Tourism, Heritage and Culture

This assignment delves into the multifaceted connections between tourism, heritage, and culture. Students are tasked with analyzing provided academic sources that examine various aspects of this relationship, including the impact of tourism on cultural landscapes, the role of heritage in shaping tourist experiences, and the political and economic dimensions of cultural tourism. The aim is to critically evaluate these perspectives and understand the complex interplay between these forces.

Heritage and Culture
Tourism

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 The growth and development of the heritage and cultural industry.................................1
1.2 Assessing the potential conflicts which will occur during the process of conserving the
natural and heritage places using the case study of Lhasa, Tibet...........................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different customers4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 The Impact of types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites.....5
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of different organization.........................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Role of interpretation........................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Countries are enriched with number of resources which enable them to improve their
economic situation and bring development in number of aspects. Government, legislative bodies
and other organization adopt different methods to attract tourist from around the Globe and
showcase their offerings. In the recent times, culture and heritage tourism has been evolved to
the great extent. Since the inception of tourism in informal manner to the current time when there
are planned trips and tours, domain has been widened to the great extent. Earlier culture and
heritage tourism was limited to the informal movement of group of people to religious and holy
places but at present, a systematic and planned approach is adopted by the organization to
capture the attention of people of natives as well as people from cross border and distant places.
Report is prepared to elucidate different dimensions of culture and heritage tourism such as its
growth and development, working of different organizations and their engagement of different
countries such as UK and Tibet.
TASK 1
1.1 The growth and development of the heritage and cultural industry
The heritage and cultural tourism is a branch of tourism mainly emphasizing the factors
like living culture, art, history, natural resources and ethical premise of a place. This branch of
tourism is quite a new phenomenon still its routes can be traced back in the ancient times of
human history (Al-hagla, 2010). In the ancient times of UK tangible and intangible culture,
natural resources and heritage resulted in framing today's contemporary world growing cultural
heritage industry. In the 1900's in order to facilitate better growth and development of the sector
various international bodies were incorporated and documents were proposed. Some of them
were Athens Charter 1931, Roerich Pact 1935, International Institute for Conservation, Hague
Convention for the Protection of Cultural property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Adams and
Mulligan, 2012).
By the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in UK new trends
emerged in the cultural and heritage industry. Some modern characteristic elements attributed the
need for valuing the traditional cultural heritage an immense importance. The tourists
represented a higher educational background (Booyens, 2010). Majority of tourist’s interest
shifted to heritage and cultural tourism in comparison of some other branches of tourism. As a
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result the vast majority of cities, towns, villages and settled landscapes of UK start developing
their concerned areas in the form of heritage importance. The local authorities laid emphasis on
development of successful and effective heritage communications strategies and policies. They
started providing a variety of tools, including an outline structure for training workshops,
communicating heritage values to visitors so that a memorable tourist experience could be
attained.
Later, the cultural tourism of UK came into existence as a chief regulator of culture and
arts to attract more and more visitors. It became lifeline for overall tourism sector and tracked
enormous growth in the tourism sector (Carreira and Kagan, 2011). In the context of the same,
there became two categories of cities where cultural tourism became primary objective of
tourism policy. Among them the first one is 'declining cities' such as Glasgow, Liverpool and
Birmingham in the UK. Here the aim is to attract new investment and to generate physical and
environmental renewal through service industries' expansion. The other major category of cities
is 'cultural capitals' such as London and Edinburgh. These are major cultural cities and need
heavy investment in cultural infrastructure. The industry started offering high opportunities for
growth in the economy as compared to other industrial sectors. The consequence was growing
number of employment. Also, it gave recognition to the culture and heritage, protection of the
monuments and sculptures, regard the communities their esteem, understand its values to build
strong relationships. It defined the elements of our inherited past that we value, presentation of
true stories of the past and present. Nowadays, in UK much emphasis is led to determine the
management policies and procedure to intensify the culture of this industry. Various aspects are
studied and researched to embark a cultural heritage project (Chhabra, 2010). The areas of
significance such as historical, social, aesthetic and scientific serve as key features to work.
Since, 2010 tourism has been the fastest growing sector in the UK's economy in
employment terms. Britain is forecast to have a tourism industry worth over £257 billion by
2025. The studies predict an annual growth rate of 3.8% till 2025 significantly faster than the
overall UK economy in comparison with construction, retail and manufacturing sectors.
According to UNWTO figures UK ranked 8th in the International tourist arrival league and 9th in
the international tourism earning league.
