Management Accounting Research and Analysis

This assignment requires in-depth research and analysis of various management accounting topics, including the balanced scorecard, environmental management accounting adoption, contingency-based management accounting research, enterprise resource planning systems, and more. Students are expected to critically evaluate and discuss different management accounting concepts, techniques, and strategies, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject matter.

Higher Nationals
Higher National Diploma in Business
Student Name Georgiana Aura Pavel ID HE0799
2
Unit Number and Title Unit 5 – Management Accounting
Academic Year 2019/2020 Cohort Sept 19 Term Block 3
Unit Leader Alfred Agyeman Assess
or
Joseph Olaniyan
Assignment Title Management Accounting Concepts and Techniques
in Decision Making
Issue Date 09/03/2020
Submission Start Date
(Formative)
27/04/2020
Submission Summative 08/05/2020
IV Name Seethalakshmy Nagarajan
IV Date 25/02/2020
Learners Declaration: I certify that the work submitted for this unit is my own
and the research sources are fully acknowledged.
Learners Name: Georgiana Aura Pavel
Date:23.05.2020
1

2
Please copy the above and insert into your assignment’s front page.
Academic Misconduct:
Any act of Academic Misconduct will be seriously dealt with according to the College’s
and awarding bodies’ regulations.
Academic misconduct includes, but is not limited to, the following: Verbatim (word
for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement, cutting and pasting from the
Internet without clear acknowledgement, collusion, inaccurate citation and failure to
acknowledge assistance.
Plagiarism is presenting someone’s work as your own. It includes copying information
directly from the web or books without referencing the material; submitting joint
coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing
coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work.
Suspected plagiarism, and any other cases of suspected academic misconduct, will
be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the
College procedure. (For further details please refer to 5o.i the Academic Misconduct
Policy and Procedure; 5o.ii Academic Misconduct Student Guide; Academic Good
Practice Handbook, all available on HELP.)

UNIT 5
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
STUDENT NAME: GERGIANA AURA PAVEL
3

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
LO1: Discuss the MAS....................................................................................................................3
P1: Types of management accounting......................................................................................3
P2: Methods of management reporting...................................................................................4
Benefits ofmanagementaccounting for the business...............................................................5
Evaluation of management reportingand accounting............................................................5
LO2: Steps of management accounting...........................................................................................5
P3: Analysis of price techniques for statement of income......................................................5
Statementof income under costing marginal and costing of absorption when there is production
but no sales of Cream Ltd. The data are given below:-...............................................................5
Application of management accounting for reporting for financial.....................................9
Discuss the finance report of business activities....................................................................10
LO3: Tools for management accounting.......................................................................................10
P4: Advantages and disadvantages of planning tools...........................................................10
Analysis of tools and application on budgets.........................................................................11
LO4: Respond to financial problems.............................................................................................12
P5: Management responding to financial problems.............................................................12
Organisation sustainable success............................................................................................13
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
Reference list.................................................................................................................................16
4

Introduction
In this study on accounting management of Cream ltd. the process of accounting management is
being elaborated. The requirement of different types of management accounting systems in
Cream ltd. is going to be explained. The discussion explains the management accounting system
and their application in the organisation. It also focuses on the accounting management system
and management accounting reporting. The study is based on understanding the integration with
the organisational processes. The study is on the understanding of management accounting
technique, calculation of the cost to prepare statement of income using absorption and cost of
marginal. The comparison will be done on organisation adaption to the management accounting
system to revert to issues of finance.
Discuss the MAS
Types of management accounting
The accounting process of Cream Ltd consists of management accounting and accounting of
cost which means analysing the cost of business and the operations to draw up reports of
finance internally, the account which the managers used, records which assists making of
decision process in attaining the organisational goals (van Helden et al. 2016). Different
types of MAS are:
1. Inventory system of accounting which facilitates stock placement in the company. This
system is vital to track the stocks in different locations and managing the supply network
effectively. It is present in all location to plan the production process and stock related
issues.
2. The cost accounting system is utilized to check stock manufacturing activities and for
recording inventories. This system is used by the top-level positions to track the stages of
inventory from manufacturing to finished product.
3. Job system costing is used to analyse the amount incurred in a product manufactured
with involvement in the business. This system is vital for industry construction and
mention to assigning a cost to the individual project of construction at the company.
5

