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Healthcare Acquired Infections in New Zealand

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Added on  2023/06/03

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This presentation discusses the causes, impact, and control of healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) in New Zealand. It covers the various microorganisms responsible for HAIs, the impact of HAIs on patients, staff, and facilities, and the control of urinary tract infections. Additionally, it explores the role of antimicrobial stewardship in preventing HAIs and the objectives of AMS in New Zealand. The presentation cites various studies and reports to support its claims.

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Healthcare acquired infections in
New Zealand
Name
Institution
Course
Date

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INTRODUCTION
HAIs are contracted during therapy when the patient is in the
facility
10% of admitted patients develop HAI (Burns, Bowers, Pak,
Wignall & Roberts, 2012)
HAI results to financial burdens, deaths and longer
hospitalizations
New Zealand uses $50-$80 in treating HAIs (Burns, Bowers,
Pak, Wignall & Roberts, 2012).
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HAI CAUSATION FACTORS
Microorganisms; Staphylococcus aureus
(SA), Methicillin resistant SA (MRSA),
Escherichia coli (E.coli), Clostridium difficile
and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Predisposing factors like weak immunity
Poor ventilations in intensive care units
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SA AND MRSA
Causes skin and soft skin infections (SSTI), pneumonia,
septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, foreign body infections,
endocarditis and endovascular diseases (Liu et al., 2011)
Common in hospitals as well as aged care facilities.
MRSA is resistant all penicillin and beta-lactam
antibiotics (Magiorakos et al., 2012)
Prevalence rate 10% (Williamson, et al., 2014).
Infections have increased from 81 to 140 per 10, 000
person between 2000 and 2001 (Williamson et al., 2014)

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E.COLI
Responsible for many bloodstream infections such as
bacteremia
Hospital mortality rate of 9% and higher in patients
admitted with hospital onset E.coli
study by Williamson et al. (2013) depict Incidence rates
of 52 per 100, 000
Infections rates are higher in children than adults.
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CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
Spore forming bacteria responsible for
hospital acquired diarrhea and colon
inflammation
Study at Auckland on children depicted a rate
of 2 per 10, 000 people (Sathyendran et al.,
2014)
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STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Causes bacterial meningitis, otitis media and bacteremia
Controlled through vaccination which changed from the 7-valent to 10-valent
vaccine in 2011
Responsible for 2% of the deaths of adults admitted in the healthcare facilities
(Falcone, Venditti, Shindo & Kollef, 2011).
Impact of HAI on patients
Financial burden
Leads to hospitalization of about 2 million patients a year.
Causes 100, 000 deaths annually (Reed & Kemmerly, 2009).
Increases hospital readmissions
Incapacitates many reducing productivity

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IMPACT ON STAFF
Deaths and diseases as well as hospitalizations
Reduced services
Financial burdens
Impact on the facility
Stretching of resources
Inadequate service delivery due to reduced professionals
Key infection- Urinary tract infection
Commonly result from indwelling catheters
Indwelling catheters cause 20% UTI
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CONTROL OF UTI
Use of catheters that prevent biofilm formation (Nicolle, 2014).
Contamination control through observation of the catheters, their usage, fittingness
and careful of any complexities
Antimicrobial Stewardship and HAIs
Most HAIs are caused by resistant microbes. AMR has increased to 49% between
2006 and 2014 (Williamson et al., 2016).
AMS is a strategy to ensure appropriate usage of antimicrobial agents preventing
resistance.
New Zealand national AMR cation plan is aligned with the WHO global action plan
and Jim O’Neil’s recommendations on AMR
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OBJECTIVE OF AMS IN NEW ZEALAND
Enhance prevention and control infection strategies
countrywide
Optimize usage of antimicrobial medications and establish
support and governance
Collaboration and investment strategies to control AMR
Fortify knowledge and evidence related to AMR
Enhance understanding and awareness of AMR

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CONCLUSION
Control of HAI have made good progress
AMS are important in the control of HAIs
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REFERENCES
Baker, M. G., Barnard, L. T., Kvalsvig, A., Verrall, A., Zhang, J., Keall, M., ... & Howden-Chapman, P. (2012). Increasing incidence of
serious infectious diseases and inequalities in New Zealand: a national epidemiological study. The Lancet, 379(9821), 1112-1119.
Burns, A., Bowers, L., Pak, N., Wignall, J., & Roberts, S. (2010). The excess cost associated with healthcare-associated bloodstream
infections at Auckland City Hospital. Group, 2, 19.
David, M. Z., & Daum, R. S. (2010). Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical
Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(3), 616-687. doi:10.1128/cmr.00081-09
Dovey, S. M., Leitch, S., Wallis, K. A., Eggleton, K. S., Cunningham, W. K., Williamson, M. I., ... & Samaranayaka, A. (2017).
Epidemiology of patient harms in New Zealand: protocol of a general practice records review study. JMIR research protocols, 6(1).
Falcone, M., Venditti, M., Shindo, Y., & Kollef, M. H. (2011). Healthcare-associated pneumonia: diagnostic criteria and distinction from
community-acquired pneumonia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15(8), e545-e550.
Liu, C., Bayer, A., Cosgrove, S. E., Daum, R. S., Fridkin, S. K., Gorwitz, R. J., ... & Rybak, M. J. (2011). Clinical practice guidelines by the
Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and
children. Clinical infectious diseases, 52(3), e18-e55.
Magiorakos, A. P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R. B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M. E., Giske, C. G., ... & Paterson, D. L. (2012). Multidrug‐resistant,
extensively drug‐resistant and pandrug‐resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired
resistance. Clinical microbiology and infection, 18(3), 268-281.
Ministry of Health and Ministry for Primary Industries. (2017). Antimicrobial Resistance: New Zealand’s current situation and identified
areas for action. Wellington: Ministry of Health and Ministry for Primary Industries. Retrieved from
https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/antimicrobial-resistance-nz-situation-areas-for-action-mar17.pdf
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REFERENCES
Nicolle, L. E. (2014). Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 3(1), 23.
Reed, D., & Kemmerly, S. A. (2009). Infection control and prevention: a review of hospital-acquired infections and the
economic implications. The Ochsner Journal, 9(1), 27-31.
Sathyendran, V., McAuliffe, G. N., Swager, T., Freeman, J. T., Taylor, S. L., & Roberts, S. A. (2014). Clostridium difficile
as a cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea among children in Auckland, New Zealand: clinical and molecular
epidemiology. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases, 33(10), 1741-1747.
Williamson, D. A., Coombs, G. W., & Nimmo, G. R. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus ‘D own U nder’: contemporary
epidemiology of S. aureus in A ustralia, N ew Z ealand, and the S outh W est P acific. Clinical Microbiology and
Infection, 20(7), 597-604.
Williamson, D. A., Lim, A., Thomas, M. G., Baker, M. G., Roberts, S. A., Fraser, J. D., & Ritchie, S. R. (2013). Incidence,
trends and demographics of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Auckland, New Zealand, 2001–2011. BMC
infectious diseases, 13(1), 569.
Williamson, D. A., Lim, A., Wiles, S., Roberts, S. A., & Freeman, J. T. (2013). Population-based incidence and
comparative demographics of community-associated and healthcare-associated Escherichia coli bloodstream infection
in Auckland, New Zealand, 2005–2011. BMC infectious diseases, 13(1), 385.
Williamson, D. A., Ritchie, S. R., Lennon, D., Roberts, S. A., Stewart, J., Thomas, M. G., & Baker, M. G. (2013).
Increasing incidence and sociodemographic variation in community-onset Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue
infections in New Zealand children. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 32(8), 923-925.
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