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1.2 Assessing the potential conflicts which will occur during the process of conserving the
natural and heritage places using the case study of Lhasa, Tibet
As per the given case scenario or case study of Tibet, it has been determined that there
are various conflicts which occur at the time of conserving the natural and heritage places of the
country (Cloonan, 2013). Tibet is highly famous for tourist destinations due to its natural beauty.
It is the major factor for which government of trying to preserve all their natural resources of
country so that they can enhance their country’s tourism.
The capital of Tibet, Lhasa is facing several issues and conflicts in between inhabitants of
Lhasa and Chinese government (Dahles, 2013). It has been determined from the given scenario
that Chinese government has taken the decision to open some new hotels. Due to this, they have
signed a contract with InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). It is the one of the most famous
brands within the hotel industries and customers are highly attracted towards it due to its high
service quality. It is the best step they can every take to overcome with the existing issues. In this
concern, at the time of signing this contract government has faced several issues from the side of
local people (Daskon and Binns, 2010).
On the other hand, government is also taking some steps for renovating the heritage
monuments of the country. For this, government has selected old town district such as Jokhang
Temple and Barkhor etc. In these places various renovation operations are taking place so that
heritage sites can be preserved by proper maintenance. Where the government is taking all the
possible initiatives for preserving natural sites, citizens are complaining that all their projects will
lead to hamper or hinder the historical heritage of city.
There have been London based free campaigns which boycott these developments after
saying that it marginalizes the importance of heritage Tibet. However, the interference of citizens
highly demotivate the government as there steps are not taken in a very serious manner. As per
the mentioned scenario the presented plan of government will play a very crucial role in terms of
resolving the unemployment related condition of the country. Due to this, it is quite essential to
resolve all the conflicts and maintain the potential of Lhasa and Tibet as well (Flew, 2011).
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TASK 2
2.1 Purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different customers
Resources available in a country and the ability to exploit them properly enable a country
to accrue lucrative results. All resources are utilized for different purpose. Each have their
considerable purpose of its use. Realizing the need to utilize every available resource,
government and other bodies function in a structured way. These organizations by scrutinizing
the growth possibility and opportunity make effort so that it can be used to get the maximum
benefit. In the recent time along with the development of other resources, heritage and cultural
tourism management has acquired a prominent place as an opportunity to increase the number of
visitors in nation. Culture and heritage sites are exploited for various purposes such as increasing
attractions, research and development, learning, entertainment and recreation. Two such
organization which is utilized for multidimensional purposes are British Museum and Natural
history museum (Ghimire, 2013). Recreation and entertainment: One of the foremost reason for which these places of
cultural and heritage are visited are for the entertainment and recreation. These places are
great source of pleasure, they give many reasons to create memories. Counted among the
top preferences for the place to visit, government and other national, international bodies
organize events and programs at this place to help people in exploring them. Research and development: One of the important reason, these places are for the
research and development. Since then evolution and various segments of human history
has been unexplored. To uncover the mystery of human history and other various aspects,
research and development is conducted. Many scientists and researcher conduct
investigations and exploration to know the facts behind evolution and up-gradation. As
these places are the centers of many artifacts, it helps these expertises to know many facts
(Grivetti and Shapiro, 2011). Learning: One section that has been the frequent visitors of these places are the students
and educational group. This section visits many places in the aspiration and the
acquisition of wide range of knowledge and information in different fields. At present
time educational institutes such as colleges, schools and other professional institutes are
focusing more on the enhancement of practical knowledge. These places enable the
student to have the personal experience through personal interactions and visits. As
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known, visual and auditory methods are the most effective method of learning, educators
and teachers have emphasized on organizing more such trips and tours. Realizing the
facts and requirements, tourism management caters to develop these places with sincere
efforts so that they are utilized as much as possible (Macdonald, 2011). British Museum: British museum is located in Bloomsbury, London. One of the
prestigious tourist place in UK is dedicated to the human history. It encompasses all the
segments of work related to human such as art and culture and its history. It is not
confined to any nation, it comprises the work from human belonging to every corner of
globe. Segmented into different departments of work, it has been the epitome of all the
things available under one roof. Established in 1753, has undergone various stages of
evolution. Center of 8 million works, British museum is recognized for the
comprehensive existence (Larkham, 2012). Stuffed with the belongings of every place
such as Greece, Asia, Ancient Egypt, Middle East, Rome, it has been the center of
scientific research and place for conservation. Center of around 50000 drawings and over
2 million prints, place has the significant importance to explore the uncovered facts and
information.