4. Price system for optimisation is used to change the price in accordance with customer
willingness to pay. The company focuses on price optimizing critically as the need to sell
where the product can be easily purchased at given prices whether it is B2B or B2C.
Price optimizing system facilitates selling of a product in such price that company profits
goals are maintained and customer experience is also enhanced.
Methods of management reporting
Different types of methods used in management reporting like
Budgets are related to financial documents in cost allocations are mentioned for future
goals. The financial documents represent income and expenses of Cream ltd. The budget
is basically associated with forecasting the costs in present. Budgets consist of all
expenses like Direct overhead, labour expenses, and purchase of materials.
Variance analysis is used by the company to accumulate the cost involved and what was
estimated and look out for the difference and taking corrective measures for improving
the difference (Ittner et al. 2017). Cost estimation is done by the company for allocating
cost as per the requirement. Sometimes cost estimated exceeds the cost in that case
managers’ needs to check the reason and correct that accordingly.
Cost reports state that the determination of price in accordance with management
accounting. Labour cost, overhead cost, product cost all is taken into contemplation.
Total items are divided by the product cost for the calculation of the entire cost. This cost
report helps the manager to check the cost of the product and selling product price
(Owusu et al. 2016). This cost report assists in managing the plans of manager and limit
of incomes.
Execution reports are used to analyse the data of disbursing the plans with estimated
sums. After making the plan analysis is being done on the whole data. The performance
report is analysed each year, or some company does that quarterly. This data is utilized to
get prepared for the forthcoming call on production and changes (Ioppolo et al. 2019).
These reports are summarized by the accountants of the company and utilized
accordingly. Order place reports are made to place an order and to check whether the
6

order placed is enough or not. The business reports are made for making an alternative to
present and upcoming situation of the business in a company.
Benefits of management accounting for the business
The management accounting system in Cream Ltd is beneficial in terms of increasing efficiency
of the company. Inventory system of accounting helps the company to manage the supply chain
of the product from manufacturing to the finished product (Lugli et al. 2017). The cost
accounting systems assist the business in tracking the product amount in each level of
production. The job costing systems helps in allocating the cost to a project which is involved in
the business. The price optimization system assists the business in optimizing the product price.
The customer willingness to pay needs to match with the product price. This system helps in
optimizing the cost in the way in which company profits are not hampered.
Evaluation of management reporting and accounting
The management accounting systems and management reporting accounting is integrated within
or business processes as management accounting provides information regarding quantitative
and qualitative on financial and operational production (Ferdous et al. 2019).The management
accounting is associated with the creditors and assets of the business while management
accounting system is enclosed with operational planning and controlling for successful support.
Management accounting facilitates the planning of money and controlling it. Management
accounting system helps the business to use the internal factors like price and quality of product
efficiently to deploy the best customer service.
Steps of management accounting
Analysis of price techniques for statement of income
Statement of income under costing marginal and costing of absorption when there is production
but no sales of Cream Ltd. The data are given below: -
Here in the table cost as per marginal accounting is taken.
7

Unit cost as per marginal
costing
Januar
y
Februar
y
Direct Material £5.00 £5.00
Direct Labour £3.00 £3.00
Variable Manufacturing
Overhead £2.00 £2.00
Total unit cost £10.00 £ 10.00
Figure 1: marginal costing
(Source: created by author)
Unit cost as per Absorption costing January February
Direct Material £5.00 £5.00
Direct Labor £3.00 £3.00
Variable Manufacturing Overhead £2.00 £2.00
Fixed Manufacturing Overhead £4.00 £4.00
Total unit cost £14.00 £14.00
8

Figure 2: Absorption costing
(Source: created by author)
Income statement as per Marginal costing January February
Sales 250000 125000
Less: cost of goods sold
opening stock 0 0
Add: production 100000 100000
Less: closing stock 0 50000
Contribution margin
£
120,000.00
£
45,000.00
less: Operating expenses
Variable Selling Overhead
£
30,000.00
£
30,000.00
Fixed Selling and Administrative Overhead
£
30,000.00
£
30,000.00
Fixed Manufacturing Overhead
£
40,000.00
£
40,000.00
Net Loss
£
50,000.00
-£
25,000.00
Figure 3: statement of income: costing for marginal
(Source: created by author)
Income statement as per Absorption
costing
Januar
y
Februar
y
Sales 250000 125000
Less: cost of goods sold
opening stock 0 0
Add: production 140000 140000
Less: closing stock 0 70000
Gross profit 110000 55000
9

