Negative Impact of Heatwaves on Overall Health of Individuals

This dissertation evaluates the impact of heatwaves on the health of individuals, factors that result in climatic change and production of heat waves, and ways to reduce the impact of heatwaves. It discusses the risk factors and protective factors that influence an individual, and the impact of heatwaves on public and occupational health, vulnerable individuals, and mortality. The study aims to identify strategies to cope with heatwaves for ensuring the health of people.

A REVIEW ON THE NEGATIVE IMPACT
TO OVERALL HEALTH OF
INDIVIDUALS DUE TO HEATWAVES

ABSTRACT
Heatwave can be defined as a period of abnormally hot weather generally lasting more
than two days that occur with or without high humidity. It has potential of covering more market
areas, exposing to number of people and many more. Heatwave occur in country when the in
the atmosphere high pressure moves in and pushes warm air toward the ground, hence the air get
warmed up and pushes warm air to ground. Increase in heat result in causing heat exhausting,
heat stroke, and death, especially to vulnerable populations or individual that are being suffering
from chronic diseases. This dissertation has depicted crucial information related to “ impact of
heatwave on health of individual and the way it could be overcome for fruitful outcome. It has
also represented detail of factor that lead in heatwave within the country and the manner in
which they can be reduce for benefits of individual living within the society.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................5
Background .................................................................................................................................5
International statistic and evidence..............................................................................................5
Risk factors and protective factors link together and influence an individual ...........................5
Research Aim and objective .......................................................................................................6
Research question........................................................................................................................6
Rationale .....................................................................................................................................6
Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
Theme 1: Factors that result in climatic change and production of heat waves..........................9
Theme 2: Reason for the production of heat waves because of the climatic change................11
Theme 3: Impact of health waves on human health.................................................................12
Theme 4: Ways through which the impact of heat waves will be reduced...............................13
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................15
Database used.............................................................................................................................15
Key search term:........................................................................................................................16
Search strategy:..........................................................................................................................16
PICO framework:.......................................................................................................................16
Research approach:....................................................................................................................17
Inclusion and exclusion criteria:................................................................................................17
Refining of the research:............................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................20
Theme 1: Impact of heat waves on public and occupational health ........................................20
Theme 2: Impact of heat waves on vulnerable individual.........................................................21
Theme 3: Mortality due to heat waves .....................................................................................22
Theme 4: Contribute of Human contribution to the record-breaking heatwaves......................24
Theme 5: Implications for public health interventions..............................................................25
Comparing the results of previous studies.................................................................................26
......................................................................................................................................................28
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................29
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................32

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
Background
Heatwaves can be defined as period of unusual hot weather or extreme weathers that can
be as natural disaster or danger because of heat and sunlight may overheat the body of human
being. This are very common in summers when the high pressure develops across a particular
area and main reason for occurrence in United Kingdom is location of jet stream. In short, it can
be stated that the heatwaves result in causing heat cramps, death and heat stoke and several other
negative impact on the health and wellbeing of people (Arbuthnott and Hajat, 2017). It also
results in health issue related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, so government and
companies collectively needs to take steps to reduce heatwaves for benefits of all.
This is dissertation related to “evaluation of impact of heatwaves on the health of people
that are living in United Kingdom”. Furthermore, the study will help in understanding the
reason that results in heatwaves that have negative impact on individuals’ health. The impact of
heatwaves on health and well-being of people that are residing in United Kingdom. Along with
it, identifying the strategies or set of action that could be used by the government and other
organisation to reduce the impact of heatwaves for betterment of society (Campbell and et.al.,
2018). Therefore, the main purpose of dissertation is to identify the impact and strategies to cope
up with heatwaves for ensuring health of people.
International statistic and evidence
Moreover, it has been identified that the parched landscape of United Kingdom and
northwester of Europe 15 july, 2018 has face high heatwaves (Thompson and et.al., 2018).
Starting from 22 june 2018 to 7 August 2018 and 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) is recorded at Faversham,
Kent on 26 July 2018. Likewise, there are several heat waves lead in thousands of deaths from
hyperthermia and catastrophic crop failures and other negative impacts. These wages may be
span for several days to week and significantly caused weather related to mortality, impacting on
the development of the countries. In addition to this, extreme heart events trigger variety of heat
stress condition for example het stroke or serious heat related disorder.
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Risk factors and protective factors link together and influence an individual
There is numerous risk factor associated with the heat waves and climate changes such as
individuals that are suffering chronic diseases and take medicine on daily basis are more prone
to suffer from major health issue as compared to others. Dehydration, thrombogenesis and acute
cerebrovascular accidents are various risk factor that cause negative impact on health and well-
being of individuals that are living in the society. On the other hand, creating heat preparedness
plans, installing cool and green roofs and Planting trees to provide shade are different method
that could be used to reduce the risk of heat waves and climate change on individual.
Research Aim and objective
Aim
To evaluate the impact of heatwaves on the health of people that are living in United Kingdom.
Objectives
 To identify factors that result in climatic change and production of heat waves.
 To evaluate reason because of which heat waves are produced due to climatic changes:
 To analyse impact of health waves on human health.
 To identify ways through which impact of health waves upon human health can be
reduced.
Research question
 What are main factors that result in climatic change and production of heat waves?
 What are main reasons because of which heat waves?
 What are main impacts of health waves on human health?
 How impact of health waves upon human health can be reduced?
Rationale
The study on “evaluating the impact of heatwaves on the health of people that are living
in United Kingdom” is important because there are numerous changes in external environment
that adversely impacted on health and well being of individuals. In current scenario, United
Kingdom is experiencing increasing extreme weather condition such as from 2020, it is suffering
third warmest, eight sunniest and fifth wettest year on record. The main reason for occurrence of
heatwaves is that when a systems high atmospheric pressure moves into areas in the last two or

