Impact of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK
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Added on 2023/06/15
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This research proposal aims to understand the impact of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK. It includes the concept, causes, and effects of heart disease and stroke, ways to minimize them, and ethical considerations. The research method is mixed, and the sampling method is simple random sampling.
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
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ABSTRACT Heart disease is usually described as a range of situations or conditions that affect the functions of the heart and reduced the capability and abilities of the heart to perform its usual functions. Moreover, heart disease is a wide concept that includes various factors such as blood vessels disease which majorly include coronary artery disease, heart defect problems, or the issues which are known as arrhythmias and also it is associated with child born diseases that should affect the heart is also called as congenital heart defects. Moreover, it is very essential to understand the sequence and complications of heart disease which made usually associated with older age people due to various causes and create a wide range of complications and risk factors for the individual. In addition to this, stroke also works as the factor of heart disease where the supply of blood is usually reduced or restricted for the brain. In this, the occurrence raised the issue with the brain tissue from getting enough oxygen and nutrient in order to perform their functions. The brain cells usually start to die due to insufficient amount of oxygen as per this the situation of stroke arises.
Table of Contents ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................2 TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................5 RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................5 RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH..............................................................................................5 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7 Concept of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK............................7 Causes and effect of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK...................7 Ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK ................................................................................................................................................8 METHOD AND METHODOLOGIES............................................................................................9 Search strategy........................................................................................................................9 Database used.........................................................................................................................9 Sampling method....................................................................................................................9 Research method....................................................................................................................9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.......................................................................................................9 FINDING.......................................................................................................................................11 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
TITLE “Impact of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK”
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BACKGROUND Heart disease elaborates a wide range of situations that usually restrict and affect heart disease usually including coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, heart valve disease of the heart muscles, and heart infections. Moreover, several heart diseases are usually prevented and treated with the choices of healthy lifestyles. Whereas, stroke is also a component of heart disease that usually occurs due to an insufficient amount of oxygen that is transported to the brain which causes the damage of brain cells and arise the situation of stroke. Moreover, it is complicated and term as a medical emergency for those who are facing such kind of situation the issues of heart disease and stroke are usually analyzed within the older age people among the UK. In addition to this, there are facing such type of situation due to complications of various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and many more which works as a catalyst to enhance the condition or situation of heart disease and stroke among older is people (Al-Mallah and et. al., 2018). RESEARCH AIM “To understand the impact of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK” RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To analyze the concept of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK. To examine the causes and effects of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK. To evaluate the ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old- age people in the UK. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is the concept of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK? What are the causes and effects of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK? What are the ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old-age people in the UK? RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH The rationale of the research is usually helpful to play a vital role in the development of knowledge and skills which is required for professional and personal development. In addition to
this, the knowledge regards with heart disease and stroke is beneficial for the courses in order to enhancetheprofessionalaspectwithinthehealthcaresetting.Theconcept,causes,and intervention are essential approaches with the reference of knowledge to acquire professional development. Therefore, this knowledge is useful for personal development when such a situation arises on a personal level. Moreover, the research is beneficial to gain some of the knowledgeregardswithheartdiseaseandstrokewithsupportandcreatelearningfor professional and personal development.
LITERATURE REVIEW Concept of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK The concept of heart disease and stroke among older is people are associated with the various causes and risks that they are facing from the previous years. In addition, adults age 65 and older are more likely than younger people to suffer from cardiovascular disease. This is a problem that they are facing in that related to the heart blood vessels. Aging is usually a cause that changes the functions of the heart and blood vessels which may enhance the individual risk for the developing of heart disease and stroke. They are some of the causes which are responsible for heart disease in older age people. In this, statistic shows that 80% of the people are usually facing the type of heart disease at the age of 65 or older. Enhancing age is one of the strongest predictors of heart disease, there are some of the factors that usually contribute to the risk factor of heart disease that is mainly include high blood pressure which is also called hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, obesity, alcoholism, and lack of exercises (Bai and et. al., 2018). Stroke is also a factor that contributed among the older is people in answering the rate of mortality.Inaddition,strokeisprevalentinelderlyindividuals.Therefore,66%ofthe hospitalized cases are people over the age of 65, and more than many are stroke survivors who can recover functional independence. The statistic shows that 25% are usually left with a minor disability and the rest 40% are usually experience moderate to high-risk disability (Bangalore and et. al., 2020). Causes and effect of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK High blood pressure and high cholesterol:High blood pressure or hypertension is the major risk factor for heart disease and stroke because it is usually damaging the arteries and making them more acceptable for the development of plaque which narrows down the arteries that lead to the heart and brain. In addition, high cholesterol is also responsible for heart disease and stroke and it also affects the person for the risk of heart disease because the excess cholesterol is usually building the wall within the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to a person's heart, brain, kidney, and another associated organ. Diabetes:In old age people, diabetes is usually enhancing the risk of two to three times are more likely to die with the factor of heart disease or have a stroke. Moreover, the high blood sugar
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from diabetes can damage the blood vessels and the heart and also have an ability to block the blood vessels which leads to creating issues with the brain and raise the causes of stroke (Chokshi and et. al., 2018). Smoking:Smoking is the major cause of heart disease and stroke that can damage the body in several ways. It includes raising triglyceride and lowering the high-density lipoprotein making the blood sticky and creating the tendency of clotting which can block the blood flow. Moreover, they also damage the cell associated with the blood vessels and cause the narrowing of blood vessels that create issues with the function of the heart and brain. Obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity:People with the overweight are more acceptable for the increased risk of heart disease and stroke and their usual risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglyceride, and many more. In addition to this, a healthy diet is also responsible for the older age people to chance of getting heart disease and poor physical activity may also create complications with the people that are most affected with the heart disease (Jae and et. al., 2021). Ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK To reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, it is essential to know the risk when the person is 40–75-year-old then they must check their regular exercise and intake of food to reduce the risk factor by improving the proper lifestyle changes. In addition to this, eat a healthy diet and try to be physically active. Moreover, the best way to stay healthy prevents disease and age well at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity are conducted for the self-fitness that reduce the complications of heart disease and stroke. Therefore, trying to do not smoke and do not use any tobacco product is also an aspect that reduces the complications and way to enhance the quality of health. Moreover, take medicines as per the prescription of the doctor which helps to control cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure. These all are some of the ways which are helpful in the old age people to reduce to minimize the risk factor which is associated with heart disease and stroke (Key and et. al., 2019).