 National History Museum: National history Museum in London is the center of vast
range of specimens from various segments of natural history. Five fundamental areas of
these specimens are Botany, entomology, mineralogy, paleontology and zoology. It is the
center of specializing taxonomy, identification and conservation. Including other
specimens, it has been the center of some crucial and important pieces of human history
such as the specimens collected by Charles Darwin.
TASK 3
3.1 The Impact of types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites
The exclusive right conferred by lawful claim and subject to certain restrictions to
possess, rent, sell, destroy an item or property denotes ownership. It can be corporeal or
incorporeal depends on the subject matter (Macleod and Carrier, 2010). Here in, the impact of
various types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites are described:
The public sector undertakings are owned, governed and managed by the government.
The UK government plays a keen role in growth and development of cultural and heritage sector.
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As they work upon plans and strategies focusing on maintenance, marketing and research and
development for the historical and cultural. The works related to maintenance and renovation of
buildings, monuments, museums, libraries and archives are actively performed the government.
Also, keeping focus on research and development works of these pictorial monuments and
community heritage. The institutions suitable to address these features are-Science Museums
London and Heritage Lottery Fund. Science Museum is one of the major tourist attractions for
the streets of London. It also provides its journal for the research and development purpose.
Whereas, Heritage Lottery Funds provide a range of grant and fund programs that allow full
breadth to expand in the UK heritage (Marsden, 2010). They make sure that the heritages the
people care about are looked by them for the future aspect. As well as they are introducing new
initiative's and changes in the existing programs to maintain high standards and act as a
responsive and collaborative f under.
Another type of ownership to conduct plans and programs to enhance the cultural and
heritage sector of the UK economy-they are private corporations. The corporate bodies like
Trailfinders and British tours run on the principle of profit-making, with limited liability and a
wide variety of shareholders to invest (Moore and Whelan, 2012). These private undertakings
focus on how the available cultural and heritage sector can increase their treasury. For the
purpose they hire professionals and historians of the respective fields and explore new ideas too.
Talking about Trailfinders, it is a travel company having 27 travel centers in the UK. The
company offers unbeatable and exceptional services on tailor made itineraries worldwide. Yet
another relevant private corporation is British Tours which inhibits and manages tours planning
for the tourists in London for day shifts and even for the night outings. It works on the concept
of 'Tourists London Tour Guide' including London Sightseeing Tour steeped into the museums,
overnight castles and Stonehenge at Dawn. The private sector thus not only makes handful
amount of profits but also provide assistance and cooperation to the government undertakings.
Non profit organizations complete the chain of affecting the management of heritage and
cultural industry (Pratt, 2010). These corporations are formed to carry out a charitable, literary,
educational, religious and scientific purpose. They raise its funds by soliciting public and private
money grants and donations from individuals and companies. The efforts of NGO's like
NADFAS and Visit Britain contributes to the economy by campaigning the heritage and cultural
background of the UK. NADFAS, a national organization supports local decorative and Fine
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Arts Societies while, Visit Britain, the British tourist authority is responsible for promotion and
development of tourists activities.
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of different organization
Cultural and heritage sites of a country are the important assets of any country. They play
the significant role in the development of various sectors. These sites and places are utilized for
many purposes hence it is exploited with special care and preferences. Many organizations
function for the purpose of safeguarding cultural and heritage sites. This includes government,
privately owned companies, charitable organization and trust and many others (Robertson,
2012). Their aim is to preserve these sites for all the reasons of utilization such as education and
learning, research and development, recreational purposes and many more. They function to
preserve and conserve them for present and future generation, increasing awareness about the
place and initiate the research and development in order to uncover the unexplored facts. Two of
such organization working for the purpose is English Heritage and Heritage lottery Fund (Shin,
2012). English Heritage: Proceeding the English heritage government agency, it is registered
charity that looks after the national heritage collection. Its basic purpose is to look after
the historical monuments of the nation. It is linked to the 400 English historical buildings.
This non departmental government body aims to preserve the 5000 years old history for
the present and future generation (Sims, 2010). It is managed by the trustee board in
which all the strategic decisions are taken. In this team there are members who scrutinize
the needs and requirements and undertake all the components of process such as the
preservation and conservation, funding, management, conducting programs and
campaigning and other related. Their purpose is to conduct the frequent analysis of the
situation of monuments and historical places so that renovation can be made on time
before the damage and destruction occur. These organizations initiate the preservation
through campaigning and conducting educational workshops that explains the
significance of these organizations and institutes. Linked to the number of heritage sites it
also improves the ways to attract the visitors in the country. Funding is done by many
sources such as from Government is the prime source. Apart from this there are private
organizations that helps and asset in the maintenance of these such as British Tours and
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Trail-finders. They along with earning profits also give contribution to nation by
preserving these valuable sites.