more days (Thompson and et.al., 2018). All this results in negative impact on health and well-
being of people in terms of causing issue such as dehydration, acute cerebrovascular accidents,
blood clots etc. So, the study pertaining to the same it significant as it will helps in finding out
what are the cause or reason of heatwaves. The method or strategies that could be used to reduce
the heatwaves for betterment of all individuals residing in United Kingdom.
Furthermore, on this topic of impact of heatwaves on health of individuals- there is no
study has been done or limited information. So, it will contribute in gathering more information
and taking right decision. At last, it can be stated that, it is rationale to conduct because it will
help government, companies and social enterprises to take decision to take corrective action in
order to reduce the pollution for overcoming the impact of heatwaves on human being (Guo and
et.al., 2017).
Structure of the thesis
Chapter 1- Introduction
This is first chapter of dissertation, that outline what all things that are being covered in
the study, its aim, objective and research questions and rationale. It also describes about the
structure of the dissertation and the way it will helps in driving necessary information related to
the subject areas.
Chapter 2- Literature review
The second chapter is related to literature review, that discussed about the published
information related to specific subject area. It is just summary of sources, information published
by well know author related to the subject areas. Therefore, it acts as evidence related to the
review of different author pertaining to specific areas or topic.
Chapter 3- Research methodology
The third chapter in dissertation is related to research methodology that describe about
the method or techniques that are used by the researcher to complete the study (Mayrhuber, and
et.al., 2018). Likewise, the whether the researcher has selected either qualitative and quantitative
study, primary and secondary and other method to effectively get information.
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Chapter 4- Data analysis
This is fourth chapter pertaining to the data analysis, that will contain all the information
related to the study through analysis and intepretating information that are present in secondary
source. Likewise, books, journals, articles and other that could be useful in taking decision
related to the study.
Chapter 5- Conclusion
The last chapter present in dissertation is conclusion that summarise all crucial points
related to the impact of heatwaves on human being. Moreover, suggested recommendation that
could be used by people and government to stay protected from high heatwaves that directly
impact on their well-being (Mayrhuber and et.al., 2018).

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review can be defined as published information in particular subject, that act
as evidence pertaining to the existing study. So it is search and evaluation of available literature
in relation with current topic. The main objectives of doing the literature review related to the
study is that it helps in survey in the literature pertaining to the chosen study. Thus, it synthesis
information into the literature into summary. Present the literature in well organised manner so
that it can be easily understand by others in effective way. At last, it contributes in critically
analysing the information gathered through identifying current gap in existing knowledge and
areas in which further researcher needs to be proceed.
Theme 1: Factors that result in climatic change and production of heat waves
According to the, Thompson and et.al., (2020), across worldwide, the hot days are
getting more and more hotters and experiencing fewer cold days. Likewise, as per the daily
record high temperature twice a days, so heat waves are becoming more common as well as
intensive. Rising global climate changes has results in increasing overall temperature that has
negatively impacted on the health and well being of individuals that are living within the society.
In addition to this, there are many other reason that cause climate changes such as distance from
sea, likewise the coastal area are more cooler and wetter as compared to inland areas. When the
warm air flow from inland areas meet cooler air from the sea then the cloud are being
formulated so the centre of continents are subject to have large range of temperature. Such as in
summers the moisture from sea evaporates till it reach the centre of landmass so the temperature
start becoming too hot and dry.
Another author Hassan, Al-Jiboori and Al-Abassi (2020), also supported that the
direction of prevailing wind is also factor that lead changes in climate and production of heat
waves. Likewise, the win that start from the sea results in bringing more rain to coast and lead in
creating dry weather inland areas. So direction of wind in particular areas lead in causing
changes in the weather and climate. At the same time, the human being also had impact on the
climate changes such as with increase in population and mis-utilisation of resources that are
being done by the human being has resulted in influencing climate and flow of heat waves.
Industrial revolution that has been started from the end of 19 the century has negative effect on
climate as industry results is realising lot of pollution in external environment. That cause
adverse impact on health and well-being of individual that are residing in the society. Such as
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increased burning of fossil fuels has results in increase amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, along with it number of teas has been cut down is increasing day by day that results
in causing less amount of carbon dioxide taken by the trees.
As per the views of Soutter and Mottus, (2020) global warming is one of the major
reasons that is related with the raise in the temperature and occurrence of climatic changes. With
the extent of global warming and raising the intensity of pollution in the environment because of
the human activities would lead to arise the climatic changes in the environment. With the aspect
of global warming the raise in temperature is one of the major phenomena that would result in
the raised temperature that may further impact the climate and bring climatic changes that may
further impact the human being and their life. As climate in the UK is raising because of the
continuous human related activities that may result in raised temperature and lead to the
climatic change in terms of extreme production of the heat waves. In the same way with the
production of heat waves the human being and its life is being impacted that may result in the
occurrence of various diseases and side effects.
In the same way Nordhaus, (2019) also said that with a raise proportion of carbon
dioxide in the nature the climatic change occur in the form of raised heat and temperature. With
the aspect of man- made activities use of vehicles, transformation of economy into industrialized
economy would lead to raise the emission of carbon dioxide that would further lead to raise the
temperature which is further related with the occurrence of climatic change in terms of emission
of heat waves and raising of the temperature in the environment. Since with the exposure and
production of high carbon dioxide in the environment would also count as major reason of the
greenhouse effect that would further lead to the raising in the temperature and the production of
heat waves across the UK which would further counted as major reason of the climatic change
and heat waves production.
On the other hand, Arbuthnott and Hajat, (2017) annotates that with the aspect of raised
temperature the heat waves are produced. This is because with the raising in temperature the
winds will be accumulated in an area that will lead to the rising of temperature and the
production of heat waves. This can be understood as with the aspect of air that circle the globe
with the large prevailing air and if it is trapped over a region then it will lead to raise in the
temperature which will be counted as a major reason for the production of heat waves that is
counted a highly harmful with respect to human life. This is because if the heat waves will be

