different
organisations which emphasis to prevent disease & to improve individuals and communities
health. Due to unhealthy food, smoking habits and lifestyle of people are the main reasons which
can affect the health of people. There are various programmes which are promoted by the
government so that maximum persons can benefited and they can become fit and healthy. The
main aim of this project is associated with health promotion. In this report, there are following
topics are discussed such as: effects of socio-economic influence on health, relevance of
government sources in reporting on inequalities in health, role of professionals in meeting
government targets for health promotion, possible effects of potential conflicts with local
industry on health promotion. Apart from this it also discuss about health promotion campaign
which support health promotion strategies.
TASK 1
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influences on health
Health promotion is a process of enabling individuals to maximize control over, & to improve
its health. It has been analysed that socio-economic influences have a intense affect on health &
exploring these in local areas can discover inequalities.
Socio- economic status as the social standing or group & is often plumbed by education, access
to health services, culture & lifestyle. The impact that socio-economic influence has on health is
evident when looking at local areas like London Borough of Newham. Smoking habits are not
good for the health and it is the main reason of mouth cancer. Besides that, employed persons
can spend better quality of life due to the higher source of income. In Newham, there are non
decent homes & overcrowded also that could be reason of infections which involves respiratory
& Tuberculosis diseases. As to live in a better house and clean environment is good for mental
health of a person. So it is necessary to minimize the effects of socio-economic influences on
health so that a person can live a healthy life and remain fit.
Factors, which influence the health, are mentioned below:
Environment: According to the index of Multiple Deprivations Newham is the third most
underprivileged authority in UK. (Herrman and Jané-Llopis, 2012). The unemployment rate is

fourteen percent in London. As unemployment is the reason and can cause negative health
impact reason being residents can't afford good quality health food & depend on tinned and
ready made food which creates the health issues like cancer.
Education- This factor of socio economy also effect the heath. Eventually, if education is weak
then there will be a less chance to get the job and it overall impact on the health. Education plays
an important role and a person can know about the risks that is related to particular lifestyle
choices like: high BP, smoking habits. So education impact positively in the health of
individuals. So it has been analysed that socio-economic influences can impact the health of
persons in both way that are positive as well as negative way.
Employment / Income - The employment is an important factor, which impact to the health
positively and negatively. If a person do not have good job then there will be negative feeling
and mindset that effects to the health. This is the main factor, if a person's income level is good
then there will be a positive impact on health. On the other hand, if income level is weak then its
impact will be negative on health. However, a person has specific budget of their pocket which is
not much capable to afford every expensive health facilities to maintain better health condition.
Lack of sufficient employment opportunities for citizens and limited income are responsible for
poor health of them.
1.2 Relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health
The Black Report 1980: It mainly investigate health inequalities within England. It is
commissioned in 1997. Almost 37 recommendations are made that include condition of work,
housing, education, income and employment. The black report 1980 was published by
conservative Secretary of State for Social Services. Factor of inequality is necessary to be
removed in health & social care sector in order to facilitate appropriate delivery of desired
services to each citizens which helps to maintain better health status of entire population.
Acheson report 1998: This was the first government law that was develop to handle health issue
and focuses on health policies that are required to overcome any disease that are related to
health. In order to attain this they develop a health development agency to incorporate wider
elements of health that is not just illness slanting and dominated by the NHS. Laws and
regulations plays an important role to provide correct treatment and reduce chance of
complications to make sure about betterment of patients.

