Human Development And Biological Environmental Factors

Running head: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note
Table of Contents

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1
Activity1.....................................................................................................................................2
Application of Human Development theories to the case of Kenny..........................................2
Reflection upon the understanding of Human Development Theory........................................6
Review of the Biological and Environmental factors................................................................6
Critical Analysis of the impact of physical and neurological changes......................................7
Potential impact of pre-natal factors..........................................................................................8
Theory of Attachment................................................................................................................8
Activity 2:...................................................................................................................................9
Introduction................................................................................................................................9
Person centered counseling theory.............................................................................................9
Models of grief.........................................................................................................................10
How do community services help the troubled adults?...........................................................11
Development and the changes during late adulthood:.............................................................12
Effective counseling:................................................................................................................13
Different events also have significant effects on development:...............................................14
Nature and nurture:..............................................................................................................15
References:...............................................................................................................................16

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT2
Activity1
Application of Human Development theories to the case of Kenny
In this particular section the two theories that shall be analyzed are Behaviourist and
Cognitive Theories which shall be used to analyze the situation of Kenny.
Ivan Pavlov in the year of 1927 introduced the theory of behaviorism or the Behaviourist
Theory. Pavlov came up with most of his discoveries regarding the behaviorist theory with
the help of experiments he had executed on his dogs and the conclusions drawn from it.
Pavlov had provided training to his dogs to secrete saliva when they listen to the sound of
bells ringing, which was an indicative signal that the hour for them to be fed by their master.
Pavlov had accustomed his dogs to this particular recurring procedure and they had become
used to when the bells used to ring. Pavlov found out that even after the dogs were given food
and were full they still used to show signs of salivating when he used to ring the bells and the
dogs used to listen to the sound of bells ringing. The conclusion that could be considered as a
derivative from this particular experimentation is that recurring incidence of an incident
facilitates and speedens the procedure of learning. The model of behaviour that is absorbed
by human beings are the effect of recurring experience of a specific series of proceedings and
that is how in accordance with Pavlov human beings get used to behaving in a specific way.
The phenomenon in which the human beings get used to behaving in a certain way is
identifies by Ivan Pavlov as the Classical Conditioning. Later approximately in the year of
1957 another noted scholar B F Skinner had constructed and given his theory of conditioning
of human behaviour on the already existing theories given by the noted scholar named
Pavlov. Skinner had given quite some information about the possible effects of conditioning
and how it could be used to channelize to derive benefit. Skinner had provided his views that
conditioning entails a convinced amount of conditioning and constructive reinforcements can
produce an effect that has a positive influence on a child while unconstructive reinforcement

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT3
can demoralize the self-esteem of a child. Therefore, It is by now clear that in order to make a
child perform in a better way, he or she should be provided with more and more positive
encouragement. If a child is constantly discouraged and demoralized then it evokes a kind of
worthlessness in the child which leads to them not performing well in due course of time.
Hence, even if a child is unable of show any signs that are positive, the objective should be to
encourage positive behavior in the child to give confidence to the child so that they perform
better than they did before (Pavlov and Watson 2017).
From the behaviourist theory of human development as provided by Pavlov and Skinner it
becomes clear that the positive conditioning shall be of great help to Kenny in order to bring
him to the mainstream society and lead a proper life. The positive and negative conditioning
is something which can be witnessed in the life of Kenny. Christine had to devote all the
attention towards Steven and Bethany and that caused her to neglect Kenny, who longed for
his grandmother. Kenny was enrolled to a nearby school whereby he initially found much
difficulty in adjusting to the curriculum and performing well. With the help of the teachers
Kenny however could improve his grades and with the support received from his teachers he
could identify his passion for football. This support from the teachers is an example of
positive conditioning which had installed the spirit of confidence in him to do well. The
indifference towards his family members had caused Ray and Christine much embarrassment
and that could affect their reputation which they were unwilling to give up on and hence they
sought to avoid Kenny as much as possible deepening the separation anxiety issues of Kenny.
Devoid of the emotional touch in his life Kenny had sought the company of older boys who
had shady background and were infamous for their notoriety which made them quite
unwanted in the neighbourhood. Kenny had started mixing with boys who sought to indulge
in drug and alcohol abuse along with petty burglary. Kenny too was persuaded to indulge in
such activities which he was hesitant to, and for it he had to listen to slurs and slurs and