gathered in an area then it will lead to rise in temperature which may impact the climate and the
human life in terms of occurrence of side effect including heat stroke, respiratory diseases and
various other.
Theme 2: Reason for the production of heat waves because of the climatic change
Tandon, Zhang and Sobel, (2018) annotates that climatic change is one of the major
reason that is related with the production of heat waves. This is because with the aspect of
climatic change the temperature in the environment will be raise that will lead to the production
of the heat waves which will be counted as a major reason for generation of heat waves in the
nature. This can be further explained by the author that when the system of high atmospheric
pressure will move from one place to another and then struck in an area for two or more than
two days. In such situation the air from upper atmosphere will enter into ground that will lead to
the raise in temperature of that area which will further be counted as a major impact and reason
of the high temperature and production of heat waves over a specified area or region. This all
phenomenon is related with the aspect of climatic change and reason which will lead to the
creation of such movement of atmospheric pressure that would further be counted as a major
reason of the heat waves production.
On the same way Larcom, She and van Gevelt, (2019) also elucidates that with the aspect
of climatic changes and raising of high temperature and creation of atmospheric pressure in the
environment lead to the production of heat waves across the area and the place. In case of UK
the location of Jet stream which persist in the north of UK in summer would be counted to the
production of pressure that will further lead to the production of heat waves in the UK. With the
aspect of Jet stream, the air pressure moves specially during the time of summer that will lead to
the creation of pressure which will lead to the movement of hot air in the area that will lead to
the raising and production of heat waves in UK that is further associated with climatic change.
Impact of heat waves on human health
Baldwin, and et.al., (2019) states that the heat waves have a major negative and severe
impact towards the heath of human being in terms of occurrence of various diseases and the
occurrence of side effects. Along with the occurrence of various heat illness and related diseases
it may lead to cause the respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This is because with the aspect
of high exposure of the heat waves an individual would be negatively impacted in terms of heat
strokes. This would be right to state that the heat waves would lead to lead to severely impact an
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individual in terms of moderate to severe diseases and negative impacts. In the same context it is
to be noted that the respiratory death that was made in the context of heat waves was relatively
high in comparison of the cardiovascular death.
On the other hand, Morabito, and et.al., (2017) also states that along with the aspect of
heath exposure and raising of the heat waves various other gases and elements in the
environment also raises that has resulted in the occurrence of various other diseases. As global
warming is one of the major reason of the raised temperature that would also lead to cause affect
the human being along with affecting the life of human being in terms of death and various
diseases. Heat cramps, death, heat stroke and various other are counted as some of the major side
effect of the raised temperature and heat waves.
Theme 3: Impact of health waves on human health
As per the perspective of Haines and Ebi (2019), global temperature, its frequency and
intensity of heat waves is rising in 21 centuries that has results in causing climate change.
Extended period of high days and night time temperature lead in creating cumulative
physiological stress on the human body. Likewise, it lead in causing high death across the
global, in terms of renal, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. For short time frame, the
large population can be acutely impacted because of heat waves such as it may often lead in
trigger of public health emergencies, excess mortality rate and lower work capacity and labour
productivity. Along with it, the author has furthermore specified that the heatwave also results in
loss of health service delivery capacity. This is because of power shortage that finally lead in
disruption of health transportation, water infrastructure and health facilities.
Moreover, Nuvolone, Petri and Voller, (2018), has specified that the awareness of the
health risk associated with the heatwave is insufficient and lead to increase in overall
temperature. Rising global ambient temperature has affected all the population, among which
some of the people are suffering more physiological stress, increased risk of death from excess
heat and exacerbated illness. The main examples of population that are exposed to risk of heat
waves are children, older people, manual worker and pregnant women. In addition to this, there
are main two reason for causing heat gain in the human body such as external heat from
environment and internal body heat that has been generated from metabolic process. Likewise,
the author wants to say that the rapid rise in heat gain by human will results in cascade of illness,