Marmot review 2010: This is an important report that helps to investigate the heath inequalities
and define the ways of improving last year’s report. The primary element of this review is to
check the health inequalities that start before birth and accumulates throughout whole life.
According to the Black Report, Acheson Report 1998 and Marmot review 2010 produce report
about health inequalities but due to the political responses the outcomes were different. There
are various government corporations such as: World Health Organisation, CQC and NHS has
provide reports about the recent health status of particular community groups & populations. The
reports which are produce by government are reliable and helpful to take effective decisions and
there are various non government agencies are also involve in this and provide their own report
about health status of people. As government reports provide information which are associated to
age groups, education and income level, gender inequality and on the basis of it health reports
has prepared. Health inequalities can be reported via geographical distribution of socio-economic
groups (Kemppainen and Turunen, 2013). As per the sources it has been analysed that maximum
number of persons are belongs to rural or sub urban areas of the nation where as those persons
who have high level of income are prefer to live in those geographic locations where effective
health care facilities are available. This information has been derived from the government
reports and used to form a solid base on which new research projects can be designed. According
to the some experts reports are bias in presenting the health inequalities in their population
reason being it becomes embarrassing for government to accept that they can't do proper social
justice. So it is important that health inequalities are required to be measured via independent
committees and its needed to be verify by conducting real time on the field testing &
comparison.
1.3 Reasons for barriers
In the healthcare there are various barriers can be arises which can affect the health of people.
The country has emphasis to provide facilities health facilities to the citizens so that they can
become healthy and fit. There are various inequalities can be seen among communities and
social group related to health care services (Malik and Suggs, 2014). The reason for barriers can
be psychological, physical & perception.
Barrier can be described as those factors which care responsible for restricting anything to
happen. It can be considered as a fence or other obstacles that prevents movement or access.

However, it is essential to determine barrier that create problems for citizens to gain required
medical services and maintain their better health condition to remove them immediately.
Language and cultural Barrier refers to problem in communicating health issues between
patient and care practitioners that delays delivery of appropriate services for their well-being. It
consist certain cultural barriers including believes of not going outside on some specific day due
to cultural reason which may also generate complications in health condition of an individual.
Psychological barrier- The first physical barrier is related to geographical position of
population. The persons who belongs to low income group and spend their life in rural or area,
they are not able to get better health care services due to unavailability of doctors and clinics at
the near by locations. Private doctors and hospitals are not concern about the health of
individuals because they are interested in profit maximization.
Physical Barrier refers to disability of people so that they are not able to stand or walk by their
own and use technical aids for movement. For example, people using wheelchairs are not
capable to get access to building of hospital which is known as a barriers to gain desired care
facilities for their wellness. These patient can move on flat surface with the help of wheelchair
but face difficulty on ramp or stairs to move.
Financial barrier- As the second barrier is the lack of finance. Due to this mind set of people
also change and it can be negative. If a person do not have financial support to get the treatment
from any disease then its impact will be on health. So this is a barrier (Mittelmark and Bull,
2013).
Resource barrier- This barrier is related to the lack of resources for survive. Under these
resources the main resource is the money, if there is lack of money and other basic resources
then its impact will be on health. This why because with the help of resources a person can
afford needed services which improves the health. On the other hand, if there is lack of enough
resources then its impact will be negative on health.
M 1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions
The government of United Kingdom is responsible to make effective strategies which are helpful
to provide relevant sources related to health so that inequalities in health can be minimise. The
data provided by government can be biased because it does not want that reports shows any
negative things related to the health of persons who lives in the country. As best strategy which

can be made is to appoint independent agency who has expert in this thing and provide
appropriate and reliable information & data (Norman, 2012).
D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions
For me it is not easy to make this report because it was my first experience but I put
maximum efforts to make this report successful. As I have noticed that health inequalities can be
reported via geographical distribution of socio-economic groups. The models use by Holland
has emphasis to educate persons so that their knowledge can be develop and they take required
steps to take care of its health. The government is promoting health programmes and campaign
supports health promotion strategies.
TASK 2
2.1 Links between government strategies & models of health promotion
As from the habit of tobacco, there are around 80000 people are dying every year in London and
it becomes a challenge for the government because it affects the health of individuals. To handle
this situation the government has introduced various laws, FISCAL measures & campaigns
associated to selling, advertising and consumption of tobacco. The important aspects to health
promotion that was suggested by Beaker, Tannahill and Beastie models has accent to boost the
persons so that they can take optimistic health movements so that undesirable health concerns
can be diminish by the strategies such as for tackling health issues like smoking. This model is
linked with the government strategy which focuses to motivates the persons to stop smoking like
Tobacco Advertisement & Promotion Act, 2012 (Sallis and Fisher, 2015).
Beatie model, of health promotion gives entire concern on the different intervention that are
develop by the government, communities and other individuals that basically includes four
paradigms such as Legislative action for health; Community development for health: personal
counselling for health; and health persuasion techniques. The Health Act, 2006 that has been
introduced by government, which aims to protect the health of individuals and it, prevent that in
public places an individual is not allowed to do smoking.
Becker’s model includes psychological methods that help to promote health and develop action
for cure. The main objective is to aware people about the negative consequences of using
tobacco so that their health does not get affected. Caplan & Holland has also share this strategy
in its model and says they have faith in context to humanistic perspective that emphasis to

