Health Services for the ATSI and the Anglo-Australian Communities

Running head: HEALTH CARE
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Title: Health Services for the ATSI and the Anglo-Australian Communities

HEALTH CARE
According to the ABS (2012), the health disparity between the aboriginals and the
non-indigenous communities is increasing day after day. The life expectancy among the
ATSI communities is less in comparison to the non-indigenous communities, with men
having 10 years less life expectancy and women almost 9 years less. The diversity in the
health sector among these communities can be well understood by looking into diseases like
the cardiovascular infections, mental disorders, diabetes and chronic respiratory infections
(Vos, Barker, Begg, Stanley and Lopez, 2009). Vos et al (2009) claim that these infections
are more prevalent among the indigenous communities with CVDs leading in mortality rate
with 23 percent, 10 percent for mental disorders, 9 percent for respiratory infections and 12
percent for diabetes. According to Marmot et al. (2008), the World Health Organization have
noted this health crisis among the two communities to be the largest in the world.
Understanding the historical factors causing the health inequality in Australia would
be a critical step in finding a way forward to end this crisis (Markwick, Ansari, Sullivan,
Parsons and McNeill, 2014). Markwick et al. (2014) refer back to the colonial era, when the
ATSI communities were annihilated through massacre and exposure to unknown infectious
diseases. This led to death of most ATSI people with approximately 10 percent remaining in
the land by 1850 (Awofeso, 2011). Their lands were taken and then segregated to the rural
areas and missions. The Australian Institute of Criminology (2017) claimed that
dispossession of the aboriginals land by the colonial rule has impacted greatly on the society
and has also being a determining factor in their cultural and economic growth. Tom Calma
once said that the ATSI communities are not really disadvantaged in the society but the
discrimination, inequality and poverty they face in the society reflects their historical
treatment. He also added that the health inequality they face is due to continued
discrimination (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). Recognizing the colonial
impact on the Aboriginal community, till to date remains a challenge in understanding the

HEALTH CARE
health determinants among this community. The colonial powers had put barriers that
crippled the health of these people. These barriers influenced the interaction between patients
and nurses, health care delivery services and also economic and political barriers (Markwick
et al. 2014). There is a need for new policies and strategies to be set so as to come up
culturally and holistic sensitive solutions to improve the health of the aboriginals.
Racism and discrimination were pervasive in Australia not only today but also during
the colonial rule (Muecke and Shoemaker, 2010). The aboriginals were forced to live in
missions and reserves. They were denied the freedom to socialize, marry and practice their
traditions. Policies were set to assimilate and segregate them and also they were restricted
from moving from one place to another and forming institutions. They could not speak their
language. Their children could also not learn their traditions and culture (Pascoe, 2012). All
these atrocities has a long lasting psychological and physical influence on the indigenous
communities. This is true as per the report by the AIHW (2012) which claim that
discrimination and racism still affects the psychology of the ATSI community.
The ATSI people construct of health not only about physical fitness but also about
emotional, cultural and social health of the community. These health constructs are much
ignored by health delivery services, and therefore they could not be trusted by the indigenous
people. The ATSI Australians are diverse when it comes to language, experience and culture
and therefore crucial health determinants and geographic differences could be masked. The
Australian Institute of Criminology (2017) the ATSI communities are still facing low rates of
income, high rates of unemployment, lack of viable economic base, low literacy levels, poor
mental and physical health and poor overcrowded housing. Other factors such as poor
parenting, intra-family conflicts, high levels of drug and substance abuse and lack of

HEALTH CARE
functional role models have also been risk factors. These factors have led to lack of resources
and skills for responsible community management.
It is known that risky health behaviors have a big impact on non-communicable
diseases (Vos et al. 2009). The ATSI people have been known to engage in these behaviours
such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. A report by the Australian Bureau of Statistics
(2013) showed that more than 43 percent of aboriginal people were smokers as compared to
15 percent of the Anglo-Australians. Waterworth, Pescud, Braham, Dimmock and Rosenberg
(2015) think that there is a need to set up ways to overcome these risk factors if there is to be
success in improving the Aboriginals health outcomes. This issue has to be analysed from a
wide political, social and economic context in which these people. Their social health
determinants that impact their daily lives should also be considered. Black and Richards
(2009) criticizes the health systems for their ineffectiveness and directly targeting the
indigenous people.
The white Australians settled in Australia in the time between 1880 and 1914. In the
19th century a bigger population of Australia was the emigrants front Britain, who came in
with their history and customs. Their self-identification in Australia even changed the
national identity of the nation. They rejected any other culture other than the British culture.
This led to the demise of the ATSI culture as the white settlers claimed Australia as their
own. The colonial rule was built on discrimination and racism. They lived in the best places
and urban areas as they pushed the indigenous communities to missions and reserves. Until
today, racism and discrimination is an issue in Australia, with the whites enjoying the best
health care services. They came with civilization and education and therefore most of the
educated people are the whites. They occupy the best jobs in the country. Their housing
conditions are far much better as compared to those of the ATSI people. The racial anxiety of
the colonial rule was worsened by isolation, with Australia being geographically isolated