Insights of Post-Modernist Perspectives on Health Practice
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Added on  2023/01/11
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This article discusses the insights provided by post-modernist perspectives on health practice, focusing on the impact on medical care and the physician-patient relationship. It explores the role of individual responsibility, consumerist values, and rejection of medical authority in shaping healthcare practices.
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Question 1 What insights do post-modernist perspectives provide and what might this mean for health practice? Post-modernist is a prominent perspective which tends to state that, how society has progressed over the era which is beyond modernity. Post-modernist cultural values have affected the medical care and the relationship between the physician and the patient. Postmodernism is considered to be as the method of sociology which puts emphasis on the uncertainty and quick change within the society. This is a perspective which tends to mainly focus on the reality of the person, denies statement and also claims to be true for all the individuals. The post-modernist perspectives tends to argue that, because of endless changing and choice the culture and work. Providing high degree of significant medical care to make the accurate diagnosis and also focuses on establishing prominent rapport with the patients. The post- modernism states that, the illness experience is not linear (Bentley and et.al., 2016). Experiences of the individual person is a myriad of cultural, social, economic and physical context. Postmodernism attitude within the healthcare is prevalent. They tend to highly believe in the individual responsibility to attain health, hold consumerist value, rejecting medical authority, preferring natural products over various chemical drugs. 1|P a g e
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Question 2 Despite increases in funding, explain why in Australia, Indigenous health outcomes are still an issue? Provide examples to illustrate your argument. The indigenous group of people are increasingly facing various health issues which mainly includes cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and respiratory disease which results in unacceptable gap within the life expectancy. The Aboriginal and Torres group of Australia are usually influenced by the various key social determinants which tends to influence health of the indigenous group within Australia (Jatrana, Richardson and Pasupuleti,2018). There seems to be high degree of increase within the funding, the prevalence of major biomedical and behavioural health risk factors among the indigenous group of Australia results in poor health outcomes within Australia. For example, Aboriginal and Torres group of Australia are indulged within various behavioural risk like poor nutrition, smoking, physical inactivity, excessive amount of alcohol consumption and domestic violence.are considered to be key risk factors which largely result in poor health outcomes. The indigenous people have low education, poor socio- economic, social isolation, family breakdown, poverty, debt, crime, etc also results in lower health outcomes among Aboriginal people of Australia (Smith, Adams and Bonson, 2018). Increase in funding to improve the health outcomes of the patient does not influence the positive health outcomes of the patient because of the daily unethical behavioural practice which impacts the health outcomes of the patients.
Question 3 Psychiatry can be viewed as an institute of social control. Draw on sociological theories and examples to discuss this statement. The psychiatrist who tends to work within the judicial group which helps in improve the sanity and medical condition of the patient. The psychiatry is considered to be as the key form of the social control. The medical social control is a way where the medicine tends to function in order to secure high degree of adherence to the social norms by eliminating, minimising and normalising deviant behaviour. The societal control is mainly associated with the political and societal mechanisms which tends to regulate group behaviour and individual to attain compliance and conformity to the rules associated with the society and social group. The psychiatrist tends to identify two set of basic signifier of social control which mainly includes informal and formal control (Dean and Green, 2017). The sociological perspective tends to mainly emphasise on influencing the society with the help of relationship, social contexts , statuses and roles. The chemical and genetics imbalance within the brain cause mental illness. Theinterpersonal theory tends to play one of the key significant role in treating the mental illness and has been used by the psychiatrist. This theory is useful in determining the genesis of the psychiatric disorder in the key significant manner. 3|P a g e
Question 4 What are the key benefits and limitations of e-health? The e- health is referred to as the use of communication and information technology within the healthcare to provide digital health services at a greater and wider scale. The keybenefits of the e- health is that, it is useful in improving the communication within the healthcare practitioners and patients. It also helps in improving the operational efficiency by reducing the length of stay and increasing the safety of the patient by reduction in the clinical and medical adverse events. The e- health has also resulted in the rapid intervention at the time of critical periods of care which has been facilitated by real time reminders and alerts using electronic platforms (What is E-health? Its Characteristics, Benefits and Challenges,2019). It is considered to be as the secure and cost effective measure within the healthcare system. It is useful in providing quick degree of access to the patients information and records with the reduced aAwaworyi Churchill, Farrell and Smyth, 2019mount of paperwork. It also leads to low degree of medical errors and encouraging better and healthier lifestyles. One of the major challengewhich is mainly linked with the e- health is related with the complex user experience. It becomes difficult to implement the e- health across various healthcare system because of complex user experience. Implementation of the e- health is considered to be as the time consuming process.