educate persons so that their knowledge can be develop and they take required steps to take care
of its health. To discourage smoking social change approach has used by government so that they
quit smoking. It has been observed by the government that youngsters and lower class people are
more likely to smoke so to discourage smoking tax rate has been increased by the government on
tobacco products.
Tannahill model suggested that there are three approaches for promoting health like prevention,
positive heath and health protection that help to reduce the risk elements and, it decreases the
concerns of issues that involves primary secondary and tertiary prevention. It is necessary to
make people educate about pecatsion to prevent disease which encourage their positive health.
To provide education to the people is important for the government so that that they can aware
about the negative consequences of tobacco products and protect their health. Therefore, there
are links between government strategies and models of health promotion and both of them are
focuses to protect the health of individuals so that people can become fit and healthy. \
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion
In United Kingdom, there are around 120000 people have die due to the smoking related illness.
Therefore, to minimize the health related illness government has introduced different strategies
such as smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals (Tengland, 2012).The instructions
are beneficial to provide guidance to the professionals so that they can assess the smoking status
of patients and motivates the persons to stop smoking so that their health can be protected. To
meet the government targets, the role of professionals is to make effective strategies and promote
campaign, which provide message to the individuals that they have to stop smoking so that their
health does not get affected.
Doctors are required to focus on effective policies and research on more efficient treatment
procedure in order to increase the patients outcomes which facilitate health promotion among
population. It is beneficial to provide appropriate learning sessions for doctors in specialised area
to make them perfect for carrying out specific roles accurately with better outputs.
Pathologist can improve their concentration towards related procedures and activities of
diagnosing particular health problem for providing accurate information to doctors for further
treatment. It is necessary for them to take care of safety of patient while diagnosing the issue and
give appropriate data or further treatment of them properly.

Nursing staff is required to be well trained in order to manage extra pressure more work load
due to increased patients to deal with them properly. It is necessary to maintain the schedule of
patients in a manner so that services will not much delayed and they get proper treatment for
their well being.
Health education programme is needed to be organise in order to aware the people about the
negative consequences of smoking and tobacco products. Counselling programmes are needed to
be organise which are helpful in meeting government targets for health promotion. The persons
who want to stop smoking and tobacco so that they become healthy and fit the professionals can
arrange treatment facilities for them so that their smoking habits can be stop (Tolli, 2012). Time
to time, there are various programmes has been introduced by the government which support the
health promotion and the health care services & facilities are provided at very nominal rate and
in some cases it can be cost free. These steps of government are important to promote the health
care programmes and beneficial to protect the health of persons who lives in society. The
counselling & behaviour therapies can be effective, alternatives treatments like:
pharmacotherapies is required in order to protect the health of individuals. The models &
approaches are helpful to provide support to the government targets which is to stop smoking in
the population.
There is almost an urgent requirement to protect a person from any kind of health issues thus the
major benefits while protecting an individual who is part of society is that it reduces the chances
of prompting harmful health problem. There are number of ways to protect a person such as
counselling and behaviour therapies that are consider being effective methods and some
alternatives, treatments like pharmacotherapies are required to promote health.
2.3 Role of routines in promoting healthy living
Routine can be described as daily schedule of an individual to conduct tasks on specified time
on regular basis and these activities are fixed in a particular order. The role to promote routine
involves exercise, meditation, healthy diet and lifestyle. A person can live healthy when it
follows the effective routine so that it become healthy and fit. It is important to do some physical
activities and wake up early in the morning and at night; it is required sleep properly and take
minimum 6 hours rest.
Personal Hygiene refers to take of human body by cleaning it properly including several
activities like brushing teeth, bathing, washing hands and many more. It is necessary to clean

