Complication and Consequence of Different Type of Hepatitis Among Adults in United Kingdom

This research dissertation explores the concept, causes, and complications of different types of hepatitis among adults in the United Kingdom. It also discusses interventions to minimize the complications of the disease. The report includes a literature review, research methodology, findings, and recommendations.

GASTROENTEROLOGY

Table of Contents
TOPIC..............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
RESAERCH AIM............................................................................................................................3
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................3
RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................3
PICO STRUCTURE........................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
Concept of different type of hepatitis among adults..............................................................4
Causes and complication of different type of hepatitis among adults....................................5
Ways/intervention to minimise the complication of different type of hepatitis among adults7
RESEARCH METHODLOGY.......................................................................................................9
Research philosophy...............................................................................................................9
Research approach..................................................................................................................9
Research strategy..................................................................................................................10
Research choice....................................................................................................................10
Time horizon........................................................................................................................10
FINDING AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

TOPIC
Complication and consequence of different type of hepatitis among adults in United Kingdom.
INTRODUCTION
Gastroenterology is defined as the medical speciality which is based on study of diagnosis
and treatment of disease or any kind of disorder which is associated with the digestive system. In
this, the major of disorder are affect the oesophagus which is also termed as swallowing of tube.
Moreover, the stomach and small intestine and large intestine which is include colon and
specifically other organ such as liver, rectum, gallbladder or pancreas (Abdel Ghaffar and et. al.,
2019). However, the disease which is affecting the gastrointestinal tract which is include organ
from the mouth to anus. With this, the gastroenterology is usually focus on the disease and
disorder which is related with intestine and further. As per this, there are number of disorder
which is comes under the category of gastroenterology. Moreover, for this report, the selected
disorder is Hepatitis with their different type. As per this, the major causes and complication are
being discussed with the brief account of intervention which is applied in order to prevent the
complication which may create the issue with adults which is selected as the target group for this
disease (Berg and et. al., 2019).
RESAERCH AIM
“To analyse the complication and consequence of different type of hepatitis among adults in
United Kingdom”
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To understand the concept of different type of hepatitis among adults.
 To evaluate the causes and complication of different type of hepatitis among adults.
 To examine the ways/intervention to minimise the complication of different type of
hepatitis among adults.
RESEARCH QUESTION
 What are the concept of different type of hepatitis among adults?
 What are the causes and complication of different type of hepatitis among adults?
 What are the ways/intervention to minimise the complication of different type of hepatitis
among adults?

PICO STRUCTURE
Problem: Number of people face complication with hepatitis
Hepatitis is act as major problem within the adults. As per this, the situation become
critical as per the progression of disease. This is usually act as major problem of this report.
Intervention: Pharmacological intervention include drug and medication with proper regimen.
In this, as per the enhancing disease which is based on gastroenterology disorder need
proper medication and drug therapy to overcome and promote healthy life. As per this, the
people with the issue of hepatitis have number of medication and drug.
Comparison: Some alternative intervention such as healthy diet and many more.
The other alternative of intervention is pre vaccination and so on. This help to reduce the
causes and progressive factor hepatitis which is identified as the gastroenterological disease.
Outcome: Improvement in health of people who is facing hepatitis.
With the help of proper medication and therapy of combination of drug reduce the
complication and provide a quality of health and life among the adults. Adults are majorly facing
this situation because it is usually follow some causes which is performed by adults in majority.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of different type of hepatitis among adults
Hepatitis is a serious infection which is caused by the inflammation of liver by the viruses.
It involves inflammation of the tissue's which make response to irritation or it may involve an
injury that basically results in causing pain and swelling. It is a viral infection that make attacks
on the liver and may causes both acute as well as chronic disease. Hepatitis virus is transmitted
from mother to baby during child birth and delivery (Carnovale and et. al., 2019). It is also
transmitted through the exchange of body fluid or blood during sex with an infected partner. The
exposure to infected equipment’s as well as unsafe injections are also responsible for this
infection transmission. In some cases, these infection becomes chronic which means it lasts for
more than six months. As this chronic hepatitis B infection enhances the risk of liver failure,
liver cancer and cirrhosis, it is a condition that involves permanent scars on the liver. In some
cases, the people who are suffering from hepatitis infection becomes fully recovered even if their
symptoms are very severe (HEPATITIS B SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT, 2021). It involves
five main hepatitis virus that are characterized by the letters such as A to E and are mentioned
below:
Hepatitis A: The Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver which is generally caused by the
hepatitis A virus and it can cause mild to severe health problems. This Hepatitis A virus is
generally spread by the intake of contaminated food and water. It is spread in a person from an
infected person as this disease is closely associated with the contaminated water as well as food,
the low level hygiene, and the poor sanitation (Carrillo-Santisteve and et. al., 2017).
Hepatitis B: This Hepatitis B infection is a major global health issue which causes both chronic
as well as acute disease. It is a viral contamination that attacks liver only. It is generally a life-
threatening infection of liver which is caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It may create
problems that causes chronic infections and also put an individual at greater risk of being fatal
due to liver cancer and cirrhosis. In order to prevent this disease, vaccinations are also available
across nation which is quite safe and effective that provides 98% to 100% protection against this
infection (Hepatitis, 2021).
Hepatitis C: It includes both acute as well as chronic infections. It is also a type of inflammation
of the liver which is generally caused by Hepatitis C virus. This acute and chronic infection that
generally ranging in severity from the mild health issue to having a serious one.

