Impact of Heathrow Expansion: A Theoretical Analysis

This dissertation analyzes the impact of Heathrow Airport expansion on the environment, society, and economy. It scrutinizes the displacement of people and the environmental implications of the expansion. The study also examines the National Policy Statement 2018 and the positive economic impacts of the expansion planning.

Running head: IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Impact of Heathrow Expansion: A Theoretical Analysis
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author note

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT
Developmental and Modernization activities have always been at the cost of the freedom and
rights of the citizens, and humanity at large. The enigmatic promises of some bright and brand
new innovation in form of a precious gift to eased up the lifestyle with an added touch of
glamour and pomp to it is so alluring that the underlying problems associated with it are more
often than not ignored, rather deliberately overlooked. The economic factor attached to the entire
process is something, which governs the entire process. Due to the execution of the machinations
of the nexus between the private enterprises and the government, the simple concerns of the
people of the country are jeopardized. This dissertation is thus based on how such quantitatively
measureable expressions of development is proving to be detrimental to the lives of people. For
the purpose of analysis and reviewing, the project on expansion of the Heathrow Airport at
London shall be taken up and discussed at length. In the list of one of the major, and one of the
busiest airports in the world, the Heathrow Airport of London finds a place in the top ranks. With
each passing year, the rate of traffic is also increasing rapidly, and so is the case for the inflow
and outflow of people from the country. This has necessitated the need for expanding the
infrastructural facilities of the airport in order to broaden the accommodative capacities for both
the aircrafts as well as for the people. This comes at the cost of displacing and dispossessing
people of their liberties. How has this taken place, in what proportion, and in what ways it is
affecting the people of the region surrounding the airport shall be scrutinized and based on it
some recommendations shall be provided.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives............................................................................................10
1.3 Research Questions..............................................................................................................11
1.4 Structure of the Research.....................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction to Literature Review.......................................................................................12
2.2 Environmental aspects of the harmful impacts of the airport expansion.............................15
2.3 Impact of the extension on nature, wildlife and humans....................................................16
2.4 Analysis of the extension according to Accumulation by dispossession theory................18
2.5 Planning process of the National Policy Statement 2018....................................................19
2.6 Positive economic impacts of the expansion planning........................................................20
2.7 Outcome of the establishment of new runway at Heathrow Airport...................................22
2.8 Runway development and its impact on global phenomenon.............................................22
2.9 Socio-Cultural Impacts of the Runway extension project...................................................25
2.10 Increase in emission and its consequences.......................................................................29
2.11 Airport Expansion as Capitalist form of Urbanization......................................................32
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................33
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................33

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.2 Research philosophy............................................................................................................34
3.3 Research approach...............................................................................................................34
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................34
3.5 Data collection process........................................................................................................35
3.6 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................35
3.7 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................36
3.8 Accessibility issues..............................................................................................................36
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings....................................................................................36
4.1 Theme 1: Social Implications..............................................................................................36
4.2 Theme 2: Environmental Implications................................................................................37
4.3 Theme 3: Economic Implication.........................................................................................38
4.4 Theme 4: Implementation of government policies..............................................................39
4.5 Findings...............................................................................................................................39
Chapter Five: Conclusion..............................................................................................................41
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................41
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................43
5.3 Contribution to Literature....................................................................................................44
5.4 Scope for Future Research...................................................................................................44
References......................................................................................................................................46
Appendix........................................................................................................................................51

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 1: Introduction
The extremely busy airports in the United Kingdom had to handle the issues of serving
the commuters as well as the consumers who fell within the framework of list of passenger. The
airports in the United Kingdom have helped in maintaining a strong competition and also
offering lower pricing that are advantageous for all the passengers (Osborne 2015). The issue in
question is regarding the Heathrow airport and the issues pertaining to its social, cultural and
economic implications. The Heathrow airport has been the connecting airport and also the hub
airport that helps in bringing people from across the globe, along with helping them in their
trading endeavors. The airport has both economic as well as cultural importance as this airport
initiates connectivity as well as helps in connecting people. The airport helps in being a
stop/short-haul airport, which is treated as a route of commute for the people of United Kingdom
(Griggs and Howarth 2018).
Expansion of trade dimension depends largely on the expansion of the air transport and
for that new and improved air traffic needs to be maintain. More and more flights are essential to
be used as carriers of passengers and logistics, thus increasing connectivity automatically. The
growing economies will shot up due to the rapid expansion of new routes shall be added (Smith
2017). The Government has a big role to play and it shall make plans to regulate policies that
will help in expansion. The other countries will benefit highly from the growing expansion as
there will be more connectivity and also there shall be more improved air links that shall be
established with the help of the Government’s initiative. As per the directives of The Airports
Commission’s interim report, it is essential to expand the airports as there is congestion and
keeping in mind the growing congestion, it is essential to expand and also device better policies
to take into account the market implications (Griggs and Howarth 2018).

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Certain factors should be undertaken for handling the matter airport expansions. The
expansion also affects the ticket prices and the impact is significantly higher in cases on the
customers who are flying into the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. The airport expansion will
also impact air connectivity and there arises issues relating to the direct connections that the
airports aim to establish in case of people flying to and fro United Kingdom. If there is a
connectivity issue that should be also part of the analysis, the choices that arises out of flying, is
better suited to meet the demands of the Heathrow than Gatwick. There are main two economic
implications of the airport expansion- one way is the method to manage cargo as well as
passengers and the implication is a business purpose. The business effects of the expansion are
very positive as they open many arenas for commerce. There are many environmental issues to
be dealt with like noise and air pollution (Parker 1971.). The airport expansion will have an
adverse impact on the environment and might also be one of the reasons in aiding global
warming. Protecting the environment is one of the key challenges that should be faced by every
Government and therefore along with improvising the aviation conditions, it is also important to
ensure that environment along with the societal implications of the expansion are addressed
(Griggs and Howarth 2016).
Initiation of employment and boosting economic activity requires improved air transport
and airports in a modern state. The expansion will help in increasing employment as more people
find ways to find employment options in the aviation industry. This is a direct impact of airport
expansion. On the other hand, there are some indirect impacts of the expansion as the airports are
placed at the top of the supply chain along with retail, employment that are related to the aviation
industry. The supply chain helps in advancing the interests of the consumers who take part in the
consumer chain and therefore it has an indirect economic impact. There are also multiplier

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effects of the supply chain that further advances the economic interests as the disposable income
that is earned through the above-mentioned effect helps in further financing. Along with the
environmental downsides, there are some economic impediments to the entire Heathrow
expansion plan and therefore, the aim of the research shall be to understand the economic, social
and the environmental impediments that are faced by the commuters and the aviation officers.
The western wedge along the Heathrow is famous for the bustling economy and they have a
strong and robust economy, which contribute to a wide range of economic benefits along with
giving employment options. There is more to the airport expansion other than the concept of
economics and therefore, it is essential to point out that the expansions will have a direct effect
on the passengers along with the freight members that are widely affected by the aviation
industry and its principles.
The expansion of the airport would deliver many economic benefits, however, from the
perspective of social and environmental issues, there will be wider implications in the future. The
research will study the various implications of the expansion and study the policy regime that has
to be taken into consideration to study the impacts on the private individuals. By studying the
National Policy Statement that was the basis for studying the consultation that have helped in
devising the plan as well as the draft, which forms the basis for analysis and examination.. The
perspective of scholars and academicians should be taken into consideration for evaluating the
pros and cons of expanding the Heathrow airport.
The expansion of the airport would undoubtedly affect the environment while giving a
boost to the social and economic aspect of the nation; both of which must be taken into
consideration. The complexities that arise out of the project should be studied and read in the
light of the operational issues that arises out of the runway plan and the key management issues