 Heritage Lottery Fund: This organization was established in 1993 with the aim to gather
fund for the execution of different steps. The organization has been working in the area to
collect the funds from different sources so that cultural and heritage organization can be
preserved. These findings are received from the conventional sources such government,
private bodies, charitable organizations and other related and also other means. Other
means include the methods such as by conducting workshops, programs, dramas and
plays, various events through the sponsoring of volunteers and members (Smith and
Waterton, 2013). This provides help to this organization in helping out significantly.
Further, the policies and financial allotments by government and also other organization
working in this area are linked to it. Organization attached to it is National Heritage
memorial Fund,
TASK 4
4.1 Role of interpretation
Prestigious and prominent places are visited by the large stream of visitors every day. To
make them know about the facts and information of places and sites, a medium is very essential.
So that it helps the visitors to understand about the place and its significance. In the recent times,
significance of places has been extended to the large extent and has become very difficult to
explain or interpret it in effective manner (Street, 2014). With advancement in technology and
evolution of new techniques, the methods of interpretation have been changing in the very
considerable manner. The effective and innovative interpretation plays a vital role in providing
the memorable experience to the visitors. For this purpose a separate section and team, works in
every organization that has the prime focus on making the experience of visitors very good at
every respect and the purpose of their visit is fulfilled in all respect such as entertainment,
learning, exploration and other (Wang and Bramwell, 2012). Adopting different approaches at
different places, interpretations are intended to made effective. There is the considerable amount
of relevance with respect to the place and site.
Prior to the visit of that place
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Many people aim to explore the place and site before visiting the place in actual sense.
For that purpose various methods of interpretations has been adopted. The fundamental method
of the interpretation adopted by any organization or nation is the different forms of media such as
print media, Television, radio, internet and many more. Information about the place and site is
printed in the form of pamphlets and advertisements and published in newspapers and magazines
which provide the complete information about the place and it also gives the details of the events
conducted over there. On TV's advertisements are telecast about the different segments of
cultural and heritage sites in a very attractive manner. It helps to attract the large number of
people around the globe and help them to explore the opportunities they can avail at their places.
Radio and other audio medium also play vital role in interpreting about the place. Most important
element of interpretation these days is the internet. Official websites are created by the
organization and the governments in which the features, events, present ways to explore are
presented (Waterton and Watson, 2010). Along with this future events and programs are also
detailed on websites and other medium on internet so that larger number of people knows about
the place. In recent times new method is adopted due to the advancement of technology in
information and communication. Facility of virtual tour is available on the websites. With the
help of websites people can have the experience of visiting the place before going there. This
method has been proved the very effectual method to attract the visitors from around the globe.
At cultural and heritage destination:
At the place of culture and heritage, interpretations are done in different forms. In the
mentioned places of visit British Tourism and National History museum, people from the corners
of different countries visits as it is the center of the information and facts about the human
history (yu, 2010). Having the evidences of natural history, prints and drawings in many
segments attract people to explore it. Keeping this mind, all the mediums of interactions are
presented in different languages used around the globe, having special emphasis on the English,
French, Spanish and German. Published material: As British museum and National History Museums are segmented
into different departments, to give the information about the various parts of institution,
visitors are provided the printed material having all the information in it. It is published in
every language mentioned above (Zhao, 2011).
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 Interactive technology: Interactive technology is used by the organization and institutes
to direct the visitors to proceed further. This method has been used to guide them and
also entertain them in the form of music and other audio effects. Various electronic
instruments are placed at different section that helps visitors to explore the place and
direct them. These instruments are controlled from the controlled room under the
supervision of expertise and specialists. Drama and role play: In order to convey the significance of place and its historical
development along with the time-line, efficient artist from different section of the world
present the content in the form of drama and play. This presentation portrays the story in
different recognized form of arts such as dancing, play, drama or any other effectual
method (Cultural Sites. 2016).
 Guides: Along with the electronic and high tech medium, various guides and appointed at
the places such as historical sites. They help them to explore the place by providing them
information and facts about it. Such personal interactions help them to improving their
experiences.
CONCLUSION
Present report has been prepared to elucidate the changing scenario of the cultural and
heritage tourism management. Growth and development of the industry is explained with the
different stages of development since its inception from the informal tours and trips to the
present time structured and planned tours. Through the present study it can be inferred that
culture and heritage tourism has been evolved in the significant manner inculcating i8nto it the
innovative methods such as effective ways of interpretations and many others.
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