less: Operating expenses
Variable Selling Overhead 30000 30000
Fixed Selling and Administrative
Overhead 30000 30000
Net Loss 50000 -5000
Figure 4: statement of income: costing for absorption
(Source: created by author)
Material variance Budgeted Actual Variance
Favourable/
Unfavourable
Material cost variance 40000 42900 2900 Unfavourable
Material usage variance 20000 22000 2000 Unfavourable
Material price variance 10000 20900 10900 Unfavourable
Labour variance Budgeted Actual Variance
Favourable/
Unfavourable
Labour cost variance 15000 17,680 -2,680 Unfavourable
Labour rate variance 15 16.07 400 Unfavourable
Laboureffeciency variance 1000 1100 100 Favourable
Figure 5: variance of material &variance of labour
(Source: generated by author)
Material cost variance shows unfavourable result due to increase of 2900 in actual in comparison
to budget. The material usage variance shows unfavourable result due to increase of 2000 in
actual in comparison to budget. The material price variance shows unfavourable result due to
decrease in price by 900. The labour cost variance shows the unfavourable result actual is in
negative by -2680. The labour rate variance shows the unfavourable result as the actual rate is
negative by -1180. The labour efficiency variance shows favourable results actual efficiency
exceeds the budgeted one.
10

Application of management accounting for reporting for financial
The steps used by management accounting to produce appropriate financial reporting documents
are:-
Financial planning assists in making powerful financial planning which helps in meeting
organisation objectives (Sepasi et al. 2019). This tool technique is stated as the best
technique to achieve organisational objectives.
Statement of financial analysis helps in analysing the two important report of the
organisation that is the profit and loss and profit and balance sheet (Sepasi et al. 2019).
Henceforth this technique assistance can be known as growth of Creams Ltd. This
examination is done through ratio survey, common size statement and financial statements.
Cost accounting states the information related to product-wise, process-wise, department
wise and branch wise. The information of cost is compared with the pre-agreed one.
Fund flow analysis helps n tracking the fund flow from one period to another. The difference
between both the periods is ascertained while tracking. This analysis helps in checking
thoroughly funds are utilized properly or not in the given period.
Standard costing is termed as a predetermined cost. It provides a standard to compute the
performance. It is used to discover diversions if there is any.
Marginal costing steps are used to ascertain the price of selling, choosing the better sales
mix, using the scanty resources, and assisting in buying decision. This technique is built on a
variable cost, fixed cost, and contribution.
The budgetary control technique is associated with meeting future financial demands. It
helps in managing the financial perform in the business concern.
Revaluation accounting technique helps to revalue the assets of the company according to
requirement. It assists the company in ascertaining the capital employed.
Discuss the finance report of business activities
The financial reports like income statement, balance sheet, statement of stock holder’s equity,
cash flow statement and statement of comprehensive reports which play an vital step in making
decision, strategy making, success accomplishment and failure estimation in Cream Ltd. The
financial report helps in interpreting the range of the data by applying accuracy in financial
11

transparency by showing the correct amount in the report of finance of the business. The tax
liability of the company should be correct in accordance with financial report no flaws should
exist (Cooper et al. 2017). The balance sheet of the business contains the assets and liability of
the organisation which help the business activities to work effectively using the assets of the
company properly. The statement of income of the business is a yardstick to measure the success
of the business workings for a specific period of time. The report of cash flow of the
businessstates the flow of fund inside the company and outside the company. It also states the
cash flows of the business activities outside and the speculations in a given period of time. The
statement cash flow is the most important financial report as it shows the flow of cash by which
the investors ascertain the state of the company.
Tools for management accounting
Advantages and disadvantages of planning tools
The positives and negatives of different types of tools of planning used for control of budgets are
Budget is a report which is prepared in each period which is presented by top position in
which allocation of funds is mentioned. The Advantages of the budget are it helps in the
bond building between all the departments of the Cream Ltd. It converts the strategy into
activity. It sates the revenue and expenses requirement for carrying out a plan. It provides
documentation of the activities which are going on in the organisation (Rikhardsson et al.
2018). The disadvantages of the budget are budget is followed rigidly which affects the
motivation of employees and which results in ineffective production. The rigid budget
structure will mitigate the innovation of ideas in the company.
Operational budgets: They are termed to be the plan of finances which is equipped with the
ability for meeting the obligations of debts along with sustainability over longer terms for the
company. In front of Creams Ltd., it can be sated advantageous through letting it know how
they are spending their money along with the area of cash management. However, use of
such tools can be disadvantages for the company also. Creams Ltd. is likely to face
inaccuracies within the financial budget which is likely to change on a frequent basis (Ittner
et al. 2017). In another direction, it can also be disadvantageous to Creams Ltd. through
12