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
that should have been undertaken to avoid the issues that accrued because of the plan of the
Government.
1.1 Problem Statement
The central question or the problem statement, which has motivated the research work is
that it has a factor of morality and social concern. The aim therefore has been to provide an
account of the indifference of the agents involved in the project towards the problems that could
pose for the people at safe proximity to the airport complex. As it is that there is no dearth of
issues centering the Heathrow Airport, on top of that the expansion is expected to add more fuel
to the fire. The Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport of the entire continent of Europe (Morrell
2016) . The air traffic that arrives at and departs from there is way more than that of two other
major cities of Continental Europe, Frankfurt and Paris combined and calculated. The Heathrow
handles that excruciatingly high level of air traffic with just two functional runways, hence the
need to accommodate the increasing level of air traffic has to be met by building a third runway
(Forsyth 2016). By that, it is expected that the local economy shall be flourishing as the project
shall be creating more opportunities for seeking employment. Not only that, the national
economy is also expected to earn more revenues in form of custom duties, sourced from the
departure and arrival of carriers from various countries of the world. All the leading global
airlines have London in their itinerary, and the paving of the third runway shall be attracting
more flights to the city (Griggs and Howarth 2016). From the economic perspective, it is indeed
quite lucrative and at the same time, it has also made the common people pay a hefty price for it.
The London Heathrow Airport is already guilty of non-compliance with the European
Union Policy on Aviation Emissions (Heyes, 2016). On top of that, the doubling of the number
of flights to the city shall be increasing the level of harmful emissions, mainly owing to the

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release of carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These are quite harmful greenhouse gases, which
contribute immensely to the phenomenon of global warming. The level of emissions is expected
to rise up to 50 percentage if the construction of the new runway is accomplished (Hayde 2014).
The government is however not very keen on implementing any limit to the level of emissions.
The justification provided by the government very clearly states that the level of emissions is
unlikely to be reduced and that is inevitable given the rate of air traffic the accomplishment of
the project is expected to incur. However, alternatives can be thought about which shall be safe
and eco-friendly usage of fuels in the air carriers. Several environment friendly lobbies and
specifically the Green Party of the United Kingdom, along with some NGOs and Nature Lovers
have launched protests against the developmental project of the government showing concerns
about the environmental issues citing the global nature of climatic changes (Griggs and Howarth
2017).
Undoubtedly, this particular developmental project shall be causing displacement at a
massive rate. From the collected verbal accounts of the local residents as mentioned in the
previously conducted researches, they are likely to be made to unduly compromise with their
living spaces; it becomes very clear that they are definitely not at all satisfied with the expansion
of the airport. They hold it to be a cause of massive loss to the localized vibrant culture having its
own history and most importantly a community bonding with the neighbours. Some residents
who have been living over for years now have developed a sense of emotional attachment to the
place.
The aspect of air pollution has already been discussed in the previous section. Noise
pollution is another form of environmental menace that is inextricable attached to airports and a
part of the daily lives of people living in vicinity to airports. The residents however seemed quite

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
convinced of the fact that since they have chosen to live nearby to an airport, noise is something
which they cannot avoid. They said that their children and they themselves could not imagine life
without the sound of the airplanes, but what bothered them most was the displacement which the
developmental project entailed for each of them (Wolfe, Kramer and Barrett 2017). They were
definitely getting a good compensation in monetary terms, which shall enable them to purchase a
new house and live well, but the emotions were something which none could equate with
anything, not even with money (Gudmundsson, Paleari and Redondi 2014).
The Government of the United Kingdom definitely has an alternative method of
augmenting the accessibility related facilities but it is however reluctant to do so. Opting for
other choices are likely to debar the prospects of the airport holding the rank of being the busiest
airport of Europe. The major air carriers that arrive and depart from the city are from destinations
which are not in Europe. Only a meagre 20 percentage of the total flights from all over Europe
function from the Heathrow Airport, naturally the need for building a third runway is not at all
necessary (Irvine et al. 2016). The government could have rather invested in railways connecting
Heathrow to the rest of Europe, but it chose to do instead. Railways too would have generated
employment opportunities and that would have not been detrimental to the environment, and the
rate of displacement too would not been as grave as the paving of the third runway is (Hayden
2014).
These are the pressing issues attached to the expansion project. Based on these problems,
an evaluative judgment of the project is being presented through the dissertation.
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
The aims and objectives for this research are as follows:

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
 To understand the economic, environmental and societal implications of the
Heathrow airport expansion
 To assess the factors that led to the Governmental policy implementation and its
impact related to the airport expansion.
1.3 Research Questions
 What are the economic, environmental and societal implications that arises out of
the airport expansion?
 What are the factors that led to the implementation of the government policies and
their impacts in relation to the airport expansion?
1.4 Structure of the Research
The presentation of the entire dissertation paper has been divided into total five sections.
The introductory sections in a very brief manner intimates the issue and its fundamentals, which
makes the reader aware of what the dissertation intends to convey.
Following that is the section dedicated to the literature review. In the second section, an
account of the issues, which had already been addressed by scholars in previously conducted,
works shall be provided on the basis of the readings referred to pertaining to the broad topic. An
analysis and statement of the perspectives addressed by them have been provided for readers to
get a hint of the areas harped upon already. That step is important in the sense that it had
contributed massively in shaping the research question of this particular dissertation. Based on
the literature review, it has been deduced that none of the scholars have tried to look at it from a
Neo- Marxist perspective. Nor have any of them tried to investigate into the social and the
emotional aspect of the problems entailed in the research project. They have however provided
extensive details about the economic affairs attached to the research project. Hence, this

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dissertation seeks to harp more on the aspects, which are not economic in nature. However, given
the centrality of economic matters in the project, it cannot be avoided by any means.
The next section, which follows, is that of the research methodology which basically is an
account of the methods used in the drafting of the research and the methods employed in the
collecting of the data and its analysis. In the subsequent sections, the aspect of the methods used
shall be dealt with in detail. The basis method employed has been largely qualitative with a
deductive approach.
The fourth section is concerned about analyzing the aggregate data collected and the
drawing of the inferences. This step is quite vital in the dissertation as on the basis of it lies the
credibility of the dissertation. It is on this that the net result and the justification of research
question lies. No research is complete without coherently arranging the data provided. In this
section that shall be done so that a worthwhile result could be arrived at (Cairns 2016).
The fifth and the final section is dedicated to the conclusion and the recommendations.
Concluding section is but a summarized presentation of the arguments provided in the
dissertation. It shall also contain some recommendations which shall be posing as suggestive
methods to be tried out for the sake of application in real life in order to improve the adverse
situation.
This is how the entire paper is structured, and under these headships can be found the
elaborations of the arguments.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Literature Review
The literature review is conducted for understanding the economic, environmental as well
as the societal implications of quantification works at the airports with insight and extraction
from the real world example that are relevant to the provided case study. The driving factors that
led to the implementation of the expansion projects including the related governmental
regulations are discussed in the literature review section.
The literature review uses relevant theories linked to financial as well as human capital,
along with traditional Marxist and Neoliberal theories, in order to critique the socio-economic,
political, cultural and most importantly environmental issues concerning the airport expansion
from a nuanced perspective. In this process, researchers like Cairns (2016), has highlighted that
the expansion is more a global phenomenon than a national or local. Business groups from
various domains are going to be benefitted out of this expansion project, which is absolutely
contrasted to the microcosmic realm of the local commoners had to bear the ill-effects of the
expansion plan. Talking of the societal implications, it is worth mentioning, as Martin (2016),
have discussed that the accumulation of the land for expansion comes at the cost of the
dispossession of these people. It also highlight how the planning process has progressed, and
how much importance it has given to which factor. Existing literature also points to the
subversive environmental impacts of the expansion. Thus, the ethical implications of the various
standpoints based on which this particular case study might be analysed, have been discussed in
detail in this literature review.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
In regard to the basic structure of airport space and urban space; the literature review
seeks to address issues regarding capital formation, mobility control and the development of
urban policies in the context of capitalist economy.
It is worthwhile to refer here that, by applying the theories of relational space and
political economy; human motilities can be reduced by quantification by applying the processes
of airport-space. The elementary capitals that are associated here are the aspects that help in
profit acquisition for the airport authorities are efficiency capital, experience capital and
consumer capital. As Yeung, Li and Hung (2015), states, these can be considered as commodity
capitals from which the airports make profits.
As informed by Corder (2018), many governmental and social groups have the
misconception that the Airport is utilized as a machine for production in order to turn motilities
into capital and profit. In this regard, the political role of the airports and airline routes has
proved to be of utmost significance in constituting global spatiality of power. The misconception
usually takes place when the processes of quantification are relatively inscribed by mobility
control and spatial order of the airport. In this context, Buller (2019), refers that the concept of
political economic perspective and power thinking is totally absent from the purview of mobility
and airports. However, researchers like Brewer (2016), conforms that there are various monetary
forces playing behind such vast projects like expansion of airport expansion. In this context,
argument has been raised in regard to the existing mobility facets neglecting the influence of
social power of money. There are several imperatives that influences airport-space to the great
extent. However, it is important to mention here that May (2017), informs that special
quantification and capitalization of motilities and the areas of efficiency-capital, experience-
capital and commodity capital. Various contextual cases of aero motilities, airports and urban

