Social Work and Health Care Issues

This assignment examines various aspects of social work within a healthcare context. It delves into the unique needs of older LGBTQ+ individuals and the role social work plays in addressing these needs within healthcare settings. The assignment further explores the application of social work principles in prostate cancer research, utilizing tools like GEDIC and survival analysis. Finally, it highlights the importance of social work in addressing mental health issues faced by immigrants and refugees.

Health Promotion

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Effect of socio- economic influence on health.................................................................1
1.2 Relevance of government source on inequalities in Health.............................................2
1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare....................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Analyse link between strategies and models....................................................................3
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting targets on health promotion.........................................4
2.3 Role of routine in promoting healthy living ....................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 How health belief related to health behaviour..................................................................5
3.2 Possible effect of conflict with local industry on health promotion.................................6
3.3 Importance of providing health related information to public.........................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
Covered in PPT.......................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Health promotion is a process which enabling individual person so that they can increase
control and assist in improving their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour
towards a wide range of interventions whether it is social or environmental and these are
designed for the benefits and also protecting person's health (Arcila and et. al., 2011). It is a
priority of regulatory bodies which recognised general practices and could be more proactive in
engaging with public health. Present report is based on Public Health England which is an
agency of Department of health in UK. In report, discussion based on effect of socio-economic
influences on Health and also on reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare.
TASK 1
1.1 Effect of socio- economic influence on health
Dahlgren and Whitehead's 1992 which having a representation of determinants which are
related to health. It includes some factors and that are having a personal characteristics which
includes age, ethnicity as well as constitutional factors so that they can occupy. Individual
lifestyle factors having the layer of lifestyle choices and that are having a layer of behaviour
which includes smoking, alcohol as well as lack of other physical activities. Social along with
the community factors are related to family, friends etc. Living and working conditions includes
the access as well as opportunities so that they can maintain relation such as education, training
and employment etc. This model having a highlights having a causal relationship between
individual lifestyle choices, social network and so on (Baggett and et. al., 2010). There are
different economic condition which having a implication for employment as well as
opportunities for providing training. Along with the public services which includes health and
social care, education and funding so that they can provide proper support to local voluntary
services. It having a negative impact on social attitude, cohesion as well as mobility. Different
financial variables that influence the well-being of patients incorporate:
Measures are thought to be the imperative component of diabetes for Peter who is
experiencing sort 2 diabetes needs to deal with part of measures in taking legitimate and basic
considerations at each phase of its treatment so that on the off chance that its gets expanded then
likewise the patient doesn't experience the ill effects of any inner loss of blood or damage caused
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to every other organ that can take into account inward organ disappointment and will eventually
bring about death of the individual.
Covariates Assessment :- It incorporates all the heath related things which are
specifically or in a roundabout way connected with respect to a person to check its inner and
outside mental capacity, well-being, weight, male pattern baldness, and so on that can bring
about lost people life from inward shortcoming and dejection (Breitbart and et. al., 2010). To the
extent diminish is concerned he is experiencing sort 2 diabetes so he would need to deal with
every one of the misfortunes that can hatch his inward shortcoming and in addition
inconvenience with respect to his family and expectations for everyday comforts.
Social Factor :- As Peter lives in exile camp and he has a place with Sudan so he is
having a such a great amount of weight of this circumstance, he is not having any relatives and
companions which can help them in this circumstance.
Economical factor :- As he is having six kids and no assets of procuring it is making a
colossal money related weight on him, as he is living in displaced person camp so it is a sort of
unwinding which is given by government to them.
1.2 Relevance of government source on inequalities in Health
Inequalities in Health care are associated with all external factors which caters any
diseases and that can be removed by providing all facilities to all members of society by using
available resources at affordable price. Some report is:
Black Report, 1980 :- It is a report which is based on inequalities in health. It shows that
ill health as well as death are unequally distributed among population. They have to include all
inequalities which are not attributable to failing in NHS and it influencing health which involves
income, education, housing, employment and condition of work (Buykx and et. al., 2010).
The Aicheson Report, 1998 :- This report includes the inequalities which is made by
socio-economic group, ethnic group as well as gender that can be demonstrated in a wide range
of measures of health along with the determinants. It also involves differences in rates between
those at the top as well as bottom level.
