Tourism's Impact on Communities

This assignment requires students to critically analyze the multifaceted impacts of tourism on communities. Drawing upon a set of academic articles, students are tasked with examining the social, economic, and environmental consequences of tourism development. The focus is on understanding how tourism influences local communities, considering both positive and negative aspects. The analysis should be supported by evidence from the provided sources and demonstrate a clear understanding of key concepts related to sustainable tourism.

Running Head: TOURISM 1
TOURISM
Name
Institute

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Historical development in travel and tourism...................................................................................3
1.2 Structure of travel and toursim.........................................................................................................5
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Functions of government and government sponsored bodies..........................................................7
2.2 How local and economic policies a influence success of travel and tourism.....................................7
2.3 Implication of political change aon TTM............................................................................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Factors affecting tourism demand.....................................................................................................9
3.2 How supply has changed to meet athe effects of demand..............................................................10
TASK 4........................................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Positive and negative impact on tourism.........................................................................................12
4.2 trategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the positive impacts
...............................................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................16

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INTRODUCTION
Nearly 100,000 people are found to be traveling abroad each hour from around the world.
Nearly 924 million people were reported to have been travelling abroad in 2008. According to
reports, the 3/4th of these tourists were from the most developed countries visiting the naturally
blessed economically doomed beautiful developing countries. The role of international tourists in
such countries is far more significant than the development agencies in these regions. A total of
more than even US$295 was spent per year by the tourists in developing countries during past
few years. This is why tourism has been declared as one of the largest voluntary transfer of funds
and money to the developing countries from the citizens of the developed ones (Ashley,2009).
TASK 1
1.1 Historical development in travel and tourism
With a nearly inexplicably massive infrastructure, tourism is usually perceived as a
global phenomenon. Significance of tourism is illustrated by the fact that its influences have
been penetrating across cultures, politics and society, while keeping economy at the top. Tourism
could be considered as an economical branch operating at global scale going through vigorous
development. During the early 1920’s, a term used for tourism referring to Fremdenverkehr
theory was developed in German language. It was mainly associated with the issues of economy
and business. The theory and notion was then substituted by the ever growing field of tourism
during 1960s. In present age, tourism is the study of multiple disciplines interlinked to each other
by the phenomena of tourism. In the beginning, this area was limited to the consideration of
economic and business aspects, however the cultural and social history were later explored in
association with tourism.

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The history of tourism begins with the history of mankind when many nations with their
armies would travel around the world to invade regions with resources. The traveling and
invading for the sake of control over resources and trading could be perceived as one of the
earliest forms of tourism. The point of simple travel evolving into complex tourism could hardly
be identified in the history. Development of Tourism as industry is estimated to have begun in
the Empire Era that stretches between the Greeks and Egyptians. Common currency and
language was developed by Greek empire in the history which was exploited by Roman empire
to foster the opportunities of tourism for higher class in the society. After the fall of Roman
empire, the roads did not remain protected and dark ages came for tourism known as Middle
ages that contained the time between fifth to fourteenth century. Due to the danger which was
associated with travelling, the tourism nearly vanished during middle ages.
The modern tourism industry is believed to have emerged with the “Grand tour”. A
number of beautiful cities in Europe stated to develop luxurious hotels and services for the guests
from across the world. Practices of tourism went through further development during mobility
era when the traveling to familiar places at near and far off places became a regular practice. The
major development in travelling took place in mobility era due to the introduction of air
travelling and automobiles.
In the beginning of eighteenth century leisure travelling among the population of working
class started as day trips and continued in the nineteenth century. Tourism going through
development in the beginning of twentieth century showed multiple themes and aspects, such as
the emergence of social, economic and political climate surrounding the industry was being
realized. The tales of travelling and tourism essentially reflects the advancements in mankind.
With the advancements of transportation and improvements in technology people started to