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mobility control have been discussed in the course of the literature review by emphasizing much
upon both political and economic perspectives.
A radical philosophy is implemented for the development of the approach for writing the
literature review and the capital perspective of the field work is compared with the societal,
environmental and economic perspectives of concerned bodies who reap the benefits of the
project as well as the people who undergo negative consequences because of this project. This
system of capitalization can be seen on the part of private companies operating within the
purview of capitalist economy. In fact it is assessed that the airport spaces exist partly within the
scope of international mobility. In this regard arguments were raised regarding laboratory
conditions of the airports where certain developments were made. Many cases of illegal and
questionable expansion plans of the privately owned airports are coming in the open nowadays.
The concept of private owned airports are such that with the help of it will be easier to
understand political and economic processes of contemporary urban mobility control.
2.2 Environmental aspects of the harmful impacts of the airport expansion
Excessive noise generation is one of the most expected outcomes of the new expansion
work at the airport runway. Researchers like Smith (2017), confirm that most of the people are
now aware of the fact that aircraft noise has a long bearing on health and that it affects public
health as well as the peace and tranquility of the surrounding areas. Coming to the impact of the
Heathrow expansion on public health, it can be estimated that a million of people living in the
United Kingdom could be affected by the noise of aircraft and that will have a long standing
adverse effect on people. On the contrary, researchers like Nulman (2015), confirm that though
the health affected by aircraft noise is a well founding ground for saying that health is affected
but noise cannot be held to be having direct evidence on health. However, Nulman and

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Schlembach (2018) is of the view that the onus is on the Government to implement policies that
will put a check on conditions that lead to ill health and therefore the aviation policies should be
made in accordance with the health requirements. Therefore, the decision making is the duty of
the Government and the long term plans of any Governmental undertaking should be to include
the health aspects of the people who are directly affected by those policies and decisions.
Whenever a runway is planned, Janic (2015), assesses that the associated problems should be
analyzed and studied carefully as the approach should be to examine the ‘change effect’ which
will lead to greater exposure. The Government therefore should review its policies and also
should take into account all the data that point towards the ill health that arises out of pollution.
The amount of pollution generated by the usage of the added runway was an important matter of
concern that was completely disregarded by the government.
Therefore, deriving from the discussions of Boström, Rabe and Rodela (2015), and also
concluding from the above held discussion, it can be commented that the aviation policies should
be made in such a way that the health risks are ameliorated. In the context of the environmental
impacts, it can be stated, based on the analysis of Staggenborg and Ogrodnik (2015), that most of
the developments that take place in the airports are highly planned. Yet there are cases where
reluctance on the part of the government or the construction management authority conducts
some developments whose far reaching implications are not considered other than the basic
utility. On one side, there are the economic benefits that are essential for a Government at the
time of their policy implementation and on the other side, there are other issues like health and
safety that have been disregard to some extent.

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2.3 Impact of the extension on nature, wildlife and humans
Pollution from increasing air traffic have been a major concern in the urban spaces that
are being heavily infiltrated by people. The polluting factors are growing largely owing to
extension works in airports in large proportion to accommodate more number of flights and the
people or the other forms of wildlife who reside in vicinity are always on the receiving end in
contrast to the economic growth of the capitalists. As Deneulin and Alkire (2009), states, the
pollution coming out of these air travels have been impacting wildlife, nature and the animals as
well as humans alike. Therefore, when the Government is planning in such a large scale, more
planning has to go into land reforms and environmental issues. With the growing competition,
arising out these airlines, it is essentially becoming difficult for the Government to put checks on
policies that will give enough emphasis on environment.
Along with the direct impact of environmental hazards that are arising out these
pollutions is the issue of additional pollution coming out from warehousing, infrastructure and
development. Sustainable development is a primary goal that has to be internationally recognized
and also has to be implemented. In this context, Rootes (2013), opines that sustainable
development is becoming very difficult because most of the extensions are occurring in urban
spaces where the population rate is high.
The nature should not be destroyed and diminished by the present generation and natural
resources should be preserved for the future generations to come so that there is equal
distribution of resources for everyone’s consumption. Airport expansion will bring along with
itself issues of traffic congestion and also road related consequential development which in turn
will further affect the environment. Involving the public into this domain is also essential as they
have their stakes in the entire process and the communication by the Government with the people

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should be a two way street where the interests of the people should also be taken into account.
To effectively manage the entire process smoothly, it is very important to avoid any kinds of
conflicts that might arise due to the development goals of the people.
Massive harm to wildlife including birds is mostly caused by the greenhouse emissions
that occurs from the aircrafts. That is why, While (2013), proposes that the Government has to
therefore devise an environmental impact assessment, which will look into the impacts of
pollution on the environment and therefore devise policies to combat the problems. In contrast,
Wilson (2017), states that another issue related to the expansion with regards to environment is
the emission of harmful gases which affect the environment adversely. Therefore, Atkin et al.
(2007), suggest that expansion planning has to be done in such a manner that eco-friendly
methods be applied so that economic development along with environment protection is
balanced. The decision making therefore should be important in considering the implications of
the plans that the Government is undertaking. Therefore, the public should be made to take part
in the decision making and as informed by Atkin et al. (2008), in the United Kingdom, it is
essential that the public is consulted in making a proper decision. The pertinent question that
should be taken into consideration is the impact on the climate and how the climate change will
be dealt with, in that case. The runway is full of movements and influenced by the ideas of
Bennell, Mesgarpour and Potts (2011), it can be also stated that excessive traffic on the runway
might lead to carbon emissions and that is one of the major problems that has to be considered.
The interviews have been done with the aim of understanding the situation better. Protecting the
flora and fauna is very important and therefore it is the primary goal of the government. There is
also a growing need for public enquiry which will strengthen the plan and therefore help in
reaching a balanced view. Air traffic, as Atkin et al. (2009), states, is very hard to be controlled

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as it is much decentralized and air traffic increase is the major detrimental factor that causes
majority of the harm in the case of this expansion of runway. Moreover, in the same alignment,
Atkin, Burke and Greenwood (2011), states that efficiency is required in terms of aircraft
maintenance and also the improvement should be in light with climate change problems.
2.4 Analysis of the extension according to Accumulation by dispossession theory
This is a typical neo-liberalist concept that advocates development in its own light. This
concept can be understood very well in the light of the impact in cases of globalization of
developing countries. Harvey’s concept is very important in understanding the element of
development in the modern world. Taking cue from Marxist ideology, this theory was worked
upon that talked about the relation between labors and capital and how there is a duality that
exists between the two (Lobato et al. 2015).This concept can be understood both in developing
as well as developed nations and this concept is being highly used in western countries which are
overflowing with development. This theory addresses the issue of the duality that exists between
the two and its implication remains relevant in the present scenario. There is a relation between
the alliance that is put forward by state powers and the impacts it has on the finance capital.
There is a bubble that protects the economy and therefore with the passage of time, the bubble
also expands in terms of employment and class struggle which is easily camouflaged with the
predatory practices. In this case, the emphasis is on the expansion of the Heathrow airport and
influenced from the ideas of Lieder, Briskorn and Stolletz (2015), it can be emphasized that this
can impact class struggle as well as unemployment. In order to develop the extension of the
runway, the surrounding cultivable lands needed to be confiscated and this was an economic
blow for a certain section of the people who became indirect victims of the class struggle.