Hepatitis D: It is a type of virus that make impact on global health nearly about 5% to the people
who are having chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus. This virus requires the Hepatitis B virus
for its replication (Eredoro, 2017).
Hepatitis E: This inflammation is generally caused by Hepatitis E virus. This virus is generally
transmitted through contaminated water via faecal-oral route. The Hepatitis E virus contains at
least four genotypes such as genotype 1, genotype 2, genotype 3, genotype 4. These 1 and 2
genotypes mostly found in humans and the remaining 3 and 4 genotypes may circulate in several
animals such as pigs, deer's and so on which do not cause any disease but affects humans
(Nguyen, Barritt and Jhaveri, 2019).
Causes and complication of different type of hepatitis among adults
Hepatitis is generally an infection of liver which is caused by various viruses including
hepatitis A, B, C, D and hepatitis E virus. These conditions may be self-limiting or it may
progress to cirrhosis, fibrosis or a lung cancer. As these hepatitis viruses is very common cause
of hepatitis among people across world. It may include other illness also such as toxic substances
like alcohol or any drug. An autoimmune disease may also lead to cause this hepatitis disease.
The five forms of hepatitis virus are the major concern among global because of its uneven
deaths and illness that may become an outbreak and epidemic spread. The causes and symptoms
of these five forms of viruses are detailed below:
Hepatitis A: This virus is transmitted when a person ingests contaminated food or water which is
infected with the faeces of an infected person that is it is a transmissible disease primarily by
faecal-oral route. It may occur in families when an infected person prepares food for other family
members (Medical Definition of Gastroenterology, 2021). It involves an incubation period which
is usually for 14-28 days. In this, adults have more sign and symptoms than child. Many people
who are suffering from this do not develop symptoms and if symptoms are developed this will
notice under 2-3 weeks after having disease. The symptoms involve in this may include loss of
appetite, diarrhoea, causing pain in upper abdomen, pale faeces and dark urine and so on (Goel
and et. al., 2017).
Hepatitis B: It is a part of hepatitis viruses which make impact on liver. It includes two types of
infections. As this can be transmitted through unprotected sex or through contaminated
instruments. The hepatitis B virus do not cause any symptoms as it may pass in few months
without any treatment. Most of the people do not develop symptoms and if someone develop

