Turkey's Heritage Tourism: Role of Knowledge Management

This assignment delves into the role of knowledge management in promoting Turkey as a heritage tourism destination. Drawing from works like Ashworth & Larkham (2013), Dahles (2013), Jimura (2011), and Timothy (2011), among others, students are expected to analyze how effective communication and understanding of cultural heritage can enhance tourist experiences and contribute to local communities. The assignment requires a critical review of literature, application of relevant theories, and the use of case studies like Ogimachi in Japan or Mutianyu Great Wall in China for practical insights.

Heritage & Cultural
Tourism Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1a (1). Definition and importance of heritage and culture.....................................................1
1a (2). Diagram showing the three areas of heritage..............................................................3
1a. (3) Examples of different locations..................................................................................4
1b. How and why the heritage sector has grown....................................................................4
1c. Potential conflicts ............................................................................................................5
TASK2.............................................................................................................................................7
2a. Purpose and importance of different types of heritage sites.............................................7
2b. Different type of customers..............................................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3a. Evaluate three different type of ownerships.....................................................................8
3b. Provide details................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4. a Give details of different types of sites which makes the visit a memorable experience11
4. b Methods and media used at the British Museum...........................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Tourism is considered as fastest growing business all over the world. There are different
types of travellers who visit with their different purposes and motives. Such motives includes
visit with motive of educational purpose, fun and recreation, gathering meaningful experience
through visiting historical sites as well as business purpose. This study is based on the heritage
and cultural management of different tourism industry of the UK.
It is important to understand the relationship of development and growth of business with
the tourism industry and the main attraction that attracts the tourists to visit therefore it has been
discussed here in brief. The roles and responsibilities public as well as private organisation
should need to be clearly defined in order to develop and maintained these heritage and cultural
sites (Alberti, and Giusti, 2012). Increasing in the number of tourist's helps in increasing earning
and revenue from this sector which indirectly helps in improve the GDP of UK as well as
increase the standard of living.
The cultural and heritage sites are preserved by the government with a motive to provide
information and knowledge about their glorious history as well as culture. The tourist come with
a motive of getting benefit from these sites therefore responsible authority should need to give
proper benefit to the tourist so that they showing their willingness to come to visit and get
maximum satisfaction.
TASK 1
1a (1). Definition and importance of heritage and culture
Heritage: Properties (buildings) that are filled with inheritance can be known as
Heritage. It is something which is inherited from the past and maintained for future generation in
order to attract large number of people. On the other hand, it is important part that has some
worth or value in the society where it is located. They are physical assets that significantly aids
in increasing the economic growth.
It's importance: It plays an important role in developing the society and contribute
significantly in GDP and employment factor of any nation.
On the other hand, Heritage sites are those sites where history was created. The legacy
comes and the people need to remember them through these heritage sites (Alvarez and Korzay,
2011). The government of a country should need to preserves those heritages to let the people to
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now about the history and pride. Culture heritage refers to those heritage sites that explains and
provide details about the culture of a society as well in some other case it also define as the
culture of whole nation. Some organisation forecast in 2006 that in 2020 the number of
international visitors in tourist industry will reach from 842 to 2.56 billion. In this section, the
development of heritage and cultural industry within travel and tourist industry has been
discussed.
Culture: It is concept that involve social behaviour or rules that are applicable in the
society. It has broader scope that contains dance, art, customs, rituals, music, dance etc. It
includes knowledge, beliefs, art, customers and other capabilities which is acquired by humans
as members of society. It refers to masterpieces of artistic and historic value which is maintained
over time.
It's importance: Culture of any nation aids in promoting the tourism sector as well as
provide addition in developing regional sector. On the other hand, attracts large number of
customers to visit at such places through which they can contribute more to the economy of UK.
Albert museum and sculpture and monuments etc. are such cultural and heritage example which
brings more attention from public to visit at such places.
Along with this, Culture and heritage tourism in UK covers different attractive venues
and natural views such as Frontiers of the Roman empire, Blaenavon Industrial landscape, royal
botanical gardens etc. Most of the heritage sites are man-made but on the side there are also
some heritage sites that are natural such as wildlife, natural landscape, woodland, national parks,
and many more. The growth and development of heritage and cultural industry are depend on
the following: Attractive: There are many heritage sites which looks more attractive such as Frontiers of
Roman Empire which is known as forts of modern Germany (Ashworth and Larkham,
2013). Blaenavon Industrial Landscape which includes public buildings, quarries, railway
and workers' house is also another attractive industrial based sites. Proper training is
required to their employees in terms of development of skills that helps them in
interacting with the tourists. Natural: There are natural heritage sites attracts the visitors which helps in contributing
the tourism industry. Such natural sites are Henderson island and Gough and inaccessible
islands, national parks, forests, wildlife etc.
