Cardiovascular Disease/ Disorder- High Blood Pressure

This presentation provides an overview of the physiology of the heart, pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, and pharmacology of hypertension. It discusses the major causes of cardiovascular disease and the risk factors associated with it. The presentation also covers the different classes of diuretics and ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension, their effectiveness, and side effects. It concludes with the importance of evidence-based practice in preventing cardiovascular disease and the need for the latest treatment strategies.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE/
DISORDER- HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE

BRIEF OVERVIEW
 The physiology of the heart consists of
structure, plumbing, and electricity.
 There are 4 chambers of heart 2 lower
(ventricles) and 2 upper chambers (atria).
 The right ventricle and right atrium makes up
the right heart and left ventricle and left
atrium makes up the left heart (Jarvis, 2018).
 A heart has two sides separated by a
septum.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Atherosclerosis is considered to be the major
cause of cardiovascular disease.
 The risk factors associated with
atherosclerosis are cigarette smoking,
hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia
(Dokken, 2008).
 The mechanisms that are being affected due
to the inflammation and oxidation in the wall
of the artery that provides rise to the fatty
fibrous lesions.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 The major cause of heart frailer is coronary
atherosclerosis.
 Disordered signaling calcium to the
myofilaments can be found in
cardiomyopathy and HF.
 HF is being suppressed by calcium signaling
(Canfield, Hansen & Rackner, 2012).

PHARMACOLOGY
 Diuretics drugs have three classes that are being used to
treat hypertension and thiazide diuretics are the most
common one.
 These medicines usually do not increase the flow of urine
after taking for one two days. However, morning is the best
time to take these medicines so that the productions of
annoying urine can be prevented overnight (Beevers, 2011).
 It has been effective in lowering the blood pressure for most
of the patients, especially to those who are over sixty years.
 In some cases, diuretics increase the excretion of potassium
that may cause hypokalemia.
 It can increase the uric acid and it should not be used in
those patients who have gout.
 A small increase in blood glucose can also be noticed after
taking these medicines.

PHARMACOLOGY
 ACEI can be helpful in reducing the
compactions of hypertension like stroke and
heart attacks.
 These medicines are usually being used in
those patients who has diabetes and chronic
kidney disease (Izzo Jr & Weir, 2011).
 In some cases, it may cause swelling in lips,
tongue, and throat which might create a
problem in breathing and require urgent
treatment.
 Patient of chronic kidney disease might face
some issues with their kidney function because
of a rise in blood urea nitrogen.

CONCLUSION
 The evidence based practice of assessment
and medicine of provided treatment and
strategy play an important role in preventing
cardiovascular disease .
 The prevention of cardiovascular disease is
cost effective as CV event are being reduced
by early action before the complication of CV
occurs (Miller & Levine, 2014).
 The latest evidence based treatment needs
to be added by the cardiologist in order to
reach treatment goals.

REFERENCES
Beevers, D. (2011). Understanding blood pressure (3rd ed.). Poole:
Family Doctor in association with the British Medical Association.
Canfield, J., Hansen, M., & Rackner, V. (2012). Heart disease (5th ed.).
Cos Cob, CT: Backlist, a unit of Chicken Soup for the Soul Publishing.
Dokken, B. (2008). The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease and
Diabetes: Beyond Blood Pressure and Lipids. Retrieved from
http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/3/160
Izzo Jr, J., & Weir, M. (2011). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Inhibitors. The Journal Of Clinical Hypertension, 13(9), 667-675. doi:
10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00508.x
Jarvis, S. (2018). Cardiac system 1: anatomy and physiology. Retrieved
from
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/cardiovascular/cardiac-
system-1-anatomy-and-physiology/7022984.article
Miller, K., & Levine, J. (2014). Biology (3rd ed.). Boston,
Massachusetts: Pearson.