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Wherein, this development helped in monetary proliferation of the airport authorities, it was
parallely the cause of unemployment of a certain population.
2.5 Planning process of the National Policy Statement 2018
During the initial stages, the government authorities would be drafting a National Policy
Statement 2018 (NPS) for consultation with the aviation authorities regarding the expansion of
airports. From the very beginning, the National Policy Statement 2018 (NPS) has been setting
out planning policies along with correct applications for the purpose of providing significant
infrastructure projects on both national and international contexts. However, as advised by
Lieder, Briskorn and Stolletz (2015), these projects should efficiently comply with the relevant
guideline for the purpose of receiving a planning consent. The process has been implemented in
order to ensure certainty and accuracy without compromising on fairness.
In such instances, the airport authorities need ample space to convey their perception to
the government authorities regarding the future development framework. With further scrutiny,
Dastgerdi, Mehrshad and Farshad (2016), states that there shall be an implementation of national
policy. With the adoption of such policy, it would be easier on the part of the airport operator to
submit a planning application in a detailed method. However, as confirmed by Cairns (2016), the
airport authorities should start detailed consultation with the local communities including the
passengers regarding the design of the project. In this regard, communities would ensure that,
there will be any obligations in planning methods and would operate in compliance with the
existing regulations.
Since time immemorial, the government authorities were sympathetic towards the airline
industries as there was an expectation regarding reduction in costs while framing new
infrastructure plans. In this context, the government has helped to facilitate the fixation of the

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final cost and design in consultation with the airline industries. However, the primary duty is to
protect the interests of the passengers as a whole. With growing pace, the formation of a new
runway would also facilitate the redesigning of the flight paths of the airports. There is assured
implication of the development and modernization of the air space that would be essential for the
air traversing community. In this context, as Nold (2016), states, the role of newly formed
independent aviation body shall come into being on further recommendations of the Airports
Commission.
2.6 Positive economic impacts of the expansion planning
When the new runway would be operational with full impact, there would be ample
positive economic influences off this development. As assessed by Yeung, Li and Hung (2015),
such a development can deliver a huge amount of local jobs in such process. As a result of such
economic benefits, it included wide range of trade benefits as well. In this regard, it is
worthwhile to highlight that Corder (2018), feels that such developments will help in bringing
additional economic benefits which will support growth in sectors that are generally dependent
upon aviation industry. In the same line, Buller (2019), opines that it would create favorable
impact upon the tourism industry, engineering industries and financial sectors. As a result of
such expansion, the number of services will increase considerably and the airlines can provide
new routes to the emerging markets for the purpose of meeting the increasing demands. Further,
Brewer (2016), also proposes that the expansion of airport areas and the establishment of new
runway is likely is create global connections for the purpose of meeting the new competitive
guidelines. Flight transit would be aggravated as an impact of the establishment of this new
runway.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Additionally, May (2017), supposes that with the expansion of airport areas and
foundation of new runway, it would provide better domestic connections for the passengers.
However, it will also support new domestic connections by significantly safeguarding the
existing domestic routes. The availability of the new runway would also allow various airlines to
halt at this station by means of which they can cut the transport cost and in turn they can reduce
their flight fare to some extent. As experts like Irvine, Budd and Pitfield (2015), supposes, it
would reduce the fares on the part of the passengers in the long run. It is noteworthy to mention
here that, experts like Smith (2017), have professed that air fares are likely to increase in the long
term, if the existing airport areas are not extended. Therefore, lowering the fares after
considering the costs of construction is highly recommended.
Development of the new runway would help in bringing further revenue channels for the airline
industry so that the growing needs can be met and give way to aggravated competition in both
national and international spheres. This would facilitate the process. As Nulman (2015), states,
the expansion of airports has been proving higher support for freight. Naturally, the freight
capacity would enhance also and as such Nulman and Schlembach (2018), states that the income
generation level of the air bus companies would enhance automatically. This is true for all
expansion framework that are implemented in airports anywhere in the world.
2.7 Outcome of the establishment of new runway at Heathrow Airport
The economic ambiguities of the business market of UK in the context of global business
domain is very difficult to evaluate. As a result of this, Janic (2015), discusses that the increased
productivity shall be ensured which is likely to promote growth and employment opportunities.
A robust, integrated and transparent process needs to be evaluated for the purpose of taking into
account the underlying environmental, economic and social factors that are engaged with the

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concerned parties by way of formal consultation and public evidence sessions. As informed by
Boström, Rabe and Rodela (2015), the Airports Commission emphasized upon the existing
options for the purpose of developing new runways- one at the Heathrow Airport on the north-
west part, another being the westerly expansion of the northern runway and the final at the
Gatwick Airport. These schemes were highly emphasized up on, while searching for a suitable
option for delivering business value by expansion of the aviation sector in various parts of UK.
2.8 Runway development and its impact on global phenomenon
As Staggenborg and Ogrodnik (2015), states, the development of new runways and
ancillary developments in the aviation industry are part of the global technological boost that is
taking place worldwide. With pace of time, the lifestyles of the individuals have changed and as
a result of it individuals are taking advantages of the European way of life and wider integration
for the purpose of living. The demand for global passengers has increased considerably and the
demand for air travel reached considerable heights. As Deneulin and Alkire (2009), professes,
the aviation industry is dynamic and constant that has evolved as a way of new technology and
innovation. In order to develop new ways of adapting to business development by responding to
the changes around them; the development of the aviation industry has been appreciable. In such
process, Rootes (2013), states that the developmental patterns have been two folds. These are:
• Consolidation, partnership and network integration.
• Involvement of new entrants and expansions.
It is known to all that, at present, the UK has been considered as one of the best
connected countries in the world having diverse and competitive airport system of its own that
has been offering wide number of destinations. However, with increasing capacity it may create

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
discrepancies in the future. The changes in the aviation capacity of UK in order to allow various
sectors for the purpose of responding to the growing trends of global climatic change; the
obligations of the policy formations has been taken into account. The ability on the part of the
aviation system of UK to respond to the changing aviation trends for the purpose of meeting the
connectivity needs of the country has been remarkable.
For the purpose of understanding the climatic change related implications in UK, the
planning Commission has proposed a planning system for the purpose of making planning
assumption while forecasting the growing needs of aviation demands. As (), informs, there has
been a development of two distinct sets of forecasts. These are for the following purposes:
• Carbon trading
• International trading mechanisms
As a result of it, While (2013), ensures that the reduction of emissions shall be ensured as
they are more efficient for the country and the global economy. Since the initial phase of
operations, the Heathrow airport have been playing a significant part in the aviation domain of
UK. The airport has been accommodating new routes, whose higher prices, as Wilson (2017),
suggested, accounted to the development of significant barriers to entry by declining domestic
destinations.
As Atkin et al. (2007), has identified, the expansion of the runways would indeed play a
crucial role in the reduction of air traffic pressure on the two existing runways creating space,
and reducing chances of accidents. With the development of new runway, Atkin et al. (2008),
suggests that it would prove to be beneficial for the passengers and the freight users as they