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Question 5 How does ideology and politics shape health outcomes? Draw on examples such as the PBS to illustrate your points. Politics play critical role within the health affairs. It tends to mainly begin with examining how health problems tends to make it within the policy agenda. Political ideology is referred to as the specific set of ethical principles, ethical ideals, myths, doctrines for the specific social movement (Awaworyi Churchill, Farrell and Smyth, 2019). The political ideologies tends to largely influence the health in two different ways. The first states that, ideologies which are at the individual and national level which helps in shaping the social norms which can influence the health lifestyle practices. On the other hand, second measure related with the political ideology states about the particular government which largely influences the allocation of resources within the healthcare expenditure (Bentley and et.al., 2016). For example, political ideology is mainly associated with the different aspects of the society which mainly includes education, economy, justice system, social security, labour law, etc. which tends to shape the health outcomes of the Australia. The ideologies and values of the individuals which strongly influence and evaluate how health issues has been significantly played out. The perception and ideology associated with the severity of the problem tends to affect the population and also tends to influence the governmental responses. 5|P a g e
Question 6 Certain mechanisms of functionalist theory are utilised today. Discuss what they are and highlight the main assumptions and limitations of functionalism. Thefunctionalist theory tends to mainly putemphasis on the effective health care system which is useful in determining the key relationship between the patient and the physicians. This theory is considered to be significant because it is useful in maintaining healthy state. However, the ill health of the individual impairs their ability to perform various set of roles within the society. One of the key significant limitation associated with the functionalist theory is that, it looks at the society at a micro- scale and it does not look at the individual on one on one basis (Rosenberg and Salvador-Carulla, 2017). This system also does not specify the functions which has to be performed within the specific institution or system. The functionalist theory is mainly associated with the nature of the mental state. The major limitation is that, this theory tends to look at the society at the study at the macro- level which tends to broadly focus on social structures and shaping of the society as a whole. The functionalist theory mainly focuses on retaining the traditional idea in order to promote stability and solidarity within the health and social care system of Australia.
Question 7 What is medical dominance and how does the medical profession achieve medical dominance in Australia? Medical dominance is referred to as the medical profession which helps in controlling over the terms, content and condition to control the health division and health occupation within thehealthcaresystem.Themedicalpoweriseffectivelymanifestedbythebythe professional autonomy of the healthcare practitioners. This can be done through economics within the health services, high degree of dominance within the health occupational group. This is done through administrative influence with the collective degree of influence within medical association.The medical dominance is highly dependent on the interest of the care professionalswhich are coincide with the dominant class. The medicaldominance is classified into three parts which includes autonomy, sovereignty and authority (Cheung and et.al., 2018).The increase in the autonomy within the developing occupation results in decrease in the medical dominance. It tends to mainly comprise of economic, political and clinical autonomy. There are set of various medical professions who has effectively attained dominance within Australia. Medical power has been significantly manifested with the physical autonomy of the doctors and attaining better set of care decision. Medical profession who are within the same society enjoys equal level of the autonomy. 7|P a g e
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Question 8 Explain the concept of discourse and explain how it is relevant to health and bio-medicine in Australia. Draw on examples to highlight you points. Discourse is referred to as the way which constitutes knowledge for carrying out the significant social practice. It is useful to power relations which helps in determining the relation and knowledge between them (Whiley and et.al., 2019). Discourse is considered to be as the patterned or the significant group if idea which can be identified significantly within verbal and textual communication. It has been significantly located within the wider set of social structure. The discourse is a practice, knowledge and a belief that is useful in providing shared understanding for the world. Discourse tends to play one of the key significant role within the medicine and tends to have high degree of profound anthropological significance. The bio medicine is useful in treating ill- health. However, the bio- medical discourse carry out effective weight which saturates experience of affliction (Awaworyi Churchill, Farrell and Smyth, 2019). It is useful in defining the relationship between the patient and doctors. The discourse is highly crucial within thehealth and bio-medicine in Australia because it helps in effectively constituting knowledge and also helps in opening several ways of producing and thinking within the healthcare sector. The discourse within the care sector is related with the curing, healing, suffering and various set of relevant language ideologies within the healthcare system.