Marmot Review, 2010 :- It includes the inequalities which are generated in England and
produce the evidence based strategy so that they can address social determinants of health which
can lead to inequalities related to health (Care Quality Commission, 2012).
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1.3 Reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare
Inverse care law operates in a proper manner where medical services should be provided
in a correct manner and that are exposed to market forces which will assist in reducing exposure.
Rates of immunisation as well as screening for cervical etc. There are different reasons which
having a barrier so that they can assess healthcare. There are distinctive factors which having an
individual gaining so that they can assess to health, social care as well as other services. It
includes physical accessibility, financial affordability as well as lack of resources. Some barriers
are:
Physical barrier :- These includes objects which assist in preventing individuals from
sickness. For example, person who is disabled have to use wheelchair and he is unable to enter a
building as the doorway is too narrow (Edwards and et. al., 2010).
Financial barrier :- These type of barrier helps individual person so that they can use
various policies and these having an adverse effect on health of individuals. The person who
cannot afford to buy services which is related to health as it is of high quality and also included
high cost. In the case of Dahlgren and Whitehead’s 1992 and that are not able to recover from
illness due to lack of finance with them.
Social problems :- When person are facing different diseases which create market
understanding like small cast as well as poor person then this will create a trouble on part of
society (England and et. al., 2012).
TASK 2
2.1 Analyse link between strategies and models
Health promotion is a way which enable individuals so that they can improve their health
and also put control on that. The person who are suffering from diseases have to provide
awareness of healthy savings. They have to use appropriate sources which assist in promoting
healthy living. The main objective of health promotion is to assist people while providing info
related to distinctive diseases. It includes:
 Identify aspirations
 Needs should be satisfying.
 Environment should be changed (Epstein and et. al., 2010).
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It assists in putting proper control so that they can put proper control which will aid in improving
their health.
 Work should be based on societies.
 Education related to health.
 Public policies.
 Organisational development.
Beattie's model of health promotion :- It is a very complex method which shows health
promotion in different practices. It includes four factors which includes professionals,
government as well as individuals. Personal counselling approach assist in enhancing knowledge
and skills (Erdley, Anklam and Reardon, 2014). It can be developed by using Betties model: Health persuasion :- Regulatory bodies has to increase health promotions so that they
can create a focus of their citizen on hazards. Legislative action :- Appropriate laws should be used by them and it provides rights to
person who are using services for betterment of health.
 Personal counselling :- It is necessary for individual person who are suffering from
critical disease as they need a proper care for counselling.
Another model is ecological model which assist in doing interaction between the different
factors at all the levels that having a adverse influence on personal health which includes
individual factors and in this attitude, belief along with knowledge should be involved.
Interpersonal factors helps in making interaction with the other person and according to that they
can provide social support and also creates a barrier for interpersonal growth. Organisational
factors includes rules and regulations as well as policies which they have to use for promoting
healthy behaviours. In addition to this is public policy which includes local, state as well as
federal policies which assist in providing proper policies as well as laws so that they can promote
the health and put proper control.
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting targets on health promotion
Health promotion is necessary among rural and urban areas as it creates awareness to be
healthy. It is necessary in aspects of overall development of a person as welfare of a society as a
whole. In this regard, government has also taken various initiatives which helps in promoting
health and safety among citizens of country. It has also initiated with diverse range of awareness
programs in respect of safety and health, especially in rural areas. In this light, professionals are
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also allotted with a responsibility to meet targets set by government in context of promoting
health (Gleghorn and et. al., 2010). Role of professional in meeting targets of government to
advertising health are as:
 They are trained enough to learn and teach various approaches and techniques by which
effective promotion can be done in respect of rural and urban areas.
 They are responsible to fulfil, education and training needs to form new staff in health
agencies.
 Also, their main purpose is to monitor effective health system in wider community.
 It can be considered with proper communication skills as a main role in conducting
business operations also, in this aspect, standards are set and skills development is
initiated (Györffy and et. al., 2010).
 It aims to commence various types of campaigns which focus to promote health and
safety in different areas.
The learners have to determine their own health practices. It assist in describing their
health education which is a dissemination of information and this is associated with health and
this having a foster which provides motivation, skills along with the confidence. They have to
use appropriate strategy which fulfils the purpose of health education which assist in increasing
knowledge about there behaviours about personal health. Through health education they can
provides individuals as well as groups with knowledge, values along with the skills so that they
can encourage effective action which are related to health. Through healthy individuals policy
generates the commitment in political factor and that provide supportive policies as well as
practices for health. Along with this the provision of services and boosting public interest, and
demand for health”.
