Structure and Function of Human Cell, Cellular Respiration, Diffusion, Trauma, Homeostasis, Paracetamol

1.1 Structure of cell: Human cell is composed of several organelles like nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus etc. that are suspended into the cytoplasm inside the
cell. It is enclosed in a biological membrane known as a cell or plasma membrane.
1.2 Function of cell: Cells are the basic unit of any living organisms. Trillions of cells provide
structure for the human body. They use nutrients from food to convert it into energy and
performs many important functions. These cells are responsible for regulating DNA synthesis
and helps in cell division and metabolic activities.
1.3 Cellular respiration: it is the process where cells break down sugar in the presence of oxygen
to convert it into carbon dioxide and water. During this reaction, ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) is released tat are further used in the form of energy for cellular functions.
1.4 Requirements of cell for survival: Cell requires a constant supply of important substances
like minerals, oxygen and sugar for the survival. It is also important to dispose waste
products present inside it, which is carried out back and forth by the help of blood cells.
2. When cell makes any changes in response to the unfavorable environmental changes is known
as cellular adaptation. Depending upon the stimulus, these adaptations can be pathologic or
physiologic which include atrophy, metaplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
4.
4.1 Simple Diffusion:
 Requirement: it does not require energy
 Examples: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen
 Direction: [along the concentration gradient i.e. high to low concentration]
4.2 Facilitated diffusion
 Requirement: energy is not required and carrier molecules are required (Bailey, 2018)
 Example: sodium, potassium
 Direction: movement from higher to lower concentration
4.3 Osmosis
 Requirement: no energy requirement
 Example: water
 Direction: from area of lower solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

4.4 Hydrostatic force
Requirement: no energy requirement
Example: water
Direction: along an osmotic gradient
5.
Environmental emergencies Effect on human body Signs and symptoms
5.1 Diving Decompression Sickness numbness, dizziness,
breathing difficulties
5.2 High altitude High altitude pulmonary edema fatigue, insomnia,
shortness of breath
5.3 Temperature Heat stroke muscle cramps,
throbbing headache, nausea
7.
7.1 Surgical insults: It can cause injuries like small laceration, severe burn injuries and large
poly traumatic injuries.
7.2 Penetrating trauma: It can cause permanent opening in the body also called as permanent
cavitation (Kuhajda, 2014).
7.3 Blunt trauma: Contusions, laceration, abrasions, bone fractures are some impacts caused by
blunt trauma.
8.
Terms Definition
8.1 Lateral Side body part that is away from the middle part.
8.2 Mid-axillary line Coronal line on the trunk between anterior axillary and posterior
axillary lines
8.3 Anterior Front of human body
8.4 Posterior Back of the human body

8.5 Ventral Front of the human body trunk
8.6 Dorsal Backside of the body that includes cranial and spinal cavity
8.7 Superior Position above another body part
8.8 Inferior Position below another body part
8.9 Proximal Closest to the point trunk of the body
8.10 Distal Farther away from the trunk
8.11 Torso Trunk or central part of the body
8.12 Plane An imaginary surface that passes through the human body
8.13 Sagittal plane It divides an organ or body vertically into left or right sides
8.14 Median sagittal plane Vertical plane that runs directly down to the middle part of the
body
8.15 Coronal plane That separates body into posterior and anterior parts
8.16 Transverse plane Imaginary plane which divides body into the superior parts and
inferior
parts
8.17 Blood pressure Force used by the heart in order to pump blood throughout the
body
8.18 Body mass index Measure to calculate whether a person is under or overweight
8.19 Cardiac output Amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute.
8.20 Tachypnea Abnormal rapid breathing
8.21 Hypercapnia Condition of elevated carbon dioxide in bloodstream
8.22 Hypoxia Condition in which body part or body is deprived of adequate
amount of
oxygen supply
8.23 Intracranial pressure The pressure in the brain tissue, inside the skull and cerebrospinal
fluid
8.24 Peristalsis Series of muscle contractions that moves food in digestive tract
8.25 Glomerular filtration Process in which kidneys filter waste products and excess water
out of the blood