for example, the heatstroke, hyperthermia, heat cramps and heat exhaustion. All, these have
negative impact on overall health and well-being of the person so steps need to be taken to
reduce the expose to more heat waves to human.
From the view of Dosio and et.al., (2018) , it has been observed that in the first day or few
days of heat waves, the heat received by human body may results in number of death and
hospitalisation. Even the seasonal difference and fluctuation in the climatic condition results in
increasing the chance of illness and death of people. Extreme temperature lead in making the
chronic condition more worts such as more health issue such as respiratory, diabetes related
condition and cerebrovascular. Along with it, there are some indirect impact of the heat waves
on individual such as it affect the overall human behaviour, quality of air, health care services
and transmission of diseases. The impact of heat waves on individual generally depends upon the
time, intensity, duration, infrastructure, level of acclimatisation, adaptability of local people to
the prevailing climate condition. The level at which the temperature can be hazardous for health
and well-being of people generally depends upon the humidity, wind, level of human
acclimatisation and preparedness for the heat condition. Therefore, it has adverse impact on
health and well-being of people living in society.
Theme 4: Ways through which the impact of heat waves will be reduced
The author Rossati, (2017), represents crucial information related to the ways that could
be help in reducing the overall heat waves such as they need to live at place that have cooling
space. Or increase the shade around the home. Likewise, planting trees and other vegetation
across the home that will contribute in cooling through evapotranspiration. This contributes in
decreasing the need for air conditioning, make home comfortable and reduce the overall energy
bill. Such as it helps in protecting the health of all individual by improving the quality of air and
reducing the exposure to harmful UV radiation. Secondly, the people have option of installing
the green roofs or rooftop garden as it will contribute in providing shade, remove heat from air
by evapotranspiration. Thus it results, reducing the overall temperature of surrounding air and
roof surface. Furthermore, it can be stated that the green roofs absorb the heat, act as insulators
for home, reduce the energy in order to provide cooling and heating, lower heat stress associated
with heat waves and improving the indoor comforts. They contribute in effective absorption of
heat on hot days thus regulate the overall temperature so that less harm can be caused to health
and well-being of people.
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Moreover, the another author Curtis and et.al., (2017) ,has specified that the air quality
is also improved as mots of the urban area have less number of trees and vegetation. This lead in
building up carbon dioxide and other harmful pollutants. They absorb all the pollutants and lead
in emitting fresh oxygen thus providing safe, clean and good air to people for better living. In
addition to this, use of energy efficient appliance and equipment in home helps in lightening the
load of electric grid during the heat waves. In another words, it helps in ensuring more reliable
supply of electricity to the community. Likewise, replace the old application and equipment with
energy star qualified products for saving money and protecting the environment. Also, there are
various organisation in external environment that needs to take steps to prevent through harmful
or pollutants in water, air that could be harmful for living organism. Such as avoid throwing the
wastage produce during process of material from raw to finished in water as it lead in killing of
marine animal. Therefore, both the government and individual through taking action to reduce
wastage can contribute in reducing the overall heatwave that cause negative impact on people
living in the society.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Database used
It is the platform where an organized collection of structured information related with
the concerned topic would be available. This means it is a platform which is being used for the
gathering of information (Rahnev and et.al., 2020). This means it is a broad platform which avail
various information and related articles, journals, books and various other information. There are
various databases that may include the google scholar, Pubmed, Science direct, sage and various
other. With the help of these platforms and database the concerned data and the information
related with the heat waves and its impact in the context of the human being will be analysed
adequately. With the use of database, the time and cost that would be incurred in finding the
secondary data will be saved that will lead to further assist the concerned research in finding the
detailed secondary information in relation with the heat waves and its impact towards the human
health. This will also lead to make access of the detailed information and concerned articles
which will further assist the research. In the concerned research the google scholar and science
direct will be highly used that will lead to enable the gathering of information.
Database Description
Google scholar This is one of the major database that will lead to
search information. All the scholarly article and
literature work will be found from this database. All
the related work and citation, authors and publication
will be found over this platform. This will lead to the
searching of all the relevant secondary data in terms of
journals and articles. (Google Scholar, 2021).
Science Direct This is one of the major database that will allows the
searching of all the information from foundational
science to the novel research. It includes all the recent
and new information in relation with the science
articles and information. It includes a range of
disciplines from theoretical to the applied aspects. This
database includes all the relevant information that is
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related with the life sciences to the daily life science.
All the information concerning with science books,
articles are available over this database (ScienceDirect.,
2021).
Key search term:
It refers to the key terms and concepts that will be entered over the database to find the
most relevant information and articles over the concerned topics (Bramer and et.al., 2018). In
the present research the following search term have been used:
Terms Synonyms
Heat waves Hot spell
Impact Effect, influence
Human being Human, person, individuals
Health Physical condition, well being, healthiness
Outcomes Results
Search strategy:
It refers to the strategy that will be used for the concerned research. It is the main aspect
with regard to the research because it will lead to assist the research towards the direction of its
objectives. In the present research a systematic search strategy is used that includes the searching
of concerned keywords and the search term. Also while searching the articles regarding the
concerned research a set of Boolean operators were used that assist the entire research in
broadening and narrowing the research. With the use of and in the context of the research the
entire searching in relation with the research has been narrowed down. However with the use of
OR Boolean operators the entire research has been broadened up (Usuzaki and et.al., 2019). The
current research in the relation with the identification of impact of heat waves over the human
being, both the Boolean operators are used. The search strategy was also followed up with the
use of inclusion and exclusion criteria that assist the entire research to get detailed and adequate
with the consideration over the inclusion criteria and the use of exclusion criteria that has made
the research to be focussed over the concept.

PICO framework:
This is one of the best literature search strategy that would lead to assist the research in
moving towards the specific direction. PICO framework is the pneumonic that is being used
with the answering the concerned research question (Zhang and et.al., 2020). It is one of the
framewrk that is being used in the evidence based practice which will frame answer to the
concerned research questions. With the use of this framework the entire research will be
adequately performed in terms of considering towards the various aspect of the research. In the
concerned research the PICO framework as follows:
P-Patient or Problem: Heatstrokes and heat related diseases.
I-Intervention: Impact of heat waves
C-comparison: Heat waves and human health
O-Outcome: Impact of heat waves on the health of human being.
PICO question: What is the impact of heat waves on the health of the human being?
Research approach:
It refers to the process and the approach that will be adopted with regard to the research.
there are usually two types of approaches that may include the inductive and deductive approach.
With the concept of inductive approach the research will begin with the analysis of the
observation that will be followed with the formation of patterns in which the information is
moving which will ultimately lead to the determination of hypothesis (Bucher, 2021). This will
further be continued that lead to the emergence of theory. However, in case of deductive
approach the existing theory will be analysed that will lead to formation of the hypothesis and
moving towards the observation (Azungah, 2018). This means it is just opposite of inductive
approach. In the concerned research the inductive approach is chosen so that the qualitative data
will be deeply analysed that will lead to assist the research in the context of determination of the
impact of the heat waves. With the adoption of inductive approach the data which is collected
would be able to get appropriately analysed in terms of determining the impact that would be
caused because of the heat waves. This will also lead to make an analysis that how the heat
waves would be produced and how it impacts.
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Inclusion and exclusion criteria:
Inclusion and exclusion criteria are the important concept that is related with the research
and searching for the research information. Inclusion criteria refers to that criteria which is
needed to be present in the research and the concerned articles and information. This includes
the necessary terms and concepts which would become an important part of the research.
Exclusion criteria refers to that criteria which would assist the research in excluding the articles
that are needed to be excluded from the search (Patino and Ferreira, 2018). These are the main
aspect with regard to the research and the searching of secondary information for the research.
With the use of these criteria the most appropriate information in the concern of the research will
be able to get found. In the present research both the criteria have been followed and complied.
This will lead to make the searching of most adequate information related with the research aim
that is related with the determination of the impact of heat waves over the human being. The
following inclusion and exclusion criteria have been considered in the present research:
INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA
All the studies that are published in English
language are included.
Studies that was made in other languages are
excluded.
Studies that was published after 2017 is
inlcuded.
Studies published before 2017 was excluded.
Studies that are related with the determination
of the impact of heat waves on the human
health has been included.
Studies that was related with the
determination of impact of heat waves over
the other aspects like environment, nature and
various other have been excluded.
Refining of the research:
While conducting a research over the determination of impact of heat waves over the
human being a detailed and systematic process has been followed. As per that process the search
begin with the searching of articles and information over the database that is being followed with
the use of Boolean operators for narrowing the results. With the use of database various
information and articles in the context of the research would be found in the context of heat
waves and its impact. Here with the use of Boolean operators the search articles and information