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 Constructed heritage environment: The main attraction for the tourist that attracts the
level of interest of the tourists includes museums, historic buildings, artefacts,
archaeological sites, transport, sculpture and monuments and many more. This plays a
key role in developing the tourism industry.
 Cultural industry: The main attraction that increase the large number of visitors in
cultural industry includes different regional and national costume such as song, dance,
myth, legend, folk fire etc. which attracts large number of customers.
Therefore organising different events and programs in UK helps in attaining large
number of visitors which indirectly helps in increasing the business operations and profitability
of the tourism business (Ashworth and Page, 2011). Henceforth, in order to develop cultural and
heritage in travel and tourism industry a united effort need to be required and should need to
combined with regional goals. It is also must to the tourism business to divide the tourists
according to their motive of travelling.
1a (2). Diagram showing the three areas of heritage
There are ample number of constructed, cultural and natural locations are present in all
over United Kingdom and in all over world as well and some of them are mentioned beneath:
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 Welwyn Garden City (Constructed)
 Blenheim Palace (Heritage)
 Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast (Natural)
1a. (3) Examples of different locations
Natural: Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast are being considered as an example
which is related to natural heritage. It has been located that tourist who love adventurous places
comes under this section.
Heritage: Blenheim Palace can be stated as an example under this and are famous
monument of United Kingdom which is located near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, UK. It was built
in the year of 1720 and was principal residential under this was Dukes of Marlborough.
Constructed: Under New Towns Act 1946, it has been located that government has took
an initiative which has helped this country in raising economy of this country. Welwyn Garden
City can be stated as a good example under this component.
1b. How and why the heritage sector has grown
While considering today's tourism and development sector. It has been find out that
heritage is contributing majorly in growth of the economy. There are some reasons that assists in
accomplishing this growth and success. Some are discussed below:
 Accessibility: This component has major role in growing heritage industry. It involve
whether people are able to approach that destination or not. If there is proper system of
accessibility heritage sector will grow significantly. For instance, forests or mountainous
regions are now in the reach for tourist which were consider difficult locations. This
element has helped many business people in doing their business under travel and
tourism sub section.
 Transportation factor: It is directly linked with accessibility component. Proper
transportation facilities allow maximum number of tourists to visit that location. There
are several mode of transportation like airways, roadways, railways, waterways. For
example: airways facility is available to move from one country to another without any
hindrances. It is related with all those aspects those are provided in the manner to attract
tourist. Such as by providing cab facilitate to receive tourists from hotel to destination.
Improving border crossing infrastructure is especially helpful in considering
requirements of travellers with having physical limitation. Government played an
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important role and has helped many business organisation of travel and tourism
organisation in raising their business through building up many strategies through which
visitors and others can easily move from one place to another.
 Media: Media plays crucial role in promoting that heritage sites or location. This results
in attracting huge number of customers of various locations. Number of social sites like
Facebook, Instagram aids in delivering messages to the final public. These are one the
crucial aspects that are increasing interest of tourism sector. They are contributing total
of 80% as total tourism incomes. Whereas, 25% of income are incur from media. The
role of media is to put emerging destination and analyse positive relationships among
tourism and media which is more complex. Social media such as Facebook, twitter and
other booking sites.
 Tourist desire: It is mainly associated with the demand of tourists from the Hotel
company or event tourism company. These are suitable only to deliver superior quality
in term of accommodation.
1c. Potential conflicts
Various study have concluded that heritage and culture put great emphasis on tourism
sector. It is essential to preserve these key areas effective and efficiently. There are several
potential conflicts that may raise which are mentioned below:
 Local Authorities: There are certain rights that have to be followed by the institution
that has to be consider their prime responsibility. Role of government is more crucial for
planning their economical development of organisation resources. The assists that with
the increase in maximum tourist in the country can increase revenue as well as helps in
attaining economies of scale.
 Local communities: It is the prime motive to find out the role of society that has to be
played in order to fulfil final mission or vision. It is vital to analyse participation of
society with applying wide range of opportunities to increase effectiveness of tourism
sectors. To mobilise its ability as social role model rather than as passive subjects in order
to make valuable decision in order to control every activity those are been performed by
an tourism sectors.
 Environmental groups: There are numerous environmental groups that directly focus on
conserving various factors that are working there. They are contributing directly to the
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conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Contribution to government incomes by
collecting specific parks or conservation location.