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develop quest for new experiences and horizons that nature has to offer in the varying locations
of world in varying ways.
1.2 Structure of travel and toursim
World tourism organization defines tourism as “Tourism comprises the activities of
persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than
one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.”
The sector of tourism constitutes of many desciplines such as travel services,
enetertainment and recreation, beverages and food, accommodation and transportation and
various others. Although a great number of subsectors have been contributing to the tourism
sector inclusively yet it has been estimated that most fifty percent of the sector constitutes of
accommodation, air travel and food services.
In the tourism sector, accommodation accounts for the largest and quickly developing
sector. For every toursist it is the most immediate concern to choose the type of
accomommodation. Recreation is a major area of tourism sector because the tourists keep on
requesting travelling adventure experiences from the local tourism sectors. The type of adventure
could be hard and soft adventures depending on the interests of tourists. Food and beverage is the
second most major discipline of this sector.
There are several areas that constitute this sector including retail, industry associations,
and the government. The national office or ministry dedicated to the tourism sector, aims at
creating positive development of the climate for traveling and tourism with the help of reduction
in the barriers posed by institutions to the tourism.

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In this era of technology, the globalization has vanished the border and distance between
nations. The correspondence and transportation have become less demanding when a comparison
is made between current and previous era. In addition, the basis and formation of the European
Union has made it simple and easy for the population to communicate with each other through
free means (Ellul and Council of Europe, 2000). The development and advancement of the travel
and tourism area has begun by this. Various kinds of the tourism are exist in this contemporary
world, these kinds involving meeting and business, authentic, wellbeing tourism, social, and
tourism for the sake of getting experience. The administration uses different apparatus for
administration and promoting the specific businesses by keeping the final goal in the mind. The
main aim is to seek the attention of visitors to the exceptional business area (Mill and Morrisson,
2002). PR (Public Relations) is the most amazing and crucial device which is used for the
purpose of promotion, characters and exercises. The main aim behind writing this paper is to
investigate the main task and significance of the PR in the field of travel and tourism. PR has to
maintain the relationship between the companies and public. People would get the services of a
travel agency only when there would be healthy relationship and people would know the fact that
they would get best services. Communication also matters a lot in this regard. It is the
responsibility of the PR officers to manage communication and all other essential matters.
TASK 2
2.1 Functions of government and government sponsored bodies
Toursim possess negative as well as positive influences over the economies of host
countries. These impacts may be varying with the structure of tourism sector, or with the ways in
which economies have been interlinked with the sector of torism. The activities that have direct
dealing with tourism such as motels, tour operators, airlines, restaurants ad travelling agents, that

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are leaving direct impact on GDP comes under direct impacts of tourism. The impacts on GDP
that are influencing tourism due to the actions taken by the tourism sector, are referred to as
indirect impacts.
One cannot underestimate the importance of tourism when it comes to the reduction of
poverty. In the past few years, World has started to acknowledge the role of tourism that it can
play in bringing economic prosperity to the countries struggling with their economic and
poverty rates. Accomplishment of better contribution to the reduction of poverty rate in the
tourism industry had been enormous throughout the world. Research community had been
emphasizing on the methods in which tourists and poor countries could benefit from the newly
explored approaches for achieving equity and growth.
2.2 How local and economic policies a influence success of travel and tourism
Nearly 100,000 people are found to be traveling abroad each hour from around the world.
Nearly 924 million people were reported to have been travelling abroad in 2008. According to
reports, the 3/4th of these tourists were from the most developed countries visiting the naturally
blessed economically doomed beautiful developing countries. The role of international tourists in
such countries is far more significant than the development agencies in these regions. A total of
US$295 was spent by the tourists in developing countries during 2007. This is why tourism has
been declared as one of the largest voluntary transfer of funds and money to the developing
countries from the citizens of the developed ones (Ashley,2009).
Despite of the extraordinary outputs of the research conducted on the reduction of
poverty by tourism from geographers, sociologists, anthropologists and economists, there is still
is a huge gap present in the understanding of benefiting implications of these outcomes. There
are multiple numbers of concerns associated with the mainstreaming of the tourism industry as a

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source of reducing poverty in the world. There are some issues with the determination of ways in
which the tourism can benefit the host communities. The definition of poverty and Pro poor
tourism itself in studying the relation between two may prove to be the issue of concern
(Gascón,2015).
2.3 Implication of political change aon TTM
The policies of government have a great deal of influence on the performance of tourism
sector. Government is one of the key player determining the success of tourism sector
performance. The role of government in regulating transportation, communication and its
impacts on the sector of tourism makes it a significant contributor to the fostering of industry.
The estate planning associated with tourism such as development of important tourism
infrastructures, hubs, management of resources, financing and implementation of development
programs illustrates the significance of government’s role in this sector.
Sustainable tourismb ensured by governments is the facilitator of meeting the
requirements of present tourists along with the hosting regions, while ensuring the future
opportunities are well protected and improved.The industry of sustainable tourism is dedicated to
keep the impacts of tourism on local cultures and the environment at a minimum level. The aim
of sustainable tourism is to provide the social and economic benefits of tourism while
minimizing and preventing the non desirable influences on the natural and cultural environment.
TASK 3
3.1 Factors affecting tourism demand
Pro-poor tourism