would be refined. This means with the appropriate use of OR and And Boolean operator the
most appropriate article and information related with the context of heat waves would be
determined. After the use of Boolean operators and refining the results the next step that has
been followed is related with the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria that has further assisted
in narrowing the search and make it refined. This has lead to the identification of those relevant
article which would become an important part of the research. In the same way with the use of
exclusion the articles and information that need to be excluded from the research would be
executed. Thus, with the following of above research the entire searching of information and
secondary data has been narrowed down and refined in terms of determining and finding of most
suitable information and articles. During the entire process of refining initially 130-150 articles
were found which was again refined with the use of Boolean operators and review of their
abstract and key concept. This has lead to the finding of 10-20 articles out of which 6 highly
relevant articles were chosen.
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CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION
Theme 1: Impact of heat waves on public and occupational health
Paterson, Godsmark, (2020), the paper represent that there are 38,000 older people will
die every year globally as per the record of World health organisation. Moreover, the stress of
heat waves affects throughout the life cycle from unborn child pregnant women and infants.
Such as there were many pre term birth, birth weight and many more situation that are directly
impacting on the lifestyles of individual. Outdoor worker are also being at risk because of
increased ambient temperature, extreme weather, air pollution and other biological hazards. The
article has also present detail of IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report that has represented that most
of the scientist have confidence that overall temperature will ranging from 1.0 °C to 1.6 °C by
2050.
Furthermore, ScienceDirect., (2021), stated that it will be warmer by 0.9 °C to 1.7 °C by
2050, hence it is expected to be increase with 10 to 40% in summer. The study has also helped in
interpretating that heat waves have direct impact on health and well-being of individual such as
it lead in increasing mortality and morbidity rate. People are facing high heat stress, severe
chronic condition such as cardiorespiratory diseases as well as diabetes that is not good for their
overall health and well-being. In addition to this, all these health outcomes will further result in
negative impact that is rise in risk of violence, injuries, vector borne diseases as well as motor
vehicle accident. Recent study has also helped in extracting information that increase
temperature lead in mental and psychosocial problem, major depressive episodes and suicide
though among individual.
The study has helped in analysing the overall impact of heatwaves on public and
occupational health suggested that high temperatures do pose a public health risk globally. As it
lead in causing health issue such as more stress, chronic condition and cardiorespiratory diseases
that cause maximum number of death. Furthermore, there are many occupations in which the
individual has to work in outside environment hence they are being more exposed to heat that
results in negative impact on their overall health and well-being (Katherine Arbuthnotta and
et.al., (2020)). It has helped in getting insight that in 2018, 220 million more people are being
exposed to heatwave events as compared to 1986-2005. Overall heat waves is increase day by

day that has resulted in impacting on health of individual so both people, organisation and
government need to take step to protect people from being impacted by heat.
The knowledge that our study has added is that it helped in learning heatwaves have
direct impact on public and occupational health. Likewise, world is warming, as there are many
countries, including United Kingdom that are experiencing higher summer temperatures, more
frequency of heatwaves. Hence the children, labour are most affected because of heatwaves as
they spend lot of time outside their home or are more exposed to heat.
Theme 2: Impact of heat waves on vulnerable individual
The study has also helped in extracting significant information related to growing aging
urban population as well as climate models projecting that has resulted in making heatwaves
more intense, frequent and long lasting. Vulnerability of health in context of heatwaves is being
unequally distribution within the society, likewise elderly and chronically ill are at more risk to
heatwaves. Hence, in short, the article has helped in learning that prevention of deaths and
mortalities because of excessive heat waves is high public health concern. Intrinsic and extrinsic
are two types of risks that are directly linked with social and environmental factors. Likewise,
the individual that are between 65 and 74 is suffering from chronic pulmonary disease are at
more risk as compared to others (Robert Vautard1 and et.al., (2020)). In addition to this the
children and outdoor workers are exposed to physiological sensitivity and extensive physical
exposure respective that is hazardous for their overall health. Low salaries and unfavourable
living conditions lead in negative impact on their overall health and quality of life being enjoyed
by them. At last it has also study about the heatwave vulnerability in nursing and residential
and effective management of heat by individual.
Heatwaves are serious problem for group of people, especially for vulnerable groups.
Likewise, in 1995, due to the heatwaves more than 1000 people live has been lost in central
United states of America, among which Chicago is being especially impacted. At the same time,
in Western Europe because of heatwaves there are around excess of 71000 death that has been
occurred which results in negative impact on health and well-being of individual. Paterson,
Godsmark, (2020), there are large proportion of older people that are intaking of medicine for
21