Such conflicts includes: Misinterpretation of physical attributes: Providing wrong information about different
physical attributes like intangible aspects as well contemporary cultural expressions lead
to narrow concept and create misunderstanding about the cultural heritage. Equal treatment in respect of gender and geographic coverage: The authority has
responsible to prevent the practices that discriminate the tourist according to the their
gender and geographic areas. It is must for tourist business to respect the tourists
irrespective of the fact that whether the visitors has male or female. Absence of consulting about the objectives: If the host community focuses on consulting
their objectives and implementing strategic policies and interpretation of the historical
sites then it help in finding out the potential shortcomings of the tourism business so that
the they can bring effective solution in order to achieve its objectives (Loulanski and
Loulanski, 2011). Lack of new technology and innovation: Lack of advanced technologies and improper
training to their staff adversely affect the tourism development. It is necessary to
implement certain policies and strategies in order to provide them sufficient proper
training and knowledge so that their employees will able to know about use of advanced
technologies in effective and efficient manner.
 Poor planning and land use: There should be conflict arises between the tourism project
and the conservation of cultural heritage therefore it is necessary to identify that conflict
and need to be minimized otherwise it cause poor planning and use of different sites.
Along with this conflicts, there are some other factors such as uneven distribution and
movement of people form one place to another place of country which causes pressure on
cultural and heritage sites. Therefore it is necessary for the tourism industry to identify the
problems and provide solutions before the situation become worse. People working in the
tourism industry are focusing on the ideas which attract and attain large number of tourists
without thinking about the consequence that may occur due to their ideas which indirectly affects
negatively on the growth and development of tourist and heritage industry (Newby, 2013). In
order to attaining large number of customers the chances of harmful activity maximises which
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damage the culture and heritage environment. Increasing consumption and wasting of resource
would effect the economic growth of the tourist.
TASK2
2a. Purpose and importance of different types of heritage sites
These heritage locations consists of number of importance that are located in the number
of places. They play very crucial role and importance. They are broadly classified into natural,
constructed, and cultural.
 Natural: These include all natural beauty that is present in the economy. It draws interest
of many visitors to look at these places. For example: Ironbridge Gorge, Durham castle,
Maritime Greenwich. Its main purpose is to promote beauty of that particular area or
location and hence, they help in growing the economy.
 Constructed: These are intentionally build by any party or organisation so that people can
draw their interests. For example: Tower Of London, The English Lake District, Studley
Royal park. They focus on providing information that can be used to encourage heritage
of that location.
 Cultural: There are several heritage sites that basically promote culture of that particular
location or area. Example may include Westminster Abbey, Chatsworth House, Brighton
etc. These can be specially focus on promoting culture of that place so that there is
increment in the revenues and outcomes. Science museum, UK: This site is the most
visited science and technology museum in UK which attract large number of customers.
There are more than 15,000 purposes on exhibit with world renowned articles for
example the Apollo 10 directive shell and Stephenson's rocket.
 Indigenous heritage: This type of heritage sites is much related to natural one which is
enclosed with various sites that are related to rock art, carved trees, places with known as
spiritual values. On the other hand, most of these are filled with various ethnic and
regional groups as well.
2b. Different type of customers
There are several visitors that come from different locations and come to visit particular
heritage locations. They can include foreign tourists, college students, researchers, school parties
and other agencies. On the other hand, all of these different sites that are of heritage are filled
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with many satisfactions which needs to be considered in an appropriate sense Some are discussed
below: School students: There are children that are studying in different classes that come and
visit different heritage locations. They come to collect information on that particular
place. Researchers: There are several researcher that approach particular heritage locations to
study on various aspects. They examine various areas of their interests and make report
accordingly.
 School parties: There are numerous events that are being conducted at several heritage
locations. Hence, this assist in gaining information regarding that specific place.