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With the application of ideas from incremental benefits means that pro poor tourism
could prove to be a type of tourism that enhances the total of benefits to the poor population to
an extent which otherwise was unachievable. There may be some conceptual issues with this
definition, but it still could have the potential to prioritize the policies that could actually
facilitate the lifestyle of poor population and it the term of “pro poor tourism” may end up in
coherence with these policies.
Many of the governments of developing nations have been including the role of tourism
in the policy statements for the reduction of poverty in their countries. Almost eighty percent of
the papers on the strategies for reduction of poverty in Africa involve the referencing of tourism
encouragement (Gerosa, 2003). Despite of the popular belief in tourism that the African
Governments advocates the role of tourism in reducing poverty within documents of policy
making, there still is lack of lack of consideration to the matter in these documents when it
comes to comparison with the traditional preoccupations. Most of the local governments, civil
society organizations and NGOs operating at the local level, use the tourism as a mean of
facilitating the economic growth of the local communities.
By some of the researchers working in the tourism industry, the potential of pro-poor
approach associated with the tourism industry is often perceived to be overestimated as it is
believed that the promised role of tourism is likely to be far from reality. Some of them criticize
the tourism as possessing high “leakages” facilitating only the labors that were skilled. Also
tourism has been serving as an illustration of combination of luxury enjoyed by the rich tourists
when the living conditions of poor’s serving them remained to be substandard. There are a
number of researchers who highlighted the impacts of tourism on the poor by means of cultural
and social impacts where the poor get an idea that they are somehow inferior to the foreigners

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they are serving. These social and cultural concerns pose serious questions on the estimated
economic benefits of the tourism in developing countries. This is why the extent of inclusion of
tourism in the poverty reduction policies must carefully be adopted to accomplish the desired
goals(Slob and Wilde-Ramsing, 2006; Budeanu, 2007).
International agencies
For the promotion and increasing accessibility of sustained tourism, United Nations have
established “United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)” as the central agency of
tourism operating at international level. For structural changes and policy monitoring
“Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development—Tourism Committee” is operating
at international level. Furtthermore, Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation—Tourism Working
Group operates in Asia Pacific region for ensuring development of tourism and “World Travel
and Tourism Council” is another international agency pursuing similar goals.
3.2 How supply has changed to meet athe effects of demand
Demand:
Demand of tourism is a broader term that encompasses the factors dictating the demand
levels, longitudinal features of demand and various types of demands. In tourism, tourists are at
the demanding side. The demands are generated against the destination places to be visited by
them. The magnitude and scaling of these demands varies with seasons and times. The tourists
would demand to experience something beautiful, different and adventurous that will be worth
the money they are spending. So, they would expect the host areas to take care of the services
that they would be needing while conducting their visit and would be willing to pay them
accordingly. There are three types of demands proposed in the research of Buhalis(2008) that
includes actual, latent and suppressed. The tourist population who actually are involving in the

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activities of tourism are those who place actual demands. The people who cannot manage to have
their visit as tourists are those who place the suppressed demands. When the tourist have the
intention to visit yet they have to delay or postpone their visits are those who are related to
deferred demands.
The motivations behind tourists visting spots and their demands may include business
visits, professional engagements, holidays, leisure, recreation, religious undertakings and
adventure.
Supply and demand
Supply:
Supply in tourism involves the provisioning of fundamental elements in the industry by
the destinations and their host governments. Provisioning of such services must span varying
areas of management, promotion and maintenance for the facilities of tourism that visiting
tourists are expecting to pay for. These resources that host governments and industry have to
offer includes workforce, transportation, accommodation, and telecommunication along with the
well maintained natural resources. The basic element of supply in tourism are the environmental
and natural resources that includes water supply, natural resources, beaches, flora and fauna,
terrain, land forms, climate, changed season and air. The environment being built not only
includes the basic infrastructure such as roads and building etc, but also includes facilities that
are dedicated to tourism such as motels, marinas, parks and airports (Goeldener et al,2000).
A geographer is concerned with the locational characteristics of an area to be visited,
hence the recreation of resources for attracting tourism is expected from the host communities
leveraging the benefits of industry.
TASK 4