inaccurate projections that can ruin their abilities for meeting their financial obligations. The
cost volume profit analysis works on a period of time after that the data will be reckless.
Cash budget: Cash budget is yet another type of planning tool which can be used by Creams
Ltd. for their budget management. In light of this, the prime advantages of using such
criterion are termed to be advantageous through producing quick determination of the
amount of cash which would be enough for meeting the obligations. Use of financial position
such as present financial health can be another advantageous. However, it can be concluded
that it would be creating theft dangers followed by limiting spending powers. The
disadvantage is a company list the price of the product on their assumption which is not
necessarily effective for the consumer which will lead to a decrease in sales.
Analysis of tools and application on budgets
The analysis of different types of tools usage and their application on preparing the budget and
forecasting are Budgeting comes after the plan of Cream Ltd being made now the time comes
when there is a need for allocation of funds. Budget preparation is important to forecast the
future demand for funds in different activities (Owusu et al. 2016). The budgets help in finance
controlling, funding of plan strategies, decision-related to finance in an effective manner,
planning for the difficulties arisen in the strategy, plans measurement in accordance with future
needs. Budget is prepared in a long duration of time as it is going to apply in for all activities in
the business. The budget is reviewed on a regular basis to make changes as required according to
upcoming activities. An effective budget displays the plan for unforeseen happenings and
spotting the sectors on which cost can be mitigated.
Cash flow forecasting is also a tool for forecasting the business activities in a more efficient way
than budgeting. The cash flow forecasting helps Cream Ltd in pinpointing the crests and trench
in bank finance. It assists in detecting curb in the way growth can be attained. The cash flow
forecasting will help in discovering the requirements of money, cost areas to be reviewed, the
supply period that needs to change (Huang et al. 2019). It pins the business authorities if there
are any cash related issues. The cash flow forecast assists in analysis the business activities
carefully. It defines the ways in which area the cost need to be allocated or need to be cut which
will help the business taking effective steps regarding the problems which will ultimately land on
achieving business goals.
13

Respond to financial problems
Management responding to financial problems
One of the prime uses of MA techniques can be inform of applying benchmarking and KPI;
Benchmarking
Tesco company is the second biggest retail in Europe with a rapidity grow on market. Tesco
understood to avoid financial problems in terms of sales, must choose an incredibly good
location of stores.
Choosing a store location is perceived to be the single most crucial choice a retail company must
make, and accessibility and time restrictions, proximity to facilities, comfort for consumers, vend
ors and employees are a vital aspect of success.
The position can be understood as a influencing the cost of selling and delivery, and the
competition strength can vary because there are strong local rivals in certain areas. Management
can benefit from lower delivery, manufacturing, raw materials ar energy costs and administrative
considerations such as government regulations by enforcing their position in an acceptable
geographical area. (UKEssays. November 2018).
The company Creams works within an environment where the competition is fierce and mainly
sustains to maintain their scales on a higher note. The company is sometimes unaware of the
facts regarding the financial metrics and the required revenues scales to uplift their competitive
advantage (Ferdous et al. 2019). Here application of benchmarking can be termed helpful for the
company for chalking out relevant insights that would be helpful for development of strategies.
On the other hand, Barclays faces the financial issue of inability for judging the competitors
scales which was help them relevant for staying behind their productivity. Use of benchmarking
has helped them to regain their financial position through exampling the metrics and devise the
strength’s through analysing the market insights.
KPI
Creams ltd. is likely to face the problems while measuring their capital proportions which is
retarded after making sales from the goods. In light of this problem, it would be easier for the
14