TASK 3
3a. Evaluate three different type of ownerships
Heritage and culture sites can be owned by different institutions that can be privately or
government owned. These bodies make efforts to protect these locations so that it can be retained
for longer period of time. The data presented depicts that there have been incoming wealth of
nearly 22.072 billion dollars in the United Kingdom (Newby, 2013). However there is large sum
of money which is received by the owners of the these cultural and heritage sites as they
constitute as main attraction for a nation. The ownership is described to as the institution who
looks after the maintenance of these sites and avails revenue received for the same. Basically,
there are three important parties that are illustrated below:
 Private ownership: According to this type of ownership, particular private body control
the heritage sites. There is least interference of government on their framed rules or
regulations. They have their own separate agencies that mainly exist for earning revenue
or profits. As the name suggests these are the heritage and cultural sites which are owned
privately by individuals. The government carries little interference in the functioning of
the business (Loulanski and Loulanski, 2011). The revenue received by the people
visiting this heritage sites goes into the pocket of owner and can be used to pay-off his
personal expenses with the income. For instance: The Blenheim Palace is a best example
of privately owned heritage sites in United Kingdom. It is the most visited heritage sites
in the country. The ownership of this site lies with the Dukes of Marlborough and
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currently looked after by Spencer-Churchill (12th Duke of Marlborough). The palace,
parks, and garden are visited by tourist frequently. The charges for the same are around
20 euros. The place is available for cinema shooting and for special occasions.
 Public Ownership: This type of ownership lie completely with the government sector.
There is no role on private agencies. They are responsible of promoting, and working for
it so that more and more customers can be attracted. Most of the cultural and heritage
sites are taken into consideration by the government. The government looks after the
maintenance and revenue received from the same. The amount received is used to
improve the condition or appearance of these cultural and heritage sites (Timothy, 2011).
The emphasis is on providing chances to view and learn form these sites and nominal
rates are charged to avail the same. The government have formed separate exclusive
measures which takes up the initiative to improve the heritage sites in the country.
 Charitable trusts: These establishments are very much different from above two
discussed institutions. They earn their revenues from grants, donations that are rendered
by many people who believe in performing social welfare activities. This is known as one
of the crucial aspects for tourism sectors. This types of ownerships consists of non-profit
organisation that can be operating as charitable trust and get funds from subscription,
donations and grants (Wang and Bramwell, 2012). The trust can be formed after the
consent of the government and party that carries any ownership (If any). The government
of the United Nations have formed English Heritage Trust which looks after management
of heritage collection of a nation. This trust encompasses over 400 tourist attractions with
in nation. The National trust and other youth Hotel association that are operating as
voluntary organisation in travel and tourism sector (Jimura, 2011). This autonomous
body received 80 million as a charity from the government to preserve national heritage
of the country.
These above mentioned are the major types of ownership in the domain of protection and
preservation of heritage and cultural sites in the country. The ownership plays a vital role in
promoting travel and tourism in a nation. The ownership decides the extent to which efforts are
made to preserve and protect the heritage of the country (Zhu, 2012).. As mentioned the tourism
sector in the UK is significant carries a huge impact on the GDP of the country. Not only on the
country it helps in facilitating better standard of income to people in this sector.
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3b. Provide details National trust: It is constituted with an aim of conserving the historic places that are
located in various locations. They have some special powers to control land that has been
sold or mortgaged. They receive revenues from entrance fees paid by customers,
membership subscriptions etc. It is charitable trust working in this regard. World Wide Fund For Nature: It is a charitable trust that work on no profit no loss
concept. Its basic aim is to conserve number of projects that are running for protecting
environment. It focus on several conditions that include controlling climatic changes,
endangered species, sustainable protection of resources and many more. UNESCO: It is a specialized organisation that is established to bring security, order,
peace in various places that are under control. They focus on number of areas that put
attention on culture aspects of any location. Heritage Lottery Fund: This agency takes funds from number of sources that assist in
developing particular project that is running currently. Their main motive is to remove
barriers so that equal opportunities can be preserved.
 Museums: They are establishments that attract large population of public to know about
distinct aspects that attracts the interest of huge population. Hence it helps in advancing
number of characteristics in the society. Foundations: There are several foundations that are set up in reference to boost culture
and heritage locations effective and efficiently.
 WWF: World wild life's mission is to preserve all the nature related problems and then to
cut down all the threats that are putting impact on life of Earth.
The National Trust: It is the another trusty which is also willing of protecting and
preserving beauty, different arts, furniture, historic buildings and pictures. National trust is that
organisation which is dedicated to safeguard cultural heritage of specific geographic region
(Dahles, 2013). Even if the focus of the trust may vary by different geographic region , the main
aim of the organisation is to assure the protection of significant items of past times and to
preserve natural beauty areas. The trust is a private organisation and generally operates on non
profit basis. It is located in England and functions as charitable organisation. The trust also
shows interest in protecting the life of animal and plants.
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English heritage: There are about 400 sites in United Kingdom which generated huge
revenue and contributed maximum in growth of GDP. According to the the Ancient Monument
Act of the 1993, the government should have right to control over building and place of
historical importance.
Roles and responsibilities:
 Managing change in the historic environment: It is important to suggest the management
to develop changes in the historic environment so that they can easily attract large
number of customers.