METHOD AND METHODOLOGIES Search strategy In this research, the major search strategies are used to follow in order to collect the data from PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and many more. It is helpful to gather and extract more information and data for the chosen topic which is heart disease and stroke. Database used The major database which is used for the collection and selection of data is associated with PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and many CINHAL. They play a helpful role to collect a wide range of information that is reliable and validated for the research construction. In this, all databases will be used for the further continuation of research (Oesterle and Liao, 2019) (Paynter and et. al., 2018). Sampling method. Simple random sampling:Simple random sampling is an appropriate sampling method for the research process because the participants are usually selected from the different demographics which include ages, race, religion, lifestyles that provide the effective unpredicted outcome of the finding for the research. Research method Mixed method:To process the research, it is very essential to choose some of the methods that are helpful to collect and extract the data. There are two types of research methods which include qualitative and quantitative that are configured during the research process. The qualitative is helpful to provide concept, description, and many more. Whereas, the quantitative research method is usually focused on statistics, numbers, and data with the help of graphs. Within this research, the mixed method will be taken for the continuation of the project because it acquires qualitative and quantitative methods for the gathering of data information for the selected topics (Talaei and et. al., 2019). ETHICAL CONSIDERATION While conducting the research, the ethical consideration will be followed for maintaining the research ethics and values. In addition, the ethical consideration in research is a set of principles that help to guide the design and practices of research. Moreover, the principles are usually
associated with voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, and many more which create ethical consideration while conducting the research.
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FINDING The outcome or finding is reliable and validated with the study with the various information that provides an aspect that heart disease and stroke are usually defined as chronic diseases. In addition, they have various causes and complications which may arise as risk factors for old age people. There are various complications and risk factor which is also associated with the person that creates a life-threatening situation when the complication is constantly increasing as per their rate. In this, the proper intervention or the strategies are used to take in in order to minimize thesituationorconditionamongtheoldagepeoplefortheheartdiseaseandstroke. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are usually approached by a doctor or physician in order to manage the condition of heart disease and stroke among older people. The choice of a healthy lifestyle is also an approach that is suggested by some doctors to improve the quality of life and provide a standard of living (Yu and et. al., 2020).
CONCLUSION As per the above discussion, it is well analyzed that heart disease and stroke is usually referred to as chronic disease for the older age people moreover they create various complication this factor with the older age people due to the various causes which include hypertension diabetes, and healthy diet inappropriate physical activity which work as the main reason to enhance the risk of heart disease and stroke among the old age people the poor lifestyle is also a factor which included for the rising risk of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK the intervention and strategies which focus on the pharmacological action that includes intake of medication with the proper prescription with the doctor and takes proper healthy diet that includes sufficient amount of sodium and potassium nutrition vitamins and much more play a functional role for the brain and heart.
REFERENCES Books and Journals Al-Mallah and et. al., 2018. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease prevention: an update.Current atherosclerosis reports,20(1), pp.1-9. Bai and et. al., 2018. Increased coronary heart disease and stroke hospitalisations from ambient temperatures in Ontario.Heart,104(8), pp.673-679. Bangalore and et. al., 2020. Routine revascularization versus initial medical therapy for stable ischemicheartdisease:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisofrandomized trials.Circulation,142(9), pp.841-857. Chokshi and et. al., 2018. Loss‐framed financial incentives and personalized goal‐setting to increase physical activity among ischemic heart disease patients using wearable devices: theACTIVEREWARDRandomizedTrial.JournaloftheAmericanHeart Association,7(12), p.e009173. Jae and et. al., 2021. Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men.International Journal of Stroke,16(5), pp.551-555. Key and et. al., 2019. Consumption of meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs and risk of ischemic heart disease: A prospective study of 7198 incident cases among 409 885 participants in the Pan-European EPIC Cohort.Circulation,139(25), pp.2835-2845. Oesterle, A. and Liao, J.K., 2019. The pleiotropic effects of statins–from coronary artery disease andstroketoatrialfibrillationandventriculartachyarrhythmia.Currentvascular pharmacology,17(3), pp.222-232. Paynterandet.al.,2018.Metabolicpredictorsofincidentcoronaryheartdiseasein women.Circulation,137(8), pp.841-853. Talaei and et. al., 2019. DASH dietary pattern, mediation by mineral intakes, and the risk of coronaryarterydiseaseandstrokemortality.JournaloftheAmericanHeart Association,8(5), p.e011054. Yu and et. al., 2020. Burden of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to atmospheric PM2. 5 in Hubei province, China.Atmospheric environment,221, p.117079.