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
would be able to access additional route benefits with an increase in frequencies delivered on the
part of the network carriers.
With an expansion of the Heathrow Airport, influenced by the research of (), it can also
be opined that it would not only prove to be beneficial but also led to the establishment of new
carriers at the airport. On the contrary, Bennell, Mesgarpour and Potts (2011), opines that with
the introduction of large number of slots, feasible chance would be provided to the other air
Ferrier brands which include low-cost carriers for the purpose of entering the market structure of
Heathrow. As Atkin et al. (2009), supposes, this might account to enhance competition and
bringing down fares.
Heathrow has a very good global connectivity and has been substantially efficient in
maintaining strong local and national transport connectivity for the purpose of strengthening
further development over the years. Naturally, Atkin, Burke and Greenwood (2011), suggests
that the expansion of the Heathrow Airport is likely to enhance competition at the airport by
reducing fares and increasing choices on the part of the passengers.
2.9 Socio-Cultural Impacts of the Runway extension project
The Heathrow Airport, is already the biggest one in the world at present. The social and
cultural impacts of the further expansion of this air, borders largely upon the relocation of a large
number of the population, whose residential areas will be used up for building the airport. The
eviction of these people and their conformity or non-conformity to adapt to new situations is
directly related to their emotional attachment to the place and a sense of ‘home’. As Lobato et al.
(2015), informed, this has resulted in a number of contestations, whereby many publics groups
have vehemently opposed to this expansion, even proposing to indulge in physical violence to
stop the expansion. Most of the local residents who oppose to the idea of a third runway appear

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
to be strongly rooted to their home, which they would not allow to be floundered with by
capitalistic government policies.
The conceptualization of laissez faire society which has sprung up after the French
Revolution, and promoted equality and free market policies for all, has undergone marked
changes for over the years. This in turn gave birth to the concept of neoliberalism that became
dominant on the corporate sector since the 19th century. However, post-1980s, the meaning of
the term has shifted considerably, especially after the economic reforms of Augusto Pinochet in
Chile. Currently it is used in a pejorative sense mainly and as Lobato et al. (2015), professes, acts
for liberalizing the application of radical free market policies, which favors the capitalists and
disregards the interests of the financially inferior class. Heathrow can be critical example of the
specimen of ‘Neoliberalism’ as it follows a similar track, possibly leading to similar socio-
economic consequences. The Marxist ideals of an equipoised economic base forming the
cornerstone of a superstructure thus gets deconstructed from the very core, leading to a free flow
of bourgeoisie power politics within the social fabric. As highlighted by Deneulin and Alkire
(2009), these bourgeoisie attitudes have become so much ingrained within the minds of the
common man that they often disregard the very human element. Even, Rootes (2013), professes
that this tendency is often perpetrated through the victims themselves, who are made to perceive
the reality in an extremely sugar-coated format. The conflicting opinions of the local residents of
West End, some of them belonging to local villages like Sipson, regarding the expansion of the
Heathrow Airport bear witness to similar tendencies, thus being open to Marxist analysis.
Influenced from the ideas of While (2013), it can be highlighted here that while one
group upheld the very Marxist ideals of a class struggle, some others supported the expansion in
the hope of new provision, bordering upon financial gains. Nevertheless, the ready acceptance by

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
a number of the common people have a more nuanced justification of a better life and the
provision of employment. As researchers like Wilson (2017), have highlighted, they would
readily comply with the compulsory relocation for a better infrastructure and financial benefits of
the country in the long run. To some others, loss of home and community is a major concern
with respect to the expansion.
The socio-economic and cultural impacts of the expansion of the Heathrow Airport can
be largely democratized by the conceptual model of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, developed
by David Harvey. Harvey argues that neoliberalism had started as a means of contending the ill-
effects of capitalism, but in the end resulting in a rat race for the accumulation of power by the
economic elites. As emphasized by, Bennell, Mesgarpour and Potts (2011), ‘Accumulation by
dispossession’ refers to the accumulation of wealth in the hands of these elites, which they seek
to enhance by dispossessing the poor from their interests. As Rootes (2013), states, this is
because the policies of this change adheres to the capitalistic and neo-liberalistic forms of
urbanization, in its reshaping of the urban space.
The growing trend of privatization of the corporate work culture further enhances this
phenomena, whereby, Boström, Rabe and Rodela (2015), assumes that the state apparatus works
hand in hand with these privatized agencies, as well as redistributing resources for catering to the
needs of those who are financially superior. Again, as analyzed by Staggenborg and Ogrodnik
(2015), associated crisis is avoided by skillful manipulation the opinions of the common men by
a constant bombardment of sugar-coated images, which Deneulin and Alkire (2009), feels to be
appearing favorable to these common men. This theory of ‘accumulation by dispossession’ is
also aligned to the Marxist ideologies of class struggle with respect to the conflict between the
primitive, who later goes on to become the proletariats and the capitalists. Thus, the complex

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
nuances of power politics in the expansion of the airport is related to the age-old issue
highlighted and theorized by Karl Marx, which focused on the commodification and
privatization of land through forceful eviction of the peasants, and the property rights molded to
suit the financial interest of the capitalists.
In an analogous manner, the Mexican corn farmers had been facing problems for over the
years due to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) policies (Cbsnews.com,
2018). Yeung Li and Hung (2015), identifies other analogous occurrences taking place in China
also, where a number of poor people, mostly farmers, living around a large rural belt, were
displaced and resettled for underground mining purpose. Thus, it can be highlighted, based on
the research of Corder (2018), that modern urbanization projects and policies continue to pose a
significant threat to the welfare of the poor people. Thus, the issue of ‘accumulation by
dispossession’ works as a common thread which links these occurrences with the issue of
Heathrow expansion.
The famous Marxist Philosopher and critic Henri Lefebvre, in his famous theory of
‘Right to the City’ promotes the city as a space that is created collaboratively, and views it from
an objective perspective whereby, he disregards the contributions of commodification and
capitalism in the larger fabric of social interaction (Purcell 2014). His philosophy is well attuned
to the beliefs held by the local British communities who does not support the formation of a third
runway. Lefebvre promotes the citizen as an integral part of a city or home which the citizen
themselves have built and has right over, to engage in collective living. As per Corder (2018),
the inequality of the modern urban world has let this concept gain significant importance.
Several movements of social justice takes place, which has the ‘right to city’ as their core
principle. Inadvertently, it is the presence of this very principle which mobilized the local

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
communities of the West End in Britain to raise their voices for social justice and dignity, which
was under serious threat from the expansion program of the Heathrow airport.
Through the projection of a collective well-being private property rights are exclusively
devised for the capitalists whereby those of the commons are continually being suppressed. In
this context, Smith (2017), highlights that the power of the labour is being commodified and
indigenous culture suppressed. Capitalist bodies employ various methods through the state
apparatus for the accumulation of assets, taxation and credit system are the two most widely used
tools of cessation, which is seen in case of the Heathrow expansion as well. As Janic (2015),
states, more the capitalists dispossess the poor of their assets, more profits they earn. Similar
process of accumulation of more wealth by the wealthy, through the dispossession of the poor
and the weak, for modernized urban projects are carried out in other parts of the world as well, as
discussed by Smith (2017), and mainly the developing countries like those in Africa, South
America and the Middle East. All these projects mainly involve infrastructural developments,
where Rootes (2013), states that the corrupt perpetrators also play a huge part. This is the story
of a modern world, to which Britain’s Heathrow Airport expansion is sufficiently contributing.
2.10 Increase in emission and its consequences
Environmental degradation happens to be the biggest threat posed by the proposition of
the Heathrow Airport expansion program. Majority of the debate concerning this expansion has
been in the lines of environmental pollution and climate change. In the initial days, as Atkin et al.
(2007), opines, the expansion feared the breach of the European Union (EU) laws on
environmental pollution. However, it was surpassed after the issue of Brexit. Nevertheless,
environmental impacts continue to be a growing concern of the supporters of the expansion.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The environmental impacts extend beyond the immediate vicinity of the airport and
threatens the entire environment at large. As such, Yeung, Li and Hung (2015), opines that it has
to face stiff oppositions from groups like Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, and World Wildlife
Foundation (WWF). Greenpeace stated that the expansion would make the Heathrow Airport a
singularly large emitter of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), whereas, Nold (2016), states that what the
country currently needed was economy in the use of carbon. Heathrow was recorded to have
received a record of 73.4 million passengers in the 2015 calendar year, and was already one of
the predominant sources of CO2 emission (Time, 2018). As a greenhouse gas, Atkin Burke and
Greenwood (2011), states that its increased presence would further heighten the rate of global
warming and climate change not only around all of Britain, but rather on a global scale.
Expansion of runway automatically implies an increment in the flight activities. As such,
Lobato et al. (2015), states that apart from emitting CO2, other environmental impacts of
aviation involves release of particulate matter, organic compounds like benzene, hydrocarbons,
water vapor and harmful nitrogen oxides, which has a disastrous impact on the environment by
increasing the global temperature. Government report suggests that the rate of nitrogen oxides in
UK fell by 41% between 2005 and 2014. Although it is not until 2026 that the expanded portion
of Heathrow reaches workable condition, the adverse effect on the environment would start from
the very inception of the expansion activity.
An increased consumption of fuel resources would mean increased rate of pollution. Hence, as
per Zhang, Ding and Zuo (2018), this phenomenon is likely to outperform the modern
technologies, which aim to control the air traffic and reduce emissions. The UK government had
been working actively to reduce the carbon budget, and comply with the targets related to the
climate-friendliness; however, the expansion program stands in stark contrast to this proposition.