 Awareness of the importance of conservation: It is the responsibility of management and
government to communicate people about conservation of historic building whit a motive
of creating employment opportunities and growth of business.
TASK 4
4. a Give details of different types of sites which makes the visit a memorable experience
Tourists require complete information of the places where they will going to visit. Every
heritage destination have their own personal sites that delivers useful content regarding that
place. There are three stages on which interpretation is necessary which is discussed below:
 Before Arrival time: At this time tourist visitors get pulled with the helps of some images,
posts that gets attracted towards the location so that they can visit frequently.
 At the Arrival time: At this time, visitors are physically present at the places hence some
posters, brochures are required to be moved. This aids in providing relevant information
and details to maximum number of clients.
 After the visit time: In order to retain memories of the places in the form of images,
pictures, any attractive items. Customers are given these materials so that they can able to
collect memories of that particular place.
4. b Methods and media used at the British Museum
In order to interpret the information to visitors, given methods and media are used:
Exhibition: Conduction of exhibition on different time interval which helps in providing
related to different artefacts to the visitors (Alberti and Giusti, 2012) Therefore digital display
and prototype of actual articles should need to used to get interpretation.
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Events: Events such as eye-openers tours, gallery talks are conducted on daily basis and
around the world in 90 minutes and numerous others through which professionals done
demonstration of articles.
Guide: In the museum every room guides ranging from 1 in number of 5 which helps in
sharing information to the visitors. And questions answer round are also held to boost the
interpretation level.
Children: More and more children can be attracted with the use of more graphics,
pictures or images as they can get easily attracted towards it. These can be used differently for
various age groups. This results in attracting them and leads to generation of revenues.
Foreign Visitors: This type of tourists can be attracted with the help of various audio guides that
supply details of that area or location. This helps in communicating useful information to the
customers of their interests.
The main objective of providing interpretation is to offering comfortable experience to
visitors so that they understand the importance of these sites clearly (Ashworth and Larkham,
20130). These heritage and cultural sites has employed different methods which helps in
interpreting and improving the visitor's experience in the form of art, drama, sign and labels etc.
During Christmas, there are large number of customer who arrives for the purpose of shopping
relating to the occasion. In order to solve the criminal mystery of museum people have digital
video which has been display of the main content relating to criminal scene. Therefore
considering all facts and figures in films and popular sites helps museum to gain publicity in
front of visitors which enabling them to understand the fact and values very well.
Example – for children, more graphics and pictures in leaflet and books.
ANS: Children's are attracted by more graphical representation therefore it can be a more
effective way to reach children, various pictures can be pasted to attract visitors who are
children's and are below a specific age. Various leaflet and books should contain more colourful
pictures so that they can be attracted.
Example – for foreign visitors translations of books and audio guides.
ANS: Foreign visitors can be attracted through Various audio guides in which proper details
regrading the destination. These can be a very good source of media to communicate with
foreign visitors as it helps in reaching them more effectively and easily. Translation of books in
their own language is another way to communicate with foreign visitors.
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CONCLUSION
With the help of this report it can be concluded that Heritage and culture tourism plays an
important role in attracting and attaining large number of customers. It has become a major
source of earning revenue which utilizes in maintaining and development of heritage and culture
sites. The large number of people come around the world in order to get information and
knowledge about the historic values, attributes, ethical norms and cultural dialects and they
become dissatisfied and demotivated if they do not found these in their original form. Therefore
public and private organisation who are active in UK should need to formulate and implement
actions in order to enhance and improve the heritage resources so that they can build the repeated
customers all over the world through which they can earn huge revenues and earnings which
helps in maintaining and developing these sites in order to attract more customers across
worldwide and should also need to utilize this incomes for the welfare of the country. The public
and private organisation should also need to formulate and implement marketing strategies in
order to promote these heritage and cultural sites so that maximum number of people are
attracted towards these heritage sites. The main focus of the employees working there is to meet
the needs and requirements of tourist according to their objectives so as to maximise the level of
satisfaction of their customers which helps them in getting repeated customers. It also required to
the private and public organisation to maintain the historic monuments which are in the same
natural form from last thousand of years so as to maintain the value of that historic place in the
eyes of tourist. If any technological or scientific modification is done into the old architects and
building it will lead to the loss in the value of that place or building which also decreases level of
satisfaction of their tourists.
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REFERENCES
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Dahles, H., 2013. Tourism, heritage and national culture in Java: Dilemmas of a local
community. Routledge.
Jimura, T., 2011. The impact of world heritage site designation on local communities–A case
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