Healthcare - Smoking Impact on the Health of the Young People

Running Head: HEALTHCARE
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Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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Task 1
Abstract
This research proposal is going to propose about the impact of smoking in the
Aboriginal youth and the social impact of smoking. The Aboriginals are more exposed to
smoking at an early age due to various factors. There has been a lot of previous research that
shows that the Aboriginals do not have access to the healthcare facilities and thus, the impact
of smoking cannot be reduced (Bovill et al. 2018). This research proposal outlines the
research methodology and the data collection strategies that will help in the analysis of the
report.
The research proposal highlights the fact that smoking can have a serious social
impact on the health of the young people who belong to the community of Aboriginals. The
research proposal bridges the gap between the availability of the healthcare services to reduce
the rate of smoking and the social impact of smoking (Wright et al. 2018). The research
strategy that has been used in this proposal is that of qualitative design as interviews are
being carried out of the Aboriginal participants.
Introduction
The use of tobacco is one of the most common and widespread among the Aboriginals
and the smoking rates can vary between the communities and regions. It is observed that the
Aboriginals and the Torres Islander (ATSI) people smoke 3 times more as compared to native
people of Australia. Among the Aboriginals it has been found that smoking is the easily
avoidable disease and is also among the top reasons of ill health along with early mortality
(Sitas et al. 2018). It has been found that 1 among 5 people from this community die because
of smoking. It is also directly the cause for one-third of the cancers and the diseases related to
heart issues.

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There has been a number of efforts to reduce the rate of the smoking among the
indigenous people. However, no significant change was observed and that created a greater
social impact on the other people of the community (Thomas et al. 2015). It was observed
that the adverse effects of smoking is not only faced by the smoker but also by the other
members of the community who are living in the society and sharing the same resources as
that of the smoker. As the habit of smoking can be spread to other individuals in a community
thus, it adversely affects the society and can lead to reduced quality of living and the
economy of that community as well.
Aims and Objectives
The aim of the research proposal is to find out the social impact on the indigenous
individuals who are addicted to smoking.
The objectives of the research proposal are as follows:
1. To investigate the prevalence of smoking among the Aboriginals.
2. To investigate the social impact of the smoking among the young population of
Aboriginals.
3. To recommended the ways to reduce the rate of smoking among the Aboriginals.
Ethical Considerations
Ethics are an important part of the research and it is important that all the research
work is carried out with ethical values and beliefs of the participant and the researchers as
well. As the research involves the participants who are Aboriginals it is important that the
researchers respect their beliefs. This is done by incorporating a healthcare member of their
community in the meetings to make the participants comfortable to talk about their healthcare
problems (Sarin, Hunt, Ivers and Smyth 2015). It is important as then only they will be able
to answer all the queries of the researchers. The research committee also kept a counsellor in

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order to understand the views and knowledge of the participants and also to make them
understand the importance of research.
As the research design requires an interview thus, it is important that the consent of
each and every participant is carried out before every interview. The video was also recorded
and the individuals who are minor in age were allowed to give interviews in presence of their
parents or any other guardian. In order to do this permission was taken from their respective
family members (Bovill 2018). Apart from this confidentiality was maintained about the
participants and their names were not revealed either to the other participants or the
researchers itself.
Literature Review
Tobacco was described as a major contributor to the high mortality rates in the ATSI.
Smoking controlling programs tailored for Indigenous Australians are starting to emerge
following years of inattention. Successful cessation of smoking would be strengthened by an
awareness of the long-standing historical, the social and cultural context to today's tobacco
use (Clements, Best and Raymond 2015). Since the advent in 1950 of the first case-control
studies linking smoking and cancer, government action on tobacco has become increasingly
extensive in Australia. Measures included the 1976 ban on overt radio and television
advertisements and the mid-1990's abolition of all print media ads and sponsorship.
Smoking cigarettes is a major factor to the morbidity and the mortality burden
amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Australians, the Australian population as a
whole, and in developing countries around the world. The health effects of smoking differ
with the intensity and duration of smoking, and it is well known that smoking causes a
number of medical conditions (Lovett et al. 2015). While there has been significant decreases

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in smoking in Australia, the incidence of the smoking in the indigenous people stays high,
compared to 14.5% in the overall adult population of Australian.
Smoking behavior is affected by factors like socioeconomic, cultural and the
environmental factors as well as the efficacy of the control of tobacco. The indigenous
smoking is often closely linked to the Australia's colonial history; for instance, tobacco has
often been used as a type of payment and has been distributed as part of mission station
rations. Dramatic declines in the prevalence of smoking in the complete Australian
population indicate that smoking epidemic is in last stages (Ryan et al. 2015). The phase of
the tobacco epidemic among the Australian indigenous people is much less clear.
Comprehending the epidemic stage gives insight into the likely patterns in smoking-
attributable mortality, thus allowing effective analysis of the likely impacts of smoking and
education related policies and programs.
In the total Australian population, there is contemporary direct proof of smoking-
attributable mortality in the adults. Nevertheless, there is a lack of the indigenous population-
specific direct evidence (Harris et al. 2019). Indirect studies have calculated the effect of
tobacco smoking on the mortality among the indigenous Australians by the use of the method
of etiological fractions as well as modeling approaches. While it is believed that tobacco-
related underlying mechanisms are identical among aboriginal and non-indigenous
Australians, it is acknowledged that the relationship among tobacco smoking and death that
differ across population subgroups with time (Askew et al. 2019).
Differences in the prevalence of smoking rates by the remoteness and the sex shows
that the epidemic level, and thus related mortality patterns, might differ among groups.
However, the largest contemporary data sets are inadequate to allow accurate evaluation of
subgroup trends (Cosh et al. 2015). However, the lack of evidence to reliably measure

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smoking-related mortality among the indigenous population, the existing data suggest that the
burden of the smoking-related mortality is likely to continue high. The risk of the cardiac
disease associated with cigarettes is likely to decrease in the brief term as the incidence of
smoking continues to decrease (Lovett et al. 2015). Many gaps in the data need to be resolved
in order to ensure accurate observation of the epidemic of the indigenous tobacco, including
detailed approximation of smoking-related mortality and smoking prevalence, to allow
tracking of the changes over the period.
There are certain differences in the health outcomes among the Aboriginal and non-
Aboriginal communities, including higher rates of perinatal negative outcomes. For
Aboriginal women, there was a high incidence and risk of poor perinatal results compared to
regular-Aboriginal women irrespective of smoking status (Harris et al. 2019). Nevertheless,
frequent cigarette smoking during pregnancy was correlated in both groups with an additional
increased risk of negative neonatal and maternal results relative to those in anti-smoking
women, such as premature labor, PROM, premature birth, IUGR and SGA babies.
Importantly, the cessation of smoking at the first trimester was linked with a decrease in these
risks compared to the women who smoked during the pregnancy, clearly showing the
advantages of reduction of smoking for improved neonatal and maternal clinical outcomes
(Cosh et al. 2015). Despite the increased risk of adverse perinatal results in Aboriginal people
compared to non-Aboriginal births, smoking cigarettes is a modifiable risk factor
contributing to adverse outcomes for both populations.
Smoking is considered to be one of the most important risk factor and can cause
serious health issues. These issues can be faced by the adults as well as the children that
includes low weight at the time of birth, perinatal complications, pre-term birth, as well as
complications involving the placenta. The women are at higher risk of cardiovascular