surroundings and maintain cleanliness where sitting or living to prevent development of harmful
microbes that are responsible for causing various health problems. Moreover, maintaining
personal hygiene is helpful to avoid sickness and other infections in respect to stay well-being.
Relaxation consist to take proper rest in a day which requires for a human body to remain
healthy as well as fit. It consist to remain calm and gain peace of mind along with providing time
to body for regaining full energy. However, it is helpful for an individual to avoid certain
conditions like heart attack, high blood pressure and other heart related health issues.
For the government it is required to promote the programmes which emphasis to healthy living
of people. As per the British Dental Health Foundation, the persons who are habitual of smoking
there are more risk of developing gum diseases and have staining on the teeth. Blood flow can be
reduce due to smoking, it also harms the teeth of persons, and the chances of mouth cancer can
be increase. If a persons who is habitual of smoking than chances of lung cancer &
cardiovascular, disease can be increase. To make a perfect routine it is important for an
individual and it is require to take balanced diet with proper nutrition’s and vitamins so that
chances if illness can be minimize. The mental health of people can be affected through the
smoking habits and have a negative impact on the healths of individuals. Most of people have
start smoking because they think that stress can be reduce but they do not know this is temporary
feeling and can affect the health of persons. The most important thing is to educate the
individuals so that they can aware about the negative consequences of smoking and tobacco
habits. Therefore, it is important for persons to develop a better routine in order to develop
healthy living.
In order to encourage healthy living the government has implemented various types of
techniques that help in increasing healthy activities among people so they can be fit and healthy
for long time. Tobacco Advertisement & Promotion Act, 2012: Government has established the
act with primary motive to make people aware about the harmful effect of consuming large
quantity tobacco during a day. This help them to keep their health good for a longer period and
survive healthy does not get affected. According to Holland, they have developed a strategy in its
model and specify that the main belief is related to humanistic perspective which importance to
instruct individual so that their information can be develop and they take essential steps to take
maintenance of its health. The different method and approaches are very crucial in order to save
the health of person so that they can perform different task for living.

To promote the healthy living there are different techniques have been used by the government
so that people can become fit and healthy. To stop smoking Tobacco Advertisement &
Promotion Act, 2012 has been introduced by government with the main objective is to aware
people about the negative consequences of using tobacco so that their health does not get
affected. Holland has also share this strategy in its model and said they have belief in context to
humanistic perspective which emphasis to educate individual so that their knowledge can be
develop & they take required steps to take care of its health. These methods and techniques are
helpful to protect the health of persons.
TASK 3
3.1 Health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour
A Health beliefs includes the changes in behaviour as well as health of an individual and its
psychology impact. Understanding such beliefs helps in explaining and predicting behaviours
related to health for taking health services. The health behaviour theories defines the beliefs
based on providing certain reasons behind changing the willingness related to the health
behaviour. The health belief theory and health behaviour theory are inter related to one another.
Belief model clearly defines the suggestions related to changes in the health, individual
perception towards health, barriers in treatment and many more (Watt and Petersen, 2012).
Various changes within an individual occurs due to changes in attitudes, culture, motivation and
beliefs. The behaviour model focuses on certain factors which changes the behaviour of health.
Various factors includes environmental factors, personal factors, behavioural factors and many
more. The main aim of both models is to provide various services to improve the health. When
an individual suffers from any health issue, it demotivated them, their confidence loses, feel
awkward in front of other people. The behaviour of any individual encourages them to change
the perceptions for the purpose of adapting a healthy life style.
Many approaches utilises distinct models to guide the promoters for supporting individuals
suffering from health issues for achieving a positive result. Some of the models are named as
Health belief model, Health action model and Theory of reasoned actions.
These are the most universal applied theories for promotion health along with health education
for promotion health along with health education. One of the model is based on the perceived
perception of seriousness, susceptibility, motivating factors and perceived benefits. Such