company to take help of KPI’s for corresponding towards their analysing of gross profit margins.
This would helpful for justifying their company’s financial capabilities and health (Cooper et al.
2017). On the other hand, Barclays is likely to face the issue of inability for responding to their
financial obligations on short term aspects. The KPIs are helpful for the company to sustain their
working module. Use of working KPIs are considered by the company through use of short term
assets business liquidity.
The organisation is adapting to the management accounting system to acknowledge financial
problems (Weetman et al. 2019). Cream Ltd is applying different ways to overcome the financial
problems, for example, benchmarking which is used for measuring the working of the products
of the company. It is associated with comparing the policies, procedures, products and process of
the business to solve the financial problems. Further the company also uses the performance
appraisal technique for analysing the rate of satisfaction. In another direction, it can be analysed
that the apprehension of benchmarking has been applied for managing the financial transitions
The benchmarking procedure includes:
1. Recognition of the opportunity for up-gradation
2. Checking how the competitor is performing in targeted areas.
3. Upgrading the performance related to generating a plan for improvement.
4. Result reviewing and enhancing the areas of improvement.
While on the other hand, Barclays is adopting a cost accounting system which helps in solving
the financial issue of analysis of profits, inventory valuation and controlling the cost (Armitage
et al. 2016). Activity-based accounting is done in the cost accounting system to overcome the
allocation of cost. On the other hand, the company also uses their performance appraisal
technique for managing the retention rate along with ROE of the business. However, it can be
analysed that the Company has been using both internal as well as external benchmarking
procedure to highlight the consequences.
Tesco, one of the largest retails in the world is applying a small philosophy “every little help”
and is putting customers, employees, and communities at the heart of what his doing. Vision,
mission, and dreams interrelate and work forming the company’s image. They play a crucial role
in generating success along with Tesco’s approach. KPI’s vision, mission, values, and strategy
15

are meaningless instruments unless their impact is monitored and assessed. A broad variety of
main performance measures (KPI’s) are also used to measure development of the company.
Tesco Executive Committee evaluate the success of corporate-level plans. All of its lines of
business have ‘stretching goals’ for KPI. KPI’s are related to strategic goals, and performance of
all business units is tracked constantly and submitted to a board of directors monthly. (From
vision, mission, and values to KPIs at Tesco, 2020).
Image Source: www.tescoplc.com
Different functions of Cream Ltd can facilitate different key performance indicators. For
example, the manager of sales is concerned with differences in sales and accumulation while the
16

manager of the production will check on customer stock fulfilment. Business software can be put
in use for calculating the key performance indicator and to show the results of the management
presently with the help of the dashboard which is in their desktop. The management of key
performance indicators is checked by the management which will be corrected if they are not
matching with the presumptions (Samad et al. 2017). While on the other hand, Barclays is
adopting the Inventory management system which assists the company to overcome with making
better inventory decisions which help in solving the financial problems related to inventory.
Organisation sustainable success
In context of monetary related issues, the board bookkeeping can help Cream Ltd and Barclays
to accomplish manageable achievement in various manners. The administration bookkeeping
fundamental goal is to set out for dynamic reason. There are approaches to experience money
related issues like Forecasting the case flows will assist Cream Ltd and Barclays to get
represented with the coming excess in real money or deficit in real money which prompts
settling on a compelling choice in the association. It assists in the planning of taxation, purchase
of new products and loans securing. Forecasting cash flow helps the company for upcoming
business challenges and decision making. This forecasting will help the organizations to use the
funds effectively for example if the organisation is going hire a new employee for their
organisation then this forecasting cash flow will state the benefits if there any related to
particular hiring and how this hiring will help in meeting business objectives (Ferdous et al.
2019).
This forecasting will curb down the additional wastage of money and help to deploy the money
on other areas. Management accounting focuses on decision making for making a sustainable
success of the organisation. Management accounting can help the company by delivering
information which is useful for the process of decision making (Cooper et al. 2017). The data
gathered by the management accounting will help in settling on compelling choices which will
help with meeting practical development in future. This will likewise lead the route for upgrade
in the budgetary exhibition of Cream Ltd and Barclays. Management accounting can be
contemplated as it gives the managers the idea to make sustainable and profitable decisions (Hall
et al. 2016). The dynamic procedure help in organisation sustainability as the dynamic procedure
is related with subunits instead of just in the middle point. Dynamic assumes an indispensable
job in achieving reasonable achievement in Cream Ltd and Barclays.
17