symptoms that will be noticed within 2-3 months after having infections. These symptoms may
last up-to 2 months. It includes short term symptoms such as flu consisting tiredness, fever and
body-aches, abdominal pain, dark urine, may suffering from jaundice. People who are having
weak immune system doesn't fight against these viruses and can further develop chronic hepatitis
B. this results in greater risk of liver failure or liver related disease.
Hepatitis C: This spreads through infected blood. It includes chronic symptoms which may last
for years until the virus can damage the liver enough to cause the symptoms such as bleeding,
dark-coloured urine, swelling among legs, weight loss and many more (Hadley and et. al., 2021).
Hepatitis D: It is often called as hepatitis delta virus and causes liver to become inflamed. This
virus causes an impair functions of liver and causes long term problems of liver. It is also do not
develop symptoms and if they do it includes joint pain, vomiting, abdominal pain and many
more. The symptoms of B and D hepatitis are quite similar and it is difficult to determine which
virus is causing disease (Narayanan and et. al., 2019).
Hepatitis E: This infection is found worldwide but it is most commonly occurring in south and
east Asia. It contains typical sign and symptoms of hepatitis which includes anorexia, vomiting,
jaundice, abdominal pain, eyes and skin colour turns to yellow, loss of appetite and many more.
It is often transmitted through poor hygiene, contaminated water. It can also be transmitted
through uncooked meat from infected animals (Hung and et. al., 2018).
Ways/intervention to minimise the complication of different type of hepatitis among adults
As per this, with increasing case of hepatitis it is analyse that this is must prevented in order
to reduce the complication. Moreover, there are some of the ways which is work as treatment or
therapy to reduce the complication (Preventing Hepatitis, A, B & C, 2020). With a particular
aspect. It is also defined that there is no nay permanent cure of hepatitis. However, there are
various kind of hepatitis such as A, B, C, D and E. In this, if the hepatitis is early diagnosed then
it is must prevented and reduce the infection. Moreover, the vaccination is also a cure aspect for
the hepatitis. The vaccine is also called immune globulin. Moreover, the hepatitis B become
chronic they can be also treatment successfully (Kabir and et. al., 2021). The most commonly
drug which is used in such type of case which is helpful to treat the chronic hepatitis are:
 Entecavir which is also called as Baraclude as trade name.
 Telbivudine which called as Tyzeka.
 Tenofovir alafenamide which called as vemildy.

 Interferon alfa-2b which called with trade name of intron A.
 Penginterferon alfa-2a which is called as Pegasys.
As per this, the above medication is usually used for the treatment of hepatitis B. As per this,
it helps to play various role in order to reduce the complication by preventing virus which is
related with hepatitis. Moreover, there are some of other drug and medication which is play
important role in hepatitis C (Muller and et. al., 2021). The drugs and medication are including:
 Simeprevir which is also called Olysio.
 Daclatasvir which come with trade name of Daklinza.
 Sofosbuvir that name with Solvadi, sofusbuvir or velpatasvir name with Epclusa.
Sofusbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir which is called name as Vosevi, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
which is also called with tradename of Harvoni.
 Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir which come with the trade name in market as
Technivie.
 Elbasvir/Grazoprevir which called with name Zepatier.
 Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir which with name of Mavyret.
These is being the new drug which is based on the older drug which is like ribavirin and
piginterferon alfa-2a and 2b. with the help of these medication which can be run for the six
month with the main aim to reduce the complication which can alter the body physiology with
the occurrence of virus (Kabir and et. al., 2021). Moreover, if the condition id chronic with the
aspect of hepatitis D. The doctor or the gastroenterologist provide interferon with drug in order
to react with the combination drug effect. With the majority of mediaction, if the condition is
become critical with adults then as according to their weight and height and preference the drug
has been added to treated the various hepatitis. Moreover, for the treatment of hepatitis E it is
usually include some of aspect such as used to drug which name is peginterferon alfa-2b and
ribavirin. In this, all the drug and their combination effect is effective with the rising or the
chronic condition of hepatitis which is a gastroenterology disorder (Kanik, 2018).
With all there are some of the risk pattern which make the higher chance of having hepatitis
is share needle to take drug, usually the practice which is occur with the unprotected oral or anal
sex (Viral Hepatitis, 2020). Have sex with the number of partner is also a main risk of hepatitis.
Have a poor nutrition and diet is also act as main cause of risk. Drink significant amount of
alcohol. In this, the work in a hospital which is based on nursing home. Receive long term which