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4.1 Positive and negative impact on tourism
According to the tourist development theories, the development of the country has a great
impact on attracting the tourist towards their tourist destinations (Sharpley, 2008). If the
economic, political and social conditions of the country would be in its total control, then they
would be able to look at their destinations in a better way and would concentrate on the
improvement of these sites and add more and more things that they think are needed by the
tourists are even the things suggested by the tourists (Faulkner and Tideswell, 1997). There are a
number of examples of the countries who have beautiful and mesmerizing places however, either
the political and social conditions of those countries are not stable due to which tourists fear to
visit those places or the destinations have not been properly managed and looked after by the
concerned authorities of the area due to which they face difficulties while travelling to those
areas and eventually end up quitting that from their travel destinations list (Gilbert and Cooper,
1991). New York is a dominant tourist destination in the United States of America because it is
one of the most important and biggest cities in the state. Moreover, the city is a hub of economic,
social, political and cultural diversity (Hashimoto, Sharpley, and Telfer, 2002). The government
plays great consideration towards the development of the city and there are a number of sites that
attract the tourist (Williams, 2006). The most important among them include The Statue of
Liberty, Central Park, and Empire State Building, Fifth Avenue, Brooklyn Bridge and many
others. In addition to it, there are a number of hotels and temporary residences that can help the
tourist to take some rest from their traveling in affordable rates (Khan, 1997). On the other hand,
some tourist organizations arrange the trips in the way that the receive from the tourists and
accommodate them, become their guide for tourist site visiting, help them in shopping, tell them
about the famous stories of the places and after guiding them throughout their trip see them at the
airport. This thing has attracted more tourists because they do not have to face the difficulty of

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finding the accommodation and heading to the destinations by asking the people and having no
one to tell them about the importance of the place (Laarman and Gregersen, 1996).
According to “World Tourism Organization”, sustainable tourism is an industry that
establishes an appropriate balance between the multiple dimensions of tourism: Socio cultural,
economic and ecological. It plays a significant role in the preserving the biodiversity. It makes an
effort to reduce its effects on the local culture and the natural environment so that they could be
preserved for the future generations. Meanwhile, sustainable tourism makes sure that revenue is
being generated for the host communities, employment opportunities are provided and local
ecosystem is being conserved. By adopting these approaches, it is ensured by sustainable tourism
that vital contribution is offered in the conservation of biodiversity and the positive role of
tourism in enhanced for the local communities. Hence, the efforts are made in reducing the
poverty rate while preserving the environment and cultural diversities of the community as a part
of sustainable development. Moreover, tourism could also be utilized as a tool for raising
awareness among the communities of developing nations and nurture positive behavior for
conserving biodiversity among the number of tourists from around the world.
The industry of sustainable tourism is dedicated to keep the impacts of tourism on local
cultures and the environment at a minimum level. It is desired to make sure that the development
of tourism proves to be positive for the local communities, tourism industries and ecological
system. The UN’s WTO definition of sustainable tourism explains it as the facilitator of meeting
the requirements of present tourists along with the hosting regions, while ensuring the future
opportunities are well protected and improved. It is not a mere category of product, but rather a
discipline of “ethos” in the field of tourism that encompasses the entire range of tourist activities.
It serves as a significant part of entire tourism development rather than serving as a single