Question 9 What is multi-culturalism and how might health needs differ for immigrants and refugees to people who are born in Australia? Multi- culturalism is referred to as the capacity of the state which helps in efficiently and effectively dealing up with the cultural plurality within the sovereign borders. Multi- culturalism helps in significantly describing the society which comprises of varied different culture. Immigrants has to effectively get wide degree of access to the healthcare services. The usage of the health services differ which is significantly dependent on the place of birth and culture of the individual person. Refugees are considered to be at the high degree of risk to fall risk while staying in the poor living conditions like poor shelter and camps (Cook, 2019). The refugees has lower access to the food, shelter and water which results in affecting the health outcomes among the immigrants and refugees of Australia. The refugees tends to face difficulty in accessing the healthcare services due to language barrier, discrimination and legal status. On the other hand, immigrants within the Australia has better access to the health services. The refugees tends to live poor sanitation facilities and contaminated drinking water. This results in increase in the risk of variety of infections ad disease among refugees of Australia unlike immigrant people of Australia. 9|P a g e
Question 10 What are the social determinants of health and how do they help us understand the dynamics of globalisation and inequity? Draw on examples in the Australian context to illustrate your key points. The social determinants of health are considered to be as the condition where the people are grown, lived, aged, born and is useful in shaping the life of the individual person (Liddicoat andet.al.,2018).Thekeysocialdeterminantsofthehealthmainlyincludesbuilt environment, economic stability education, social and community context, health care, social status, income status, childhood experiences, healthy child development, literacy and gender. Differential exposure, consequences, susceptibility and social stratification are the key dynamics which are linked with the globalisation and inequality within Australia. Health inequality are referred to as the systematic difference within the health outcomes. There seems to be health status and distribution within the health resources which tends to arise from high degree of social conditions which mainly includes place of birth, age, gender, culture and work of the individual person.
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Awaworyi Churchill, S., Farrell, L. and Smyth, R., 2019. Neighbourhood ethnic diversity and mental health in Australia.Health economics,28(9), pp.1075-1087. Bentley, R.J and et.al., 2016. Housing affordability, tenure and mental health in Australia and the United Kingdom: a comparative panel analysis.Housing Studies,31(2), pp.208- 222. Cheung, A.S and et.al., 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of transgender adults in Australia.Transgender Health,3(1), pp.229-238. Cook, L., 2019. Mental health in Australia: a quick guide.Parliament of Australia,14. Dean, A. and Green, D., 2017. Climate change, air pollution and health in Australia.Sydney, Australia: UNSW Sydney. Jatrana, S., Richardson, K. and Pasupuleti, S.S.R., 2018. Investigating the dynamics of migrationandhealthinAustralia:alongitudinalstudy.EuropeanJournalof Population,34(4), pp.519-565. Liddicoat, C and et.al., 2018. Landscape biodiversity correlates with respiratory health in Australia.Journal of environmental management,206, pp.113-122. Rosenberg, S. and Salvador-Carulla, L., 2017. PERSPECTIVES: accountability for mental health:theAustralianexperience.Thejournalofmentalhealthpolicyand economics,20(1), pp.37-54. Smith, J.A., Adams, M. and Bonson, J., 2018. Investing in men’s health in Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,208(1), p.67. Whiley,Handet.al.,2019.EnvironmentalhealthinAustralia:overlookedand underrated.Journal of Public Health,41(3), pp.470-475. Online 11|P a g e
What is E-health? Its Characteristics, Benefits and Challenges. 2019.[ONLINE]. Available through:<https://www.publichealthnotes.com/what-is-e-health-its-characteristics-benefits- and-challenges/>