2.3 Role of routine in promoting healthy living
Healthy routine is a necessary and multi-action process which includes appropriate
patterns, exercises, habit of taking alcohol or cigarettes as well as other development selections.
They have to improve their lifestyle if individuals want to stay away from diseases as well as
they have to eat fruits or products which does not affect health. Manager of Public Health
England have to make optimistic adoptions along with the conclusions so that they can affect the
personnel life. It is important and necessary that they have to apply appropriate logic to ideas and
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circumstances so that they can increase their progress with the best consequence (Hodge and
Horvath, 2011).
Healthy routine comprises the numerous growth in life which can be occupied without
any experiments. Individuals have to do workout regularly which helps in preventing from
diseases or any sickness such as high blood pressure, diabetes etc. Behaviour of healthy lifestyle
helps in removing or preventing threats which will having more vitality and also have to avoid
risk of diseases. Healthy diet rich food assists in preventing smoker from diseases which is
related to heart. In routine, they have to do medication which will aid individuals in remain calm
and attain maximum advantages in terms of expansion of life, reducing in the risk of diseases,
reducing in weight etc. Manager of Public Health England have to provide information to person
that for their body water is essential to remove waste and carry out oxygen (Kirmayer and et. al.,
2011).
Health services are having a value of health professionals and that assist in maintain
position so that they can link with the health improvement and provide advice to routine clinical
practice. For the health professionals training should be provided which includes confidentiality
as well as objectivity and that will create a important values so that they become successful in
promoting health. Health professionals having a responsibility that it advocates health at all
levels and also assist in protecting interesting for patients and their consumers. it assist in
attaining long term benefits of encouraging and motivating patients so that they can adopt
healthy lifestyles.
TASK 3
3.1 How health belief related to health behaviour
Manager or employees of Public Health England can use Health Belief model which
assist in facing challenges related to health behaviours. It is also associated with individual
person's susceptibility for a specific issue or threat and on the basis of that staff members have to
make actions so that they can get actual results from which situation is arising.
This model helps in attaining benefits which is related to behaviour which will helps in
eliminating or decreasing threat and measured against cost and by that sometime negative
outcome that arrive from it. This model helps in changing health performance. Self-efficacy of
individual person has to adapt appropriate behaviour and have to take correct action as it is a part
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of HBM model. These actions which they are taking actions on the basis of symptoms of issues
related to health and also include health campaign (Korda and Itani, 2013). The factors of health
model which will having an influence on perception of threat which assist in retaining behaviour
of people.
These theories assist in separating main clusters so that they can identify social
understanding by using different models. Social understanding model defined group which helps
in making comparison on theories which including specific factors and these are determinants of
behaviour. If they are using protection incentive theory which represents liability as well as panic
as it is associated to threat evaluation and it is connected or related with consideration (Kuo and
et. al., 2012).
Health belief model having a another name which is psychological model that having a
attempt so that they can explain along with the prediction of health behaviours. Health belief can
be done by focusing on their attitude along with the belief of individual person. It includes the
personal convictions which having a influence on health behaviours.
For example :- In the contemporary UK, and this having a important problems of the
contemporary social science and that having a concern with psychosocial theorists as well as
researchers so that they can investigate social along with cultural factors. They have to explore
their social reality which includes different sociologists so that they can believe on their
objectives which includes science on society. The approaches which are related to social
structure and that helps human society in the social and economic structure.
3.2 Possible effect of conflict with local industry on health promotion
Manager of Public health England have to conduct effective program which will assist in
doing promotion so that they can stop conflicts as well as threats related or associated to diseases
from which individual person is suffering. They have adopted appropriate health promotion
strategies which are made by regulatory bodies or medical professionals. The strategies which
are prepare by government assist in reducing smoking among individual as it includes high tax.
The companies who are preparing cigarettes supply high revenue to ministry bodies (Kuo, Mac
Bird and Tilford, 2011). These strategies create a conflict as government denies to do promotion
of these as it is injurious to health and on the other hand, they take so much revenue from them
which will create a conflict and also create a negative impact on tobacco industry. As regulatory
bodies emphasize on need of health promotion among public.