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It is believed by many that the expansion is going to face a setback from the lampposts
around West London, which contain tiny tubes for measuring nitrogen dioxide. As per Dastgerdi,
Mehrshad and Farshad (2016), the emission of this poisonous gas from the traffics of the
expanded region is significantly going to hamper its activity. Expanded airport means more
incoming traffic to Heathrow, which contributes significantly to the rate of pollution.
The type of pollution which aviation sites are most prone to, is noise pollution. As such,
the expansion is going to increase this at a lethal rate, which is extremely damaging to the well-
being of the nearby residential areas, especially to those of the aged people (Topham, 2018). The
noise that is constantly going to be emitted from the expanded aviation site, coupled with that
from the already existing one is going to cross the margins of the highest permissible limit in
terms of decibel. Therefore, Bennell, Mesgarpour and Potts (2011), states that it is of utmost
importance for the government to device policies such that the living conditions of those living
around the vicinity of the airport are not hampered, and the dangers pertaining to the quality of
air are addressed responsibly. Attention should also be given to reduce pollution from the huge
number of freight vehicles. The noise pollution has also resulted in public discontent. Earlier,
noise pollution has caused similar discontent due to aviation activities around Manchester
airport. Although modern technological developments offers a good prospective for reduce noise
from aircraft, still such procedures are still not sufficiently certified and are costly
(Heathrow.com, 2018). Operating restriction during night hours, pertaining mostly to the control
of noise pollution, stands as a barrier in the path of the expansion.
The Airports Commission have assured that it is going to ensure a reduced noise
pollution, although where it is going to cut down is still subject to speculation (BBC News,
2018). The commission says that they have intensions of reducing environmental pollution, but

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
the decision and policy making in this regard still depends upon the government, without whose
permission, the Commission cannot take any such measures. The Commission further notified
about their future plans of trading carbon credits with other airlines, however, that does not
contribute to reducing the overall rate of pollution. Although biofuels are coming up as a feasible
option against carbon footprints all around the world, its feasibility in aviation is still doubtful.
As such the efficiency proposed by the Airports Commission sounds favourable from a
theoretical perspective, although their practical implications may suggest otherwise.
The Gatwick Airport, located 40miles away from Heathrow, could have been a viable
alternative. As Deneulin and Alkire (2009), states, although it had undergone considerable
improvements for over the last few years, the capacity of Gatwick would not be beneficial in the
long run to bear the load of what Heathrow is capable of doing (McDonald, 2018).
Therefore, tackling of air pollution is extremely difficult due to the lack of adequate
scientific and technological developments in this field. There is also a lack of sufficient
technology for neutralizing the harmful effects of the gases emitted from aviation activities.
Therefore, the expansion of the Heathrow Airport and the introduction of a third runway stands
on slippery ground, in terms of eco-friendly behaviour.
2.11 Airport Expansion as Capitalist form of Urbanization
Urbanization pertaining to the traditional cultures helps in speeding up the process of
homogenization and it helps in assimilating people from around the world. Fracturing along with
alienation reduces chances pertaining to resistance of the corporate land grabs. As per Rootes
(2013), Ideal business environment is provided in the modern age by managing the population in
the present age. Capitalism spread throughout the world with the help of globalization that helps
in intensifying the economic system of a country. With the help of capitalism, market systems

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
can come together like that of an integrated global system. The expansion of the Heathrow
airport can be termed as the capitalism form of the expansion because it is indicative of the
reproduction pertaining to the urban space. As per Wilson (2017), the built environment can help
in the construction of the form of the consciousness that can facilitate reproduction pertaining to
the social relations. David Harvey has stated that it is not possible for geography to remain
‘objective’ in the case of urban poverty and the associated evils. There are many community
organizations that have protected against the incidence of Heathrow expansion because they feel
that it will lead to environmental dilapidation and economic injustice. The expansion of the
Airport will lead to the demolishing of homes and it would wipe a village from the area. The
global leaders are rejecting the aspect of climate change and they are leaving people behind
them. As informed by Atkin, Burke and Greenwood (2011), Grow Heathrow is the name of a
community that is committed for exploration of the alternate means of the living. Individuals
making up the community have resisted the expansion of the Heathrow Airport and the site was
demanded by environmental activists in the year 2010. It represents the community resilience
against face of the corporate power. The community plays a part in the generation of energy
from the solar panel along with the wind turbines. As informed by Bennell, Mesgarpour and
Potts (2011), these community used to make use of wood fires so that they can keep themselves
warm even in winter. This community helps in representing the way people used to live before
the emergence of capitalism. The Heathrow expansion would hence be a form of capitalism that
has great societal implications and it was detrimental for the environment. The expansion of the
airport can hence be stated to be capitalist form of the expansion that will prove to be a cruel
force for the society. As Atkin et al. (2007), supposes, the Government favour the expansion of
the airports because they feel that it can act as an economic tool that can connect a country to

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
other places in the world. The British government published documents that helped in providing
non-biased approach that can help in tackling issues that the expansion of the airport would
cause. UK has to abide by the European Union Policy pertaining to aviation emission as it has
been found that the emission of nitrous oxide gas is at upper limit. There are doubts pertaining to
the fact whether bigger Heathrow Airport could be green. The demand for the business flights
has been reduced in the important London airports that was on account of reduction by one-third
of the UK business passengers.
Therefore, taking the corpus of existing literature into consideration helps in analysing
the differing opinions received as data during the research. It helps in assessing the findings,
which involves contradictory justifications made by various individuals, from a singularly
objective point of view, and thereby draw conclusions based on the same. Thus, it helps in
carrying out an empirical research, chiefly following a qualitative and deductive method.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The research which is being pursued is based on the topic of the ambitious project taken
up by the government of the United Kingdom of expanding the infrastructural facilities of the
Heathrow Airport at the Capital City of London. The application of Neo Marxist approach has
been caused in shaping the draft of the document of the research. That is the basic theoretical
premise on which the arguments and the perspectives of looking into the central theme of the
dissertation. Primarily, and predominantly the method of conducting the research and reaching at
the conclusion have been deductive in nature. This can be said briefly about the methodology
employed, very briefly. In the subsequent sections, the methodological aspect shall be discussed
at length.