theories provides an overview that individual attitude, norms and behavioural effects executes
the changes for perceiving control. These also helps in identifying some limiting factors, which
increases the behavioural changes. Distinct concepts of motivation helps in changing behaviours
by depending on certain strategies as well as assessments. Thus, individuals changes their health
behaviour depending on the beliefs and range of factors by considering distinct health models.
The promoters promotes the health by providing education to limiting the factors. This all helps
in achieving success by promoting change.
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion
Conflicts can be arise with local authority on health promotion and generally it arises between
government, local communities & health promoters and it is related to alcohol, tobacco etc. The
health issues related to obesity is costing more than £5 billion in a single year.
The there are various programmes which are launched by the government to promote health and
these are as Change Life Programme & Food Standards Act, 1999 (Alexander and Fusco, 2012).
Initiatives are taken by the health promoters to motivate the individuals so that they can stop
eating packed & processed food products so that health of people can be protected. The
campaigns and policies of government are conflicting with food industries reason being the
industries have legally obliged to increase its returns from shareholders. As the initiatives and
policies of different communities and authorities can influence the sales as well as profits. If the
sales will reduce than employment can be affected as a result, it also affect the suppliers. These
things can also affect the economy of a country.
Now days obesity is the becoming the major health issue and can affect the health care system &
costs as a result tax rates are increasing by the government and it creates the situation of conflicts
reason being government have to minimize the health burden, which processed foods are
causing. As sales are reducing which results in minimising the amount of taxes that is a source of
revenue for the government. There is a situation of dilemma has been appeared in front of
government to impose more taxes on fast and processed food products reason being it have fear
that it can negatively impact the economy as well as employment in the country. As World
Health Organisation has banned various tobacco advertisement so that use of tobacco products
can be, minimise. As the Tobacco, companies are investing huge funds to promote tobacco
products in order to maximize the sales as well as profits. The conflicts have arisen because of
health promoter are emphasis to protect the health of people whereas tobacco industries are

focuses to promote its tobacco products. As the local industries are promoting smoking products,
where government are does want to promote it, in order to protect the health of people (Ayo,
2012).
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information
Social marketing: To provide the health related information to people is very important and it
can be possible through effective initiatives, programmes, seminars, TV shows, social media
tools etc. As the people are prefer smoking because they think it can reduce stress level. These
things can impact the health of individuals and they suffer from various diseases such as: cancer
which includes specially mouth cancer. So it is important for the people to know the relevant
information related to health.
As information is provided on smoking to protect vulnerable groups which includes children,
second hand smokers & the persons who are suffering from mental health illness. This is helpful
to minimise health risk from smoking related diseases like respiratory tract infections.
Poster and leaflets can bed used to prevent smoking by encouraging people through
motivational information in health promotional campaigns. Smoking surcease is helpful to
minimize cost & cancer mortality that is 77900 for females & 88200 for males in the year 2016.
With the help of smoking campaigns, the smokers can quit the smoking. (Baum and Fisher,
2014).
Mass media can be utilised by government including social media, television, radio and
newspaper for providing correct information to people regarding healthy lifestyle. The
government has take initiatives and time to time to conduct various programmes in order to
aware the persons so that they stop smoking. So to protect the health of individuals government
has organise camps in which free medical health care services and facilities are provided to the
persons and suggest them to develop healthy diet and lifestyle.
As it has been find that there are various programmes have been introduced by the government in
order to protect the health of people. To provide the health related information to people is very
important and it can be possible through effective initiatives, programmes, seminars, TV shows,
social media tools etc. As per the reports of Health and social care, 2017 NHS spent £2.5 billion
on 474000 admissions in hospitals related to smoking.

TASK 4
4.1 Covered in ppt
4.2 Covered in ppt
CONCLUSION
As from the above report, it has been concluded health promotion is important so that
people can live healthy life. As the socio-economic influences also effects the health and there
are links between government strategies & models of health promotion. As effective routine is
helpful to promote healthy living. The possible effects of potential conflicts are arises with the
local industry on health promotion. To protect the health of individuals healths promotion
campaign is helpful which can aware the individuals to stop smoking and does not eat fast food
because it is the reason of obesity.

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Online
Health Promotion. 2018. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/en/>