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These are having a different objective then will lead to result of conflicts. These type of
industries may be having an option to put case on government for licensing and then they banned
all things then this will decrease their investments and all material waste (Marmot and et. al.,
2012). These industries required to put or post actual and correct information or data that doing
smoking having a negative effect on the health of individual person and also create so many
diseases such as cancer. They have to faced so many objections and this will be having an
adverse impact in market demand for their products and services which they are delivering to
their consumers.
Trans-theoretical model also known as stages of change model which helps in assessing
the individual readiness so that they can act in a new and healthier behaviour. Along with this
appropriate strategies should be provided by them as well as process of change so that they can
deliver proper guidance to individuals which having a different stages of change which is
associated to action and maintenance. It includes different stages that is pre-contemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action as well as maintenance. There are two key factors which are
lying between different stages of this change model that is self-efficacy and decisional model. It
is a model which help researchers in doing best research and also doing promotion of health.
Different stages are: Pre-contemplation :- In this person are not having awareness related to problems which
they are facing and also having a no intention to change behaviour in future. Contemplation :- In this it provide awareness about obstacles and also having a serious
consideration in changing behaviour of individual person. Preparation :- In this stage, they have to prepare plans for intending to take action. Action :- In this staff members have to modify their behaviours along with the
experiences as well as environment so that they can find solution and overcome from
them.
 Maintenance :- In this, employees have to prevent their work so that they can attain
gains.
This having a implication for its transferability to behaviours which assist in bringing
public costs along with the benefits.
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3.3 Importance of providing health related information to public
When staff members of Public health England so that they can ensure that they can
accomplish the goals and objectives and also assist in fulfilling requirements of patients. This
will assist in attaining benefits. They have deliver information or data related to distinctive
diseases so that they can identify side effects, risks, causes etc. It helps individual people to
become more dependent as well as responsible for health of own as well as assist in boosting
self-care. They have to collect evidence or proof which is depend on information as well as data
of health which includes information associated to natural diseases and these type of diseases
does not have any treatments (Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 2016). This aid the person
in recognizing and analysing seriousness level of diseases from which person is suffering.
They have to recognise diseases at early stage so that they can get correct treatments and
it will assist in reducing cost for delivering extra care. They can get actual information which is
related to options of different treatments of distinctive diseases. For example, surgery, non-
smoking treatment etc. If individuals get actual information, then this will aid in attaining
maximum benefits of healthy habits and also assist in preventing spreading of diseases which are
communicable. If they are using health data, then this will succour in developing or improving
policies or legislation and have to allocate resources to evaluate their activities which will helps
in doing health promotion. The providers who are providing data associated to health care then
this will assist in understanding their markets along with services which they are offering and
assist in meeting or accomplishing needs to consumers and patients. Many other sources which
provide info and that can be adopt by them to produce information of local health. Restriction as
well as privacy provided by Public Health England can across their localities (What is the
Equality Act?, 2017).
When programme related to health promotion based on community which represent the
framework so that they can emphasize on primary prevention as well as perspective which is
based on population. It includes leaders of community, social networks and direct education of
general population. They have to put efforts so that they can reduce high rates of cardiovascular
disease. These are based on medical model and which focuses on identification along with
treatment of individuals which having a high risk.
For health promotion, they have to use appropriate methods of development along with
the implementation of programmes is associated with health promotion which are conducted by
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them. Appropriate settings should be used by them in the workplace whether it is schools or in
place where education should be provided. In this proper involvement is necessary of general
public in health programs and also having a effect in health care so that they can attain maximum
benefits.
TASK 4
Covered in PPT
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CONCLUSION
After summing up report, it has been interpreted that employees of firm have to deliver
proper care to their patients so that they can automatically promoted their services by word-of-
mouth. For health promotion, they have to use appropriate strategies which is made by ministry
bodies so that any obstacles cannot faced by them and they can easily promote health
department. The staff members of Public Health England have to do make a plan for conducting
a campaign so that they can meet specific targets and objectives.
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Marmot, M. and et. al., 2012. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the
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Online
Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.rnib.org.uk/information-everyday-living-your-rights/disability-
discrimination-act-dda>. [Accessed on 5th June 2017].
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<https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/equality-act-2010/what-equality-act>.
[Accessed on 5th June 2017].
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