chronic diseases for living a better lifestyles and health. Such as it is estimated that around 33%
of over 65 s in Ireland are intaking of medication from two common health problem that is
hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (SharonCampbella and et.al., (2020)). It is also find
out that 80% of premature NCD-related deaths are happening in Ireland because of cancers,
diabetes respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. The chance of death has been increased
for people that are suffering from cardiovascular diseases and are exposed to 1.61 (95% CI: 1.2–
2.1 and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.3–4.8) and respectively. At the same time, there are ill health risk that
has to be suffered by type-2 diabetic and obese individuals because of high ambient
temperatures. It also lead in mental illness as many of the people have poor cognitive awareness
of environmental hazards, lay limited efforts on self-care and less adaptive to behaviour changes
that is hydration and clothing choice which lead in causing mental illness because of exposed to
more heat waves. Hence, necessary steps must be undertaken by government to reduce the heat
waves for good health of individual.
SharonCampbella and et.al., (2020) has presented crucial information or resulted related
to heatwave and health, such as it is not evenly distributed across the globe. It has concentrated
on mid latitude as well as income of people living in the countries that is having low to medium
population density. It has contributed in gathering resulted that global population is most prone
to risk of illness and death because of extreme heat and is under represented. Likewise, it
specified that it is “the biggest global health threat of the 21st Century” as putting life of millions
of people at risk. SharonCampbella and et.al., (2020) also represented in its paper that increase
in frequency, intensity and duration of extreme heat events are all the outcome of increase
number of heat waves across the worldwide. People that are living in isolation or having no
shade or belong to low socio-economic status have less access to urban green space. Thus, they
are more vulnerable to heat waves as compared to other individual living within the society.
The present study is directly linked to our aim as it was to know the impact of heatwaves
on vulnerable individual. So, it has helped in understanding that most vulnerable groups such as
older people, infants and pregnant women and young children when exposed to heatwaves suffer
direct impact on their health. In terms of more mental stress, chronic diseases and many more.
The article has leads in adding knowledge related to what all impact that heatwaves have on
specific group of people, so that alternative strategies could be planned to motivate them.

Extreme climatic events lead in existing poverty as they have direct impact on water resources,
livelihood and agriculture.
Theme 3: Mortality due to heat waves
Paterson, Godsmark, (2020), this article has interpreted result pertaining to Heat-health
vulnerability in temperate climates. As per the United science report the planet is tipping point
and there are numerous changes in climate that are leading pressure on existing availability of
food, health, water and other resources for existing and future generation. Likewise, the
research has helped in understanding that there are changes in Ireland climate and that are
directly impacting on projects. For examples: increased temperatures, changes in wind speed
and direction, disrupted precipitation patterns and increased storm frequency and intensity.
Through the article, researcher wants to shade light on growing threat of heat on loss of
ecosystem services and driver of human vulnerability. Such as it includes the harm caused to
pregnant women, infants, older people, social economic disadvantages individual and others.
The increasing level of temperature is most concern for maximum number of people as it result
in causing several health issue to them. Likewise, heat can result in mortality displacement,
while there is no future heat adaptation. Hence, heat-related mortality will be likely to increase
in region such as British Isles in response to population changes and warming climate.
Katherine Arbuthnotta and et.al., (2020), “Years of life lost and mortality due to heat and
cold in the three largest English cities” it is paper in which quantitative method has been used to
complete the study in effective manner. potential years of life lost is indicator that summary
crucial information related to life expectancy and mortality. Such as descriptive study has
contribute in understanding that heat waves has resulted in million deaths in Greater London and
400,000 deaths in Greater Manchester and West Midlands each. Similarly, there has been no
consistent increase in the overall temperature over the time period. While, the regression model
has derived resulted that risk of heat is related mortality- as with increase in overall temperature,
there has been increase in number of death (Katherine Arbuthnotta and et.al., 2020). Round the
year the percentage of mortality rate due to heat waves was 0.498% for Greater London, 0.262%
for Greater Manchester and 0.309% in West Midland. Hence, it was find out that the heat has
adversely affected on the greater London as the mortality rate increased by 3.9%, it also lead in
premature death.
23

From the article it can be discussed that there is “well-established relationship between
heat and cold and all-cause daily mortality” that is being represented globally, across varying
climates. Likewise, 90 years old people have life expectancy of 3.89 years and 70 females have
life expectancy of 15.88 years. Such as ecological time series regression analysis has helped in
extracting that the distribution of annual temperature is 18.9 °C for London, 17.6 °C for the
West Midlands and 16.8 °C for Greater Manchester. Social determinants contribute substantially
to an increased risk of heat-related mortality and morbidity, such that the people that are living
in isolation, low social economic situation less access to low access to urban green space are
more prone to vulnerable effects of heat (Elisabeth Anne-SophieMayrhuber and et.al., (2018)).
Hence, as per the aim it has helped in understanding the impact of heat waves that is increasing
in mortality rate. At the same time, contributed in understanding the people that are more facing
heat waves as compared to others. For examples: Residents of Karachi, Pakistan were 17 times
more likely to die of a heat-related illness in comparison to other countries.
The information gathered as add to our study as it helps in gathering information that out
of all the three area - Greater London, Greater Manchester and the West Midlands. The heat
effects were greatest in London. Such as for each 1 °C above, the overall risk of mortality
increased by 3.9% so there were around 0.50% and 0.40% death between 1996 and 2013. Hence
it helps in learning the areas that are being most suffering health issue or high mortality rate
because of heatwaves. In addition to this, the article has helped in adding knowledge that what
all reason that lead in causing heatwaves which have adverse impact on health of people residing
in England. Heatwaves has result in increased mortality effects on communities that have
relative population densities. The study has helped in learning that with increase in urban
infrastructure, pollution or heatwaves in the environment has been increased to maximum extend
that lead in overall negative impact on health of people.
Theme 4: Contribute of Human contribution to the record-breaking heatwaves
Robert Vautard1 and et.al., (2020) has illustrated about the contribution of human to
record break down heatwave in western Europe during June and July 2019. France is country
that has experience high level of heat waves during June 2020 and it is 180 times more than it is
present in other countries. It implies that the warming trend is much more in France as compared
to European land summer temperature that is warmed by 2 degree. Human has make use of large