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3.2 Research philosophy
Interpretivism, positivism and pragmatism are the most common research philosophies
that are to be utilized while doing a research work. For the purpose of this research, positivism is
to be used for taking a scientific approach for ensuring data accuracy and validity (Taylor,
Bodgan and DeVault 2015). Positivism philosophy helps the researcher to take the numbers,
figures, and statistical data pertaining to the economic and environmental implications of the
Heathrow airport expansion.
3.3 Research approach
Inductive and deductive approaches are common research approaches that helps in
carrying out a sound research work. The researcher chooses the deductive approach for this
paper as it would help the research to take reference of the already existing information that was
researched by other researchers (Silverman 2016). In this context, the researcher used the
previously researched information for analysing the research questions. This approach would
help the researcher to achieve the desired research aims and objectives.
3.4 Research Design
Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the three common research designs, which
are mainly used for the purpose of a report. Descriptive research is an amalgamation of the other
two research designs. As per Flick (2015), Explanatory research design emphasizes on
explaining the factors and phenomenon of the collected data, while exploratory research gives
the researcher the opportunity to explore within the domain of the topic.
For the purpose of this research, the researcher finds descriptive research design to be
the most suitable for it helps to describe the topic by exploring the sources of the data and
thereby explaining the data eventually collected. The descriptive research design helped the

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
researcher to ascertain the economic, environmental and societal implications of the Heathrow
airport expansion.
3.5 Data collection process
For the purpose of this research work, secondary source of data collection process has
been chosen as it allows the researcher to gather data from various secondary sources like books,
peer reviewed journal articles, reliable information from the internet like online newspaper and
government websites (Dang and Pheng 2015). As a result, it has helped the researcher to form a
reliable literature review that discusses about the economic, environmental and societal
implications of expanding Heathrow airport and the factors that led to the implementation of
governmental policies and its impact pertaining to the airport expansion.
3.6 Data Analysis
The methodology chosen for analyzing the collected data is qualitative process. The
qualitative data analysis process helps the researcher to maintain a top notch quality of the
research paper and also ensures that the collected data has been utilized properly and to its
optimum level. By the help of the qualitative data analysis process, the researchers would be able
to make themes for critically analysing the collected secondary data (Novikov and Novikov
2013).
3.7 Ethical Consideration
Research ethics have been complied with in order to ensure authenticity and honesty in
terms of data collection, analysis and drawing a meaningful conclusion. Keeping confidentiality
of the research topic and the collected data is another vital ethical aspect of research work for
protecting it from being unethical interference and tampering. Collection of authentic and
relevant data from secondary resources is also an ethical consideration. In addition, the

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
researcher should be vigilant and ethical enough prevent the collected data from being
manipulated as it hampers the reliability of the research work (Cacciattolo 2015). Lastly, the
researcher must always acknowledge the existing work of other authors, as it would otherwise be
considered as plagiarism which is strictly unethical.
3.8 Accessibility issues
There were some logistical issues attached which prevented the prospects of conducting
surveys, especially with regard to the funds and the time constraint. Some of the websites were
protected which could not be accessed, creating hindrance in the way of the research work.
Above all, the decision is still pending, and there have not been any substantial signs, which
show that the project is under pursuance. The assumptions, consequences and estimations of the
news and the statistical reports are all probable
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings
4.1 Theme 1: Social Implications
According to Griggs and Howarth (2016), the building of the third Heathrow runway can
help in providing extra domestic routes that can meet the requirements of the people. The
government forecast have however highlighted the fact that the additional runway will be able to
deliver more quickly and at a lesser cost if it is at Gatwick. A price has to be paid for the
expansion of Heathrow airport and it will move beyond that of south-east England. It has been
stated by Eugenio-Martin (2016) that transport secretary should be able to deliver true cost for
the tax payers that can help the public in getting a big picture in relation to the expanded
Heathrow airport. The recent decision of BA to half number of the flights between that of the
Heathrow and the Leeds Bradford can help in revealing fragility of the domestic services. The
ministers cannot guarantee in perpetuity that the subsidies of the taxpayer can help in keeping the

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
“unprofitable” route open. The proposed new third runway will pave the path for the shrinking of
the eight domestic routes. Airport Commission is of the opinion that it shall drop to four by the
end of the year 2030. The existing routes will be able to survive in the event of the routes being
made viable by being subsidized by the help of the government. The official forecast has brought
out the fact that Heathrow will become full in the event of opening of the third runway. The
expansion of the Heathrow airport will be able to help the airlines to make point-to-point
operation that is profitable that will play a part in squeezing that of remaining domestic routes.
4.2 Theme 2: Environmental Implications
The official analysis have highlighted the fact that two million households will have to
experience increased noise on account of the building of the third runway that is at Heathrow.
The data that has been brought out by Department of Transport (DFT) under that of Freedom of
the Information Act has revealed that 972,572 will have to experience the factor of increased
daytime noise (Li 2017). It has been found out that 673,784 household will be able to experience
the reduced noise. It suggests that it will have a negative impact on nearly 300,000 household.
Long exposure to noise pollution has a long lasting impact on the health of people and they face
issues like high blood pressure, heart disease along with dementia. In the event of the new
runway being built it will open in the year 2025 and it will be able to reach full capacity by the
end of the year 2030. It can be expected that the new planes would be quiet pertaining to take-off
and the landing. The analysis that has been previously published have forecasted that there will
be net improvement pertaining to number of the people who would experience the noise
disturbance at greater than that of 57 decibel LAeq in the year 2030 with the help of a new
runway. It has said that the local effect of the ground noise from that of the Heathrow North
West Runway would be positive. New data has however been brought out that corroborates the

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fact that those people would experience low noise who would be living further away from the
airport. The DFT have stated the fact that here will be adverse effect on the health that would be
above 51dB LAeq. The new information reveals that noise impact of that of the third runway
would comprise a broader area. It is evident that not only the people who live close to that of the
Airport would be affected but a large number of the people.
4.3 Theme 3: Economic Implication
According to Forsyth (2016), the new Heathrow runway can help in connecting the
flights with that of other UK airport. The government thinks that the new runway would help UK
in competing with the other European countries pertaining to business investment. It can help in
meeting demands in relation to the new flights. It has been stated that Heathrow has got 98
percent capacity and it is being said that Gatwick will be running out of space within a few years.
It will cause London to struggle with that of the other European airports. This affects to a great
extent Heathrow as it is the only hub airport in Britain that can compete with Madrid,
Amsterdam and Paris. They have got runway capacity for that of 700,000 flights within a year
but at the present stage Heathrow is allowed only 480,000. It has been stated by O’Doherty
(2015), that the new runway would help airlines in adding new flights to that of fast-growing
market like Brazil, India along with China. It can help in the economic growth of the country.
Third runway would help Heathrow in overhauling of the cargo facilities that can help in the
aspect of doubling of capacity. The rail capacity of Heathrow would treble from that of 18 to that
of 40 trains within an hour.
4.4 Theme 4: Implementation of government policies
According to Yoon and Jeong (2015), the expansion at the Heathrow airport cannot occur
without providing compensation along with mitigation measure for that of the local

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
communities. This is including of noise insulation for the homes along with the community
buildings. There should be the provision of community compensation fund that is priced at 50m
pound in a year. It has been revealed by Sun and Schonfeld (2015) that the third runway would
expose the additional homes of 47,000 to air pollution as more vehicles would have to travel to
airport. It is being feared that increase of the cars and the coaches would add to the level of toxic
nitrogen oxide fume that are mainly emitted from the diesel engines. It is being feared that it
would cause the death of around 23,500 people within Britain in each individual year. According
to Josimović, Krunić and Nenković-Riznić (2016), the doctors are stating the fact that the diesel
vehicles should be taken off road otherwise it would be detrimental for the society and the
environment. The House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee has brought out the fact
that the third runway would breach that of the air pollution limit. Bigger problem is not posed by
the aeroplanes but the fumes that are pumped out of the cars along with the trains that are
travelling to it. Committee has reported that it does not have ‘no confidence’ and the government
meeting the target can help in fixing of the problem. It has been said that 60 percent of the new
cars would be ultra-low emission vehicle by the end of the year 2030.
4.5 Findings
The government is conducting research and making consultations on the arena of
expansion. Legislative process in relation to Heathrow expansion is embroiled within the present
parliamentary turmoil. It can be said that key challenges can be said to be global and it revolves
around meeting the targets in relation to carbon emission. The disastrous decision of the
Government acts as a blow to the common sense along with climate science (Burghouwt et al.
2015). The expansion at the Heathrow airport will make the meeting of the carbon target almost
impossible and local people would have to suffer on account of the Heathrow expansion. The