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additional component of it. The aim of sustainable tourism is to provide the social and economic
benefits of tourism while minimizing and preventing the non-desirable influences on the natural
and cultural environment. These objectives are accomplished by maintaining a balance between
the requirements of tourists with those of host communities (Ritchie,2003).
Drawing the long term benefits of the practices of tourism is the core value of sustainable
tourism as induces the worry of irreversible social, economical and natural impacts that tourism
may leave.
Potential barriers
For making the use of tourism as a tool to reduce the rate of poverty, there are multiple
barriers that are encountered. These barriers start with the deficiency of government programs
that are aiming at the informal sector of tourism, which could offer a vital role in providing the
services of tourism and possesses sufficient capability of dropping the poverty rate by significant
proportion. In the context of the Asian region, the realization of tourism potential is kept very
low when it comes to the evaluation of the aid agencies’ tourism development. It is a task of
great challenge
Net impact
The impacts of tourism on the poor population could be negative as well as positive. The
three ways in which tourism could have a direct influence on the lives of the poor people may
include: the direct impacts, secondary impacts and dynamic economic impacts. The direct
impacts are experienced by the poor host population in terms of the employment opportunities
being offered, for instance the availability of jobs and business opportunities in providing
services to the tourists. The secondary impacts involve the community getting earnings through

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the supply chains of local industries such as the construction and food industry. The tourists who
are spending their earnings in the local market also come under the secondary impact that
tourism leaves in the reduction of poverty. The dynamic influences of tourism on poverty are
those impacts that local economies experience by means of prices, wages, skill development and
entrepreneurship along with the development of local infrastructure. It is safe to assume that the
impacts of tourism may prove to be negative as well as positive from certain perspectives but the
Pro-poverty tourism approaches only focuses on the positive ones.
4.2 trategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the positive
impacts
Definitions of Pro-poor, poor and tourism
In the language of researchers the terms associated with the title of this paper may be
varying, but practitioners of pro poor tourism and economists may usually utilize the same term
for different meaning. This is why conflicts and contrasts lie between the definitions of pro poor,
poor and tourism in providing an inclusive meaning to the entire system. The definition of
tourism is focused on the part that people traveling to different places than their usual
environment for the sake of leisure or business or any other purpose but for no more than a year.
Although the tourist’s definition is quickly processed and understood by the majority, yet its
practical implementation may prove to be tricky in most of the developing nations where poverty
rate is higher. A similar kind of term “business tourist” is being referred when it comes to
consideration of the local tourists. If, someone goes to a town within the same country for trading
sells something there, then that person would be referred as a migrant and not a tourist. This is
why the implication of definition must be clear enough to be able to differentiate between the
migrant and a tourist.

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The definition of a poor and poverty may not prove to be as simple as it often is
perceived to be. The international poverty benchmark takes into account three aspects. The first
one which is the practical one is virtually absent in the measurements made in all of the tourism
studies. The second problem is the fact that national poverty measure in many countries may be
far below than the international standards, which makes the estimation of tourism impact hard to
determine. Thirdly, the capability of poor individuals to have the liberty of making basic
choices. Tourism may leave impact on these various contributing factors without changing the
direct income of the host population.
Defining the entire “tourism sector” would rather prove to be a more difficult task than
defining the tourist. This is due to the fact that it is economic phenomena that involve the goods
and services encircled by a set of boundaries that are not clear which makes its definition
inherently vague. Most of the researches have summed up the economic aspects of the tourism
merely in terms of the economic factors involved with hotels, transportations and other economic
sub sectors. The economic dimension of tourism obviously involves a lot more than that
(Bakker,2016;Harrison,2008).
The basic definition of pro- poor implicates that nearly all of the economic growth is
basically pro poor even when the beneficiaries of its outcomes are not the poor population.
Another dimension of pro poor definition contradicts this definition as it suggests that achieving
equality would come under the agenda of pro poor policy. Not a single one of them would
succeed in approaching tourism as a mean of poverty reduction. The most dramatic example of
poverty reduction that has been ever documented was not an outcome of a pro poor economic
growth, but from the policy of accomplishing equality in China (Bakker,2016;Harrison,2008).

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CONCLUSION
Leisure, cultural exposure, shopping, recreation and ethnicity are vital to most of the
experiences in the tourism industry. Often times, the spending of tourists on these things is far
more significant than the basic expenditures of tourism and may mean a lot to the locals. These
are the expenses that lie outside the scope of economic aspects covered by the “International
standard classification categories ISIC” which created the definition of tourism.
In the light of deficiencies that are present in the definition of tourism and its associated
economic aspects, policy questions about increasing the role of tourism in reducing the rate of
poverty are being raised by the researchers. It had been identified in literature that the actual size
of the economical factor is the tourism industry is nearly twice what the official documents have
been reflecting merely on the basis of hoteling and traveling expenses that tourists are likely to
bear.

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