Evaluation of planning tools for the success of the organization
The management accounting tools supports Cream Ltd and Barclays to take care of budgetary
issues which lead to the supportable achievement of the association. The Management
accounting tools aid the age of investor worth and upgrade the money related execution of the
organization (Cooper et al. 2017). There are many tools which are implemented in the
organizations for attaining sustainable success, for example, activity-based costing. This tool
helps in allocating relevant information which assists in decision making. The balanced
scorecard tools help in evaluating the performance of finance, innovation, internal operations,
and learning’s. The balanced scorecard consists of four segments: internal operation, financial,
customers and learning outcomes.
Conclusion
Present study has concluded an understanding of management accounting system and its
application on Cream Ltd. Furthermore, different types of management systems have been
addressed that used by Cream Ltd along with the benefits associated with them. The explanation
is given on the integration of management accounting in context to an organisational process.
Discussion on management techniques has been done to prepare an income statement using
marginal costing and absorption costing. The use of planning tools in management accounting
has been explained with advantages and disadvantages. Analysis has been done on different
planning tools and their application for preparing budgets and forecasts. Comparison of
organizations management accounting and respond to financial problems has been provided. In
context of Cream Ltd and Barclays, this study has concluded financial issues along with the
effective strategies. Discussion on planning tools effectiveness for solving financial problems for
leading sustainable organisation and meeting a success. Detail analysis is provided on the income
statement by producing appropriate reporting documents.
18

Reference list
Journals
Armitage, H.M., Webb, A. and Glynn, J., 2016. The use of management accounting techniques
by small and medium‐sized enterprises: a field study of Canadian and Australian
practice. Accounting Perspectives, 15(1), pp.31-69.
Cooper, D.J., Ezzamel, M. and Qu, S.Q., 2017. Popularizing a management accounting idea: The
case of the balanced scorecard. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(2), pp.991-1025.
Cooper, D.J., Ezzamel, M. and Qu, S.Q., 2017. Popularizing a management accounting idea: The
case of the balanced scorecard. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(2), pp.991-1025.
Ferdous, M.I., Adams, C.A. and Boyce, G., 2019. Institutional drivers of environmental
management accounting adoption in public sector water organisations. Accounting, Auditing &
Accountability Journal.
Ferdous, M.I., Adams, C.A. and Boyce, G., 2019. Institutional drivers of environmental
management accounting adoption in public sector water organisations. Accounting, Auditing &
Accountability Journal.
Hall, M., 2016. Realising the richness of psychology theory in contingency-based management
accounting research. Management Accounting Research, 31, pp.63-74.
Huang, S.Y., Chiu, A.A., Chao, P.C. and Arniati, A., 2019. Critical Success Factors in
Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems for Sustainable
Corporations. Sustainability, 11(23), p.6785.
Ioppolo, G., Cucurachi, S., Salomone, R., Shi, L. and Yigitcanlar, T., 2019. Integrating strategic
environmental assessment and material flow accounting: a novel approach for moving towards
sustainable urban futures. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 24(7), pp.1269-
1284.
Ittner, C.D. and Michels, J., 2017. Risk-based forecasting and planning and management
earnings forecasts. Review of Accounting Studies, 22(3), pp.1005-1047.
Khan, I., Parvin, N. and Sayeeda, N., 2019. Cost Accounting Practices in Bangladesh: A Study
of the Pharmaceutical Sector.
Lugli, E. and Marchini, P.L., 2017. Performance measurement systems and management
accounting in supermarket chain sector: analysis in an Italian complex business entity.
19

Owusu, M., 2016. Budget and budgetary control practices of some selected credit unions within
the Ashanti chapter (Doctoral dissertation).
Performancemagazine.org. 2020. From Vision, Mission And Values To Kpis At Tesco. [online]
Available at: <https://www.performancemagazine.org/from-vision-mission-and-values-to-kpis-
at-tesco/> [Accessed 18 July 2020].
Rikhardsson, P. and Yigitbasioglu, O., 2018. Business intelligence & analytics in management
accounting research: Status and future focus. International Journal of Accounting Information
Systems, 29, pp.37-58.
Samad, M.A., Shu, Y. and Ogar, K., 2017. Value Creation with Lean Accounting.
Sepasi, S. and Sirghani, S., 2019. The Utility of Applying Environmental Management
Accounting Techniques and Prioritizing them Using the AHP method in Companies with ISO
14001 in Iran. International Journal of Finance & Managerial Accounting, 4(13), pp.69-84.
Sridhar, M.S., 2017. Unit-11 Budgeting Techniques. IGNOU.
Tabitha, N. and Oluyinka, I.O., 2016. Cost Accounting Techniques Adopted By Manufacturing
And Service Industry Within The Last Decade. International Journal Of Advances In
Management And Economics, 5(1), pp.48-61.
UKEssays. November 2018. Organizational Profile And Tesco Market Strategy. [online].
Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/organizational-profile-and-tesco-
market-strategy-commerce-essay.php?vref=1 [Accessed 24 July 2020].
Weetman, P., 2019. Financial and management accounting. Pearson UK.
20