is based on the term of kidney dialysis. Moreover, travel to areas which is based in poor
sanitation.
There are number of way which is also applicable to reduce the implication which is arise
due to the viral hepatitis. In this, get the vaccinated for the hepatitis A and B. In this, the use of
condom during the sex (Matarazzo and et. al., 2017). Do not share the needle to take some the
drug. Practice of the good personal hygiene such as through which is based on hand washing
with the soap and with water. Do not try to use infected person personal item. Take some of the
precaution when getting tattoos or body piercing. In this, the major of precaution is being taken
as per the analysis of travelled to area of the world with the improper and poor sanitation, before
this all get vaccinated to reduce the risk and this only drive by adults and they have higher
chance of risk. In order to minimise the complication, it is act as essential approach for the adults
in order to prevent the spread of hepatitis. In this, there are several of vaccine which is associated
with the hepatitis A and hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for the hepatitis C. If the individual is
getting vaccinated with hepatitis B the they automatically vaccinated for the hepatitis D (Lu and
et. al., 2018).
RESEARCH METHODLOGY
Research philosophy
In this, research philosophy is defined as the set of beliefs which is majorly concern about
the nature of reality which has been investigated. Moreover, the research philosophy is always
differing from the goal of research and with this, the type of research philosophy is help to
develop knowledge. However, with contrast to this topic the philosophy is about learning and
gaining new concept which is explorative and informative.
Ontology: Specifically, it shows the study which is less or more about the reality. It helps to
explore about the nature of reality. Ontology basically clear the difference between reality and
their outcome which is based on perceived reality. With this selected topic, it states the topic is
completely based on reality which show compassion of world issue which is faced and deal with
population (Patel and et. al., 2021).
Epistemology: It define the scientific study which reflect to find the information which can prove
the research without doubt. Hepatitis is a disease which is face by number of population with
different age group. This is acceptable and address the fact with the use of Delphi method.

Axiology: A research has number of valuable aspect and opinion which create impact in the
collection and analysis of research. With the selected topic, with the help to axiology, the opinion
on the gastroenterology has been understand by the view point of people while carrying out this
research.
Research approach
There is two approach which is followed while conducting or research. One is deductive
approach and another one is inductive approach.
The deductive approach: The deductive approach usually formulates the hypothesis which is
based in the pre-existing theory which is usually formulate the research approach which has been
tested. Moreover, the deductive approach in this topic is to considered particularly show the
approach which is based on intervention that is positivist approach.
The inductive approach: The inductive approach is defined as the development of theory rather
than choosing or adopting pre-existing. In this, for the selected topic, some of the intervention
are being develop while analysing causes and complication, in this, suggested medication is also
act as aspect which is based on inductive behaviour of approach which is collaboratively
followed (Shi and et. al., 2020).
Research strategy
With this, the qualitative research method is followed and secondary research is used
which help to show the non-numerical data and the data is collected from the website, web link
and so on. The research strategy is usually describing which is based on the intend that carry out
with work. As per this, the strategy which is followed and show the various number of different
approach such as research action, case study, interview and systematic literature review.
Moreover, some the aspect that is related with experimental define the strategy of creating the
process which examine an experiment against the expected result, with aspect of PICO the
identified issue is determined and with appropriate intervention with alternative intervention.
Moreover, there are other assembled case study which is rectified with proper measurement.
Research choice
This help to know the that the whether the research is qualitative and quantitative method
of mixed. As per this, there are some of the method such as mono method, it state that the it
requires one type of information which is qualitative or quantitative method. The limitation is

that there is no combination is taken. With the mixed method, they have both the qualitative and
quantitative method are used. In this research the mixed method is used and major of data is in
the form of qualitative and some of the data is in quantitative (Teo and Lok, 2021).
Time horizon
The time horizon which help to elaborate the completion of project is two types time
horizon. In this, the cross sectional and longitudinal. Moreover, the cross sectional include which
is already established in which is data is collected. Moreover, the longitudinal time horizon for
the data collection which is show that the extended period and this is act as most important factor
which is examine and done as per the change over time (Wong and et. al., 2018).
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
On the basis of current study, it has been find out that the Gastroenterology is basically
termed to the medical speciality in the field of diagnosis and treatment of the disease that are
associated and related with the digestive system. Further, it has been observed that the major
disorder under the gastroenterology comprises of the disorder that tend to affect the oesophagus
that is also known as the swallowing of tube along with this, these issues and complications are
related with the stomach and small intestine and large intestine which is include colon and
specifically other organ such as liver, rectum, gallbladder or pancreas. Beside this, the current
study provides the results and findings about the concept of different type of hepatitis among
adults that tend to comprises of the three most common types of the hepatitis i.e. hepatitis A, B
and C (Chen and Sung, 2021). It has been evaluated and find out during the current study that all
the form and types of the hepatitis are infection caused by virus that can lead to the life
threatening complication within the body of the human being. Along with this, it has been also
analysed and reviewed that each type of the hepatitis tends to have a different characteristic
along with vital transmission that tend to happen in different ways. Further, a discussion about
the main issues and complication lead out the various forms of hepatitis has been also provided
by the current study that tend to include the Cirrhosis of the Liver which us basically a form of
extensive fibrosis is that is called cirrhosis. Along with the, Cancer of the Liver is also find out as
the main complication of cirrhosis and hepatitis in human body along with the issue of Liver
Failure, Glomerulonephritis, Cryoglobulinemia, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Portal Hypertension
and Porphyria.