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
government would locally provide world-class compensation along with mitigation measures
that can help in supporting those who have been affected by expansion. The community
amenities that would be provided can help in improving the parks along with the leisure
facilities. Britain has got more runways than what it needs. It has been seen that attempt to
establish the long-haul flight from that of the regional airports have failed (Tu and Chang 2016).
It can be seen that the benefit of expanding the Heathrow would be felt throughout the country
because there would be more number of flights around that of the United Kingdom. The
expansion of the Heathrow Airport would pave the path for connecting Scotland, North and
Southwest to that of the international markets through London.
The third runway of the Heathrow Airport would be able to increase the take-off from
that of 480,000 to that of 740,000 that reveals an increase of around 54 percent. The Heathrow
expansion would be able to increase the passenger number to about 130 million and this is two-
third more than that of 78 million (Griggs and Howarth 2018). The expansion will prove to be
useful in bringing more jobs and it would pave the path for greater amount of economic growth.
On one hand, the new third runway would be able to provide benefit around 74 bn pound and it
would help to create many local jobs. It can help in connecting UK with that of the rest of the
world and it would be able to create extra 16 million long haul seats. It can help in the creation of
high-quality job along with the apprenticeship (Hayden 2014). The amount that would be
required for the road improvements would be paid by Heathrow but for the purpose of meeting
the environment target there should be more number of travelers who would travel from
Heathrow by taking recourse to public transport.
The expansion at the Heathrow Airport would be commercially viable and it would help
in delivering reliability of the people of United Kingdom. It would enhance the competition in

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
relation to London airport system. It would pave the path for supporting growth in relation to air
freight and it would improve the regional access pertaining to international connectivity of
London. It can be said that it would help the aviation system of UK in providing long-haul
connectivity that can be crucial for the prosperity of a country within that of the integrated global
economy (Griggs and Howarth 2019). It is important to take into consideration the concern of the
local communities by dealing with issues like that of night noise and increasing the aspect of
long-term funding. The expansion of the Heathrow airport can help in the delivering enhanced
connectivity and it can bring strategic benefits for that of the United Kingdom. On the other
hand, the expansion of the Heathrow airport would expose a large number of people to that of
aircraft noise (Griggs and Howarth 2017). This can pose to be a serious concern for that of the
local residents and it will put the mental along with the physical health of the people at risk. The
ban on the scheduled night flights can help in benefitting the local communities. The level of the
NO2 have breached the limits of European Union and it will have grave implication for the
health along with the environment.
Chapter Five: Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion
Therefore it may be concluded that the expansion of the Heathrow Airport by introducing
a third runway would have a nuanced implication on the lives of the people who are closely
associated with the phenomena, as well as the entire humanity at large. A ‘Deductive’ research
approach has been used to analyse these impacts. The deductions are made through a
‘Qualitative’ evaluation of various secondary sources. These sources helped to identify the
various factors that led to the formation of Government policies in support of the expansion and
the hindrance offered to their implementation from various quarters.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Airports being spaces of international mobility and the airline routes being associated
with power politics, there are various issues related to profit of various governments as well as
private sectors. The economic perspective takes into account the capital in work, that can
assessed in terms of efficiency, experience and commodity. However, the neoliberal idea of
‘accumulation by dispossession’ claims that in spite of the promises of employment, the
fundamental socio-economic duality between capital and labour would not be reduced. In an age
of overpopulation, this act of airport expansion would provide a severe threat to agriculture and
the agrarian economy respectively. In order to resolve this conflict, it would be essential not
impede freedom of commercial gain to individual, which would be impossible in the given
prospective scenario. These socio-economic impacts stands in conflict with the economic benefit
that are proposed by the expansion. This is because it would lead to better aviation facilities,
which in turn, would benefit different industries like tourism, engineering and many others.
Improvement of global connection would also lead to financial benefits, thereby improving the
lives of many. Air freight facilities would be improved. A constant rise in the rate of global
passengers has also led to a rising demand in the aviation services all across the globe, and
Heathrow being one of the chief entities in this regard, significant contributions are expected
from it.
However, many local people would have to be ousted from their homes. Even if they are
provided newer and better living facilities, still it would emotionally affect them, especially those
who have been living there for generations. In this regard, the expansion represents a capitalistic
form of urbanization. On a global scale, while many are benefitted, at the same time, many lives
are also affected negatively. This would build upon the development of an integrated global
market. However, the most alarming feature associated with this expansion is the environmental

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
threats posited by the expansion. In an already advanced stage of global warming, the emissions
of multiple greenhouse gases would severely deplete the quality of air, both on the local as well
as global scale. Acquisition would mean degradation of land to a large extent. Noise pollution
the single element which the aviation industry significantly contributes to and as such. The
expansion would mean an increase in the rate of noise pollution, which is going to add on to the
existing negative impacts of a high decibel source that has long standing impacts on the lives of
many local citizens. In spite of Airport authorities’ claim of using fuel which more eco-friendly,
their argument against the negative environmental impact falls flat on the ground that the airport
expansion would lead to the operation of an increased number of vehicles, which for which the
results would rather be contrary to those propositions.
5.2 Recommendations
The discussed Environmental hazards are the main concerns that the government needs to
be concerned about. The Government needs to develop and implement policies and proceed with
the issue of expansion, keeping this amalgamation of mixed consequences under consideration.
Besides offering provisions for high quality jobs, the governments should also focus on
providing adequate amenities to compensate the loss, which it has inflicted on a certain portion
of the local community. However, the prime focus should be on methods to protect people from
the ill-effects of noise-pollution, to which the local communities would be highly vulnerable. In
the end, if the negative impacts of Heathrow expansion appear to be overarching, the government
may shift the whole procedure of expansion of airport from Heathrow to Gatwick. Besides, as
mentioned earlier in this paper, it can also be a cost-effective measure if implemented correctly.
Another alternative to the expansion can be improvement of railway facilities within the country,
and even across neighbouring countries, and using the existing resources of Heathrow more on

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
an international scale. Although time consuming, it may be beneficial in the long-run, in terms of
both environment as well as the society, because, if the aviation facilities are enhanced, roads
and railway facilities would anyway need improvement. The government should also search way
to compensate the destruction of land and greenery that would be perpetrated by the airport
expansion. Subsidized air services may be a possible means of compensating for the socio-
economic negative impacts of the expansion.
5.3 Contribution to Literature
Therefore, this paper not only hovers around the propositions of the existing literature in
this area, but also makes adequate use of them to develop newer avenues of research pertaining
to airport expansion. However, such developments are not only limited to the domain of
Heathrow, but rather takes on a universal dimension and may be applied to the many other
countries as well, especially the developing nations. In this regard this paper provides significant
academic contributions not only in the concerned case of airport expansion, but also on a wider
disciplines of neoliberal market tendencies, the theories associated with them, and an integration
of those theories with real-time occurrences on a global scale.
5.4 Scope for Future Research
The fact that there is a genuine dearth of academic articles concerning this contemporary
issue, further raises the importance of this paper. It expects to influence future researchers to
carry on further in-depth analysis of the situation, its causes and probable consequences, by
accumulating a considerable amount of primary data like that of questionnaires and personal
interviews of a wide cross-section of communities who are directly associated with or impacted
by this issue of Heathrow expansion. Such data would help to provide a more authentic and

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
nuanced picture of the problem, which are often marred by personal opinions in case of the
various secondary sources.

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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
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Appendix
Time Horizon
0-2 2-4 7-8 9-10 14th
Research
Activities
Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Week
selection
of
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Literature
Review
yes
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collection
yes
Data
analysis
yes
Final
business
Research
thesis
yes