Report on Anatomy and Physiology

Running head: REPORT
Anatomy and physiology
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Author Note

REPORT
Executive summary
While anatomy encompasses the structure and association between body parts, physiology
encompasses study of the functioning of each organs and the entire body. Cells are identified
as smallest units of life and they combine to form tissues, which join to form organs and
organ system. All the organ systems are responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
This report elaborated on the structure and functions of different systems and also elucidated
the care plan that will be delivered to a patient Mrs. Pabin who demonstrated several
abnormalities in vital signs.
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REPORT
Table of Contents
Part 1..........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction............................................................................................................................3
Organ systems........................................................................................................................3
Interrelationship of body systems..........................................................................................5
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................6
Part 2..........................................................................................................................................7
Introduction............................................................................................................................7
Impact of ill health on physiological measurements..............................................................7
Risk assessment and care interventions.................................................................................8
Conclusion............................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................12
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REPORT
Part 1
Introduction
The body comprises of the head, trunk (including the abdomen and the thorax), neck,
arms, legs, hands, and feet. The scientific study of this human body encompasses physiology
and anatomy. While the former focuses on studying the organs and system present, and their
function, the latter refers to the study of the form and shape of the body. This section of the
report will elucidate the different levels of organisation in the body, their contribution to
effective functioning and the organ systems.
Organ systems
The body comprises of trillions of cells that have been identified as the fundamental
unit of life. At the time of maturity, an estimated 30-37 trillion cells are present in the body.
They are the building blocks of living organisms and provide a framework to the body, apart
from obtaining nutrients from the food consumed, and transform these nutrients into energy.
Cells also comprise of hereditary materials and are able to make copies of them. Human cells
comprise of a range of organelles that are namely, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysomomes and peroxisomes, plasma
membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes (Tortora and Derrickson 2018). Diffusion refers to the
movement of a substance, from the area of high concentration to the area of low
concentration, and the process is typically driven by a concentration gradient (Hall 2017).
Diffusion occurs all over the human body, and in absence of diffusion, transport of essential
molecules inside several organs like the kidneys, stomach, lungs and eyes would get
disrupted. The lungs comprise of millions of alveoli or air sacs that are closely connected to
the capillaries (Peate and Nair 2016). During inhalation of air, the alveoli get inflated,
following which oxygen diffuses across its walls to the capillaries. Simultaneously, the waste
product carbon dioxide diffuses out from the capillary into the alveoli. During exhalation, the
alveoli deflate and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the lungs. In contrast, osmosis refers to
the movement of water from a region of high concentration to low concentration across a
semi-permeable or selectively permeable or differentially permeable membrane such as, the
cell membrane. Inside the kidneys, small molecules of sodium, potassium, and water pass
through the glomerulus, a semi permeable membrane into the nephrons (Tortora and
Derrickson 2018).
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