Further, a finding and discussion about the causes and complication of different type of
hepatitis among adults has been also reviewed and provided by the current study that reflects the
Hepatitis A is basically an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. Along
with this, it has been also seen and observed that the virus of the hepatitis A (HAV) is
transmitted through the ingestion of the contaminated food or water along with through having
the direct contact with some infectious person. Thus, the risk of hepatitis A infection is tend to
associated with a lack of safe water and poor sanitation and hygiene (such as contaminated and
dirty hands). Further, it has been also discussed that the Hepatitis B is very serious for of liver
infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that increase the risk of developing liver
failure along with the issue of liver cancer and cirrhosis that can permanently scars the liver
(Naggie and Lok, 2021). Along with this, a finding about the symptoms of the Hepatitis B is also
discussed within current study that comprise of the Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Fever, Joint
pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Weakness and fatigue, Yellowing of your skin and
the whites of your eyes (jaundice).
Finally, the current study also provides the discussion about the ways/intervention to
minimise the complication of different type of hepatitis among adults which comprises of the
safe and effective vaccine to prevent hepatitis. Along with this, it has been also disused and find
out that Entecavir which is also called as Baraclude as trade name, Telbivudine which called as
Tyzeka, Tenofovir alafenamide which called as vemildy, Interferon alfa-2b which called with
trade name of intron A and Penginterferon alfa-2a which is called as Pegasys are the main drugs
that are used for the treatment the chronic hepatitis.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
On the basis of the current investigation, a summarisation can be made that the findings of
the current study are vital and effective in meeting the set objectives as it facilitates and ensures a
better understanding about the concept of different type of hepatitis among adults together with
its causes and complication. A conclusion can be made that the Hepatitis A, B and C are the
three most common forms and types of the hepatitis that are found in adults. Further, a
conclusion about the fact that virus is the main cause of the hepatitis along the secondary results
of various habits such as drugs, toxins and alcohol along with the ingestion of the contaminated
food or water (Anderson and et. al, 2021). Along with this, a summarisation has been also made
that the concept of the hepatitis disease basically comprises of the inflammation of the liver

along with the condition of the self-limiting the progress of fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver
cancer. Finally, a conclusion about the ways/intervention to minimise the complication of
different type of hepatitis among adults which effectively meets the set objective of the current
study through presenting information about the various drugs that that are helpful to treat
hepatitis.
With respect to the findings of current study, it has been find out that the hepatitis has
become a vital disease in adults that is causing serious issues and complication in liver and in
some cases also leads to death of the patients. Thus, adoption of effective measures such as
maintaining good personal hygiene like regular washing of hands along with not sharing the
needles while taking drugs and medicines are some of the common recommendations. Further,
getting fully vaccinated in advance and along with avoiding the contact with the blood and
bodily fluids has been also suggested and recommended to overcome and mitigate the chances of
getting infected by the hepatitis virus. Further, having proper treatment and therapy to reduce the
complications of the hepatitis is also recommended along with ensuring the timely diagnosis of
the type of hepatises to reduce the complication of the infection. Further, taking of the proper
drugs and medication that includes Entecavir (Baraclude as trade name), Telbivudine (Tyzeka),
Tenofovir alafenamide (vemildy), Interferon alfa-2b (intron A) and Penginterferon alfa-2a
(Pegasys) along with Simeprevir which is also called Olysio and Daclatasvir which come with
trade name of Daklinza is also recommended and suggested to have timely cure and prevention
of the hepatitis.

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