number of climate simulations that has altered the likelihood and intensity of heat waves during
July. Robert Vautard1 and et.al., (2020), Models’ skill to simulate extremes and the manner in
which climate has been changed during the odd of extremes are two method that has been used
to analysis the activities of human that lead in changes climate. Frequent events would have been
1.5 °C to 3 °C colder, because of intervention of human that lead in changes in climate and cause
negative impact on their health. In different areas of Europe, there are number of wildfires took
place, train tracks has been damaged as result of heat waves. In order to cope up with such heat
waves, the government has postponed one national school exam for health of the children.
In addition to this, Elisabeth Anne-SophieMayrhuber and et.al., (2018), climate change is
resulting in causing pressure on existing food, water, health and well-being of people for
existing as well as future generation. There is adverse impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C on
health and well- being of individual. It has also been finding out that there are around additional
220 million more people that are exposed to heatwave event in 2018 as compared to record of
2018. It has also resulted in increasing number of diseases such as cardiorespiratory disease and
diabetes and other among the people living within the society.
The concerned research i.e. the analysis of the impact of the heatwaves and the articles
which make focus towards the reason and the human activities that has lead to the generation of
heatwaves made a clear study that how with the human activities the heatwaves would be
generated and how it further lead to impact the overall human body. This shows that the
activities of the human would later lead to impact the human health in the context of heatwaves.
The literature which also made the analysis of factor that include the production of heatwaves
i.e. the climatic factors that emerge as a result of human activities in terms of pollution. This
means the article i.e. Robert Vautard1 and et.al., (2020) and the literature revels the same thing
which include the human action that results in the production of heatwaves. The research that is
related with the analysis of impact of heatwaves towards the human body shows that the along
with analysing the impacts, there is an equal need to make analysis of the factors that may lead
to the production of the heatwaves. This will assist in taking up of necessary action which will
lead to reduce the production of heatwaves and thus the negative impact of the heatwaves will be
reduced.
25

Theme 5: Implications for public health interventions
Elisabeth Anne-SophieMayrhuber and et.al., (2018), the study depicts those intrinsic and
extrinsic risk factors are two factors on which the vulnerability approach is based. Article has
contributed in finding out public health intervention that could be used to reduce the heat
vulnerability through detecting risk and protective factor face by the population. Furthermore, in
this article it was learned that there are several intervention barriers pertaining to intersection of
these factors as well as self-perceptions of vulnerable group. In these 23 studies were consisted
of eight review that are making comparison in different intervention used across countries, heat
health warming system and others. It has contributed in assessing how vulnerable group are
being affected because of heat waves and the manner in which it can be overcome. Exposure
reduction measures, monitoring and mapping of at-risk groups and active outreach programs are
different intervention that are being implemented across worldwide. The article has also helped
in identifying that drinking cool fluids and staying out of the sun between 11am and 3pm are
best action that could be undertaken by individual to stay safe and secure.
In relation with the research i.e. the impact of heatwaves on the overall health of an
individual is further supported with the study of Elisabeth Anne-SophieMayrhuber and et.al.,
(2018). This is because as per the study of the concerned the factors that is related with the
vulnerability is analysed. This shows that with the consideration towards the two factors the
impact of heatwaves on the vulnerability of the individual would be reduced. This shows that the
contribution made by Elisabeth Anne-SophieMayrhuber and et.al., (2018) article in respect to
the research which make analysis of the impact of the heatwaves on the overall health in terms
of determination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. As per the literature review too, it can be
supported that the impact of heat waves over the human body is major in terms of emergence of
various diseases including the heat stroke, cardiovascular diseases and various other. Thus, the
implication of heath waves towards and its factors towards the human intervention is one of the
major aspect of study.
Furthermore, the advocate for the adoption of a “health and climate change in all policies
and development of a public health-focused heat-health action plan could be effective public
health intervention. Provide knowledge to people related to the way heatwaves have negative

impact on their health lead in improving their knowledge to take precaution to protect
themselves from being exposed to heat raise that are bad for their overall health. The concerned
research which describes the impacts of heat waves on the overall human body has made a direct
contribution that along with determination of factors the analysis of impacts is also important
aspect which this research has made contributed in respect to the heatwave context
(ScienceDirect., 2021). This means with the adding up of study of implication in relation with
the impact of heatwaves towards the human body will help in the study of impact which may
arise if the heatwaves will not be reduced to a certain extent. This means it will lead to impact
the human life at a higher extent.
Comparing the results of previous studies
It can be compared that the study of Years of life lost and mortality due to heat and cold
in the three largest English cities is based on quantitative analysis in which descriptive,
regression and other method has been used to complete the study. Such as results from time
series regression analysis, helped in learning that mortality rate in Greater London Heat- 1.039.
It has to estimate the relationship between daily mean temperature and daily YLL and mortality
between 1996 and 2013 in Greater London, the West Midlands. Similarly, evaluation of the
Heatwave Plan for England has also represented crucial information related to Heatwave Plan
for England that aims in protect health as well as reducing the impact of harm from hot weather.
It is study that has emphasis on relationship between temperature and mortality, and between
temperature and emergency hospital admissions (SharonCampbella and et.al., (2020)). Hence,
recommended that hot weather condition results in emergency hospital admissions as well as
increase in number of death. In addition to this, “Human contribution to the record-breaking
June and July 2019 heatwaves in Western Europe” article that has make use of statistical
extreme value modelling and climate model ensembles. This has represented information related
to Two record-breaking heatwaves struck Western Europe in June and July 2019 that have
adverse impact on health of people.
While the Heatwave and health impact research: A global review article has made use of
systematic review to complete the study. In which four different database has been used to
select article that include information pertaining to historical heatwave events and their impact
on mortality. Moreover, efforts have been lead on mapping the location of destination to know
27

the influence of characteristics heat-related illness and death. Similarly, in the “Heat-health
vulnerability in temperate climates: lessons and response options from Ireland” has make use of
scoping literature review to identified the effects of heat on health of the vulnerable in temperate
climatic regions (ScienceDirect., (2021). With especially considering focusing on Ireland. In
addition to this, the study has made use of google trends in order to determine the increase in
overall heat within the society. Furthermore, “Vulnerability to heatwaves and implications for
public health interventions” is also article in which literature search is made with in relevant
scientific literature databases. In order to extract intervention target group, measure as well as
evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of intervention.
Out of six articles, there are many studies that has included information pertaining to
impact of heatwaves on vulnerable and other individual living within the society. That is
pregnant women, older people and children or individual that are being suffering from chronic
illness. While, other article has presented information related to intervention that could be used
to overcome health issue that are face by individual because of heatwaves through improving
social, economic and geographical context.

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
From the above dissertation, it can be concluded that heat waves have direct negative
impact on the on Health and well-being of individuals. In 21 century, climate change is
described as biggest global health threat for all of the individual living within the society. As it
has lead in putting lives and well-being of billions of people at increased risk so steps must be
taken by government to reduce the heat waves. The discussion chapter has helped in providing
necessary information that is most useful to health and social care field as “heatwaves have
direct impact on health of people. At the same time, the heatwaves have increased over years
with more construction of building, infrastructure and urbanisation that cause increase in
mortality rate and death within the society (Paterson, Godsmark, (2020)). It has also contributed
in learning about intervention that could be used to cope with heat waves so that individual can
have good lifestyle ahead. Likewise, the Heatwave Plan for England (HWP) is representing the
steps or action that will be taken by government or organisation in England before and after
severe heat.
The study has helped in understanding that there are several risks that need to be
addressed, and challenges need to be integrate perspective of vulnerable group. At the same time
the distribution of heat waves across different religion is not uniform and tend to cluster with
high income and resources. Furthermore, it has been learned that ignore of issue of heat in public
and occupational health policy has resulted in increasing the risk of health of population that is
living in Ireland. It has also recommended that the government in order to protect the
population of Ireland being suffering from negative impact of heat waves. Needs to increase
awareness of impact of heatwaves on health of population so that they can take protective steps
to save life of individual. Hence, it has been suggested that government of Irish must focus on
adapting “health and climate change in all policies” that has lead to overcome the impact of heat
on health.
Moreover, it can be interpreted through study that there three countries that are most
exposed to heat waves such as Greater London, Greater Manchester and the West Midlands. Due
to the cold and heat waves, the risk of Year lost of life and mortality is largely similar. However,
the percentage of total YYL to heat and cold were lower as compared to mortality in Greater
29

London and Manchester. But through urban adaptation measures heat related mortality can be
reduced, for example: improved architectural, urban design and urban greening (Katherine
Arbuthnotta and et.al., (2020)). Hence, it can be summarised that integrated steps taken for
research and policy development lead in providing maximum benefits to people living within the
society.
The study has been directly linked to the aim and objectives, such as first and foremost it
has find out factor that contribute in increasing heat or temperature within the society. Such as
human contribution of making of more building, infrastructure, cutting down of trees that lead in
increasing overall temperature. Likewise, with urbanisation and development of industries,
society is facing many issue related to increase in heat that lead in adverse impact on health and
well-being of individual. Furthermore, it has been extracted that air from upper level of
atmosphere is pulled to ground where it can easily compress and lead in increasing overall
temperature. High pressure system lead in preventing cloud from being entering into the region
thereby making region warmer. In additional to this, the second objectives of dissertation is
being achieved as main reason of heatwave is find out that it more urbanisation, industrialisation
that lead in increasing overall pollutants. Hence, the more pollution has lead in increasing
heatwave and adverse impact on individual.
The Third objective has also being achieved as it has helped in understand the main
impact that health waves on human health. Such as Elderly population segment or people that
are older than 65 are most vulnerable to danger of heat as it might also lead in causing death of
number of people within the society. Pregnant women, children, labour and people having less
access to good housing facilities are being more exposed to the heatwaves as compared to others
individual living within the society. At the same time, the study has helped in interpreting that
the heatwave are being unequally distributed in different region of the countries. That is some
countries are facing more heat related issue as compared to other. At last it can be summarized
that there are various alternative method that could be used by government, healthcare
organisation and other to protect society such as generating awareness among people, provide
them safe and secure place to live and many more (SharonCampbella and et.al., (2020) ).

In addition to this, impact of health waves upon human health can be reduced is also
achieved as the study has helped in learning public intervention that could be used to minimise
the impact of health. Since, the largest number of excess deaths and hospital admissions are
taking place because of increase in heatwave, hence government need to make policy for
reducing the heatwave within the society. At last the people that are already suffering from high
chronic diseases, several stroke and hypertension must focus on reducing the heatwave for good
health and well-being of individual. Green roof, healthy environment and drinking more water in
daily routine are some of the steps that can be taken by individual to stay safe and secure or not
being exposed to heat waves. Therefore, it can be concluded that necessary changes in lifestyles
of people can lead in reducing the heatwave and improving the overall health condition of
individual.
There are some of the limitations of the study such as limited availability of time and
resources to complete the study. But the researcher has tried to make optimum use of available
resources and time so that more qualitative information can be extracted pertaining to the set
objectives. Likewise, internet, different database has been used to accumulate and select right
article that have more information in context of impact of heatwave on health of individual.
Furthermore, there was lack of previous search or limited study that has resulted in extracting
more and more information related to the topic (Robert Vautard1 and et.al., (2020)). Despite,
that the researcher through making use of six articles has accumulated facts, information and
detailed pertaining to negative impact of heat waves and the way it can be overcome.
From the above analysis it can be Implicated from finding for research and practice that
scholar must lay efforts on understanding the strategies or intervention that could be used to
protect individual from heatwave. Rather than laying emphasis on negative impact of heatwaves
on health of people. While, in practice, it can be implied that the people must avoid standing in
sun or exposed to external environment as it lead in causing more stress in the mind, increase
chance of cardiorespiratory diseases and many more. Hence, it can be interpreted that necessary
steps must be undertaken to make relevant policy pertaining to precaution of health of individual
from